undefined | unit 2 research process

BRM

UNIT II

Research Process

Question Bank

Q1) Give an Overview of Research Process.

A1) The survey process involves identifying, identifying, assessing, analyzing, and developing and expressing ideas that are needed to support the survey questions. These are the same skills you need to write reports and suggestions, and organize presentations.

Library research involves a step-by-step process used to write a treatise, create a presentation, or gather information to complete a project. As you move from one step to the next, you often need to rethink, revise, add additional material, and even adjust topics. Much depends on what you discover during your research.

The research process can be divided into seven steps, making it easier to manage and understand. This module gives you an overall understanding of what is involved in each step, where you are in your research, where you are going, and what you can expect from each step.

The main purpose of basic research (as opposed to applied research) is documenting, discovery, interpretation, and research and development (R & D) of methods and systems for advancing human knowledge. The approach to research relies on epistemology, which is quite different between the humanities and science. There are several forms of research: science, humanities, arts, economics, [source] society, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technology, etc. Scientific research in research practice is known as meta-research.

Q2) Explain the treatise marker expects an explanation of the research process.

A2) The treatise marker expects an explanation of the research process. A typical research process consists of the following steps:

Selection of Research Area.

You are expected to state that you have selected your research area because of the professional and personal interests of that area, and this statement must be true. The importance of this first step in the research process is often underestimated by many students. If you find a field of study and research question that you are really interested in, there is no doubt that the entire process of writing your treatise will be much easier. Therefore, it is never too early to start thinking about the research area of your treatise.

2. Develop or Hypothesize Research Objectives, Objectives, And Research Questions.

The choice between creating a survey question or creating a hypothesis depends on your research approach, as described in more detail below. Appropriate research objectives and objectives or hypotheses usually result from several attempts and revisions, which need to be mentioned in the methodology chapter. It is very important to have your boss confirm your research questions and hypotheses before proceeding.

3. Conduct a Literature Review. Literature Reviews are usually the longest part of the Research Process.

In fact, literature review begins before the purpose and purpose of the research is defined. This is because we need to see if the exact same research issue has been addressed before. Nevertheless, the main part of the literature review is carried out after the research objectives and objectives have been established. You need to use a variety of secondary data sources such as books, newspapers, magazines, magazines, and online articles.

4. Select a Data Collection Method.

Data collection methods should be selected based on a critical analysis of the strengths and weaknesses associated with some alternative data collection methods. For studies involving primary data collection, the methodology should include a detailed discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the selected primary data collection method.

5. Collect Primary Data.

Advanced preparation is required before primary data collection, and pilot data collection may be required for surveys. Primary data collection is not a mandatory step for all treatises. If you are doing desk-based research, skip this step.

6. Data Analysis.

Analyzing data plays an important role in the purpose of research and the achievement of that purpose. Data analysis methods differ between secondary and primary studies, and between qualitative and quantitative studies.

7. Reach a Conclusion.

The conclusions are related to the purpose of the study and the level of achievement of the purpose. This last part of the treatise needs to justify the purpose of the study and why it believes it has been achieved. The conclusions also need to cover the limitations of research and suggestions for future research.

8. Complete the Investigation.

Follow all the steps above and organize the separate chapters into a single file to complete your first draft. The first draft of the treatise must be prepared at least one month before the submission deadline. This is because it takes enough time to address. Send feedback from your boss.

Q3) Write note on Problem Identification.

A3) Identifying a research problem refers to a sense of recognition of a general social problem, social phenomenon, or research-worthy concept. Research is needed to understand it. The researcher identifies such research issues through his observations, knowledge, wisdom and skills.

Research Type Problem

There are four general conceptualizations of research issues in the social sciences:

1. Casuistry Research Issues-This type of issue relates to the determination of good and evil in behavioural or conscientious issues by analyzing moral dilemmas through the application of general rules and careful distinction in special cases.

2. Difference Study Questions-The usual question is, "Is there a difference between two or more groups or treatments?" This type of question statement is used by researchers to compare or contrast two or more phenomena. This is a general approach for defining clinical social science or behavioural science problems.

3. Descriptive Study Questions-Usually ask the question "What is ...?". It has the fundamental purpose of explaining the importance of the situation, condition, or existence of a particular phenomenon. This issue is often associated with revealing hidden or under-researched issues.

4. Relationship Investigation Issues-Suggests some kind of relationship between two or more variables to be investigated. The underlying purpose is to investigate certain qualities or properties that may be related in some way.

Q4) What is the Cause of a problem?

A4) Investigate not because of the lack of problems that can be investigated, but because of the task of formulating unique academically relevant researchable problems rather than simply duplicating the work of others. Identifying the problem, you are having can be difficult. Consider the following sources of inspiration to facilitate how to choose the questions for building a research study.

Deduction from theory

This is related to the inferences made from the social philosophies and generalizations embodied in life and society that researchers are familiar with. These inferences from human behavior are placed within empirical criteria throughout research. From theory, researchers can formulate research problems or hypotheses that describe the expected findings in a particular empirical situation. The study asks, "What relationships are observed between variables if the idea properly summarizes the situation?" Then it'll be possible to systematically design and execute

A study to evaluate whether empirical data confirms or rejects a hypothesis and therefore a theory.

2. Interdisciplinary perspective

Identifying the issues that form the basis of research can come from academic movements and scholarships that originate in areas other than your main area of research. This can be an intellectually stimulating exercise. A review of the relevant literature should include examining research from relevant disciplines that can reveal new paths for exploration and analysis. An interdisciplinary approach to selecting research questions provides an opportunity to build a more comprehensive understanding of the very complex issues that a single discipline may offer.

3. Interview with a practitioner

Identifying research issues on a particular topic comes from formal interviews or informal discussions with practitioners who provide insights into new directions for future research and how to make research results more relevant in practice. It can occur. Discuss with experts in the field, such as teachers, social workers, healthcare providers, lawyers, and business leaders, to identify practical "real-world" issues that may be understood or ignored by academia. You will have the opportunity. This approach also provides some practical knowledge that may help in the process of designing and conducting your research.

4. Personal experience

Do not underestimate it as a problem worth investigating everyday experiences and encounters. Think critically about your experience and frustration about the problems facing society, community, neighbourhood, family, or personal life. This can be derived, for example, from the deliberate observation of a particular relationship without a clear explanation, or from witnessing an unusual event that appears to be harmful to an individual or group.

5. Related literature

The selection of research questions can be derived from a thorough review of related research related to the overall area of interest. This may reveal where there are gaps in understanding the topic or where the problem has not been fully investigated. The study may be conducted for the following purposes: 1) Fill such gaps in knowledge. 2) Evaluate whether the methodology adopted in previous studies can be adapted to solve other problems. Or 3) Can similar studies be conducted in different subject areas, applied in different situations, or different study samples [i.e., different settings or groups of different people]. Authors also often conclude their studies by focusing on their impact on further studies. Read the relevant research conclusions, as further research statements can be a valuable source of information for identifying new issues to be investigated. Fact Researchers have identified topics that are worth further research and examined the fact that they are worth pursuing.

Q5) What is Field Research?

A5) Field research is defined as a qualitative method of data collection aimed at observing, interacting with, and understanding people in the natural environment. For example, conservationists observe animal behavior in the natural environment and animal response to specific scenarios. Similarly, field research social scientists can conduct interviews and observe people from a distance to understand their behavior in the social environment and their reaction to their surroundings.

Q6) How is Field research is conducted?

A6) Field research is usually conducted in five different ways. they are:

Direct observation

In this method, the data is collected through the natural environment observation method or the subject. In this way, the behavior and results of the situation are not disturbed by the researcher. The advantage of direct observation is that it provides data about people, situations, interactions, and surroundings. This field research method poses an ethical dilemma and is widely used in public and environmental environments, but not in private environments.

2. Participant observation

In this field research method, researchers are deeply involved in the research process, not only purely as observers, but also as participants. This method is also done in the natural environment, but the only difference is that researchers can participate in the discussion and shape the direction of the discussion. In this way, researchers live in a comfortable environment with their study participants, making them comfortable and accepting in-depth discussions.

3. Ethnography

Ethnography is an expanded observation of social research and social perspectives, as well as the cultural values of the entire social environment. In ethnography, the entire community is objectively observed. For example, if a researcher wants to understand how the Amazon tribes live and work, they either observe them or live within them and quietly observe their daily behavior. You can choose.

4. Qualitative interview

A qualitative interview is a closed-end question that is asked directly to the research subject. Qualitative interviews are either informal, conversational, semi-structured, standardized open-ended, or a combination of all three above. This provides a wealth of data that researchers can classify. It is also useful for collecting relational data. This field research method allows you to use a combination of one-on-one interviews, focus groups, and text analysis.

5. Case Study

A case study survey is a detailed analysis of a person, situation, or event. This method may seem daunting, but it is one of the easiest ways to do your research because you need to dig deeper into the data collection method, fully understand it, and infer the data.

Q7. What are the Steps for conducting a field survey?

A7) Steps for conducting a field survey

Due to the nature of field research, the associated timelines and the high cost, field research can be very difficult to plan, implement, and measure. Here are some basic steps in managing a field survey:

Build the right team: It's important to have the right team to be able to conduct field research. The roles of researchers and assistant team members are very important, and it is important to define the tasks that need to be performed at the defined and relevant milestones. It is also important for senior management to focus on field research for their success.

Recruitment of Surveyed: The success of a field survey depends on the people being surveyed. It is important to use sampling methods to derive people who will be part of the study.

Data collection methods: As explained in detail above, there are various data collection methods for field research. They can be a combination of surveys, interviews, case studies, and observations. All of these methods need to be choked out, and the milestones for each method must also be choked out first. For example, in the case of a survey, the purpose of the survey It is important that gn is created and tested even before the study begins.

Site visits: Site visits are critical to the success of the field survey and are always done outside of traditional locations and in the respondent's actual natural environment. Therefore, it is important to plan your site visits along with the method of data collection.

Data analysis: Analysis of the collected data is important for validating the assumptions of the field survey and determining the results of the field survey.

Communicating Results: Once the data is analyzed, it is important to communicate the results to the stakeholders of the study so that they can do it.

Q8) Explain the types of Field Research notes.

A8) Keeping ethnographic records is very important in conducting field research. Field notes make up one of the most important aspects of ethnographic records. The field note process begins when the researcher is involved in an observational study process that is later written down.

Types of field survey notes

The four types of field notes are:

Job Note: The way to take this note is while the researcher is studying. It is close to the subject of study and may have an open field of view. The notes here are in short, concise, condensed form and can be created later by researchers. Most researchers do not like this method because they may feel that respondents may not take them seriously.

Appropriate field notes: These notes will be expanded shortly after the event completes. The notes should be detailed and the words should be as close as possible to the subject being investigated.

Methodology Notes: These notes include methods for the research methods used by the researcher, newly proposed research methods, and methods for monitoring their progress. Methodological notes can be kept with field notes or submitted separately, but they will find a way to the final report of the investigation.

Journals and Diaries: This field note method is an insight into the life of a researcher. This helps track every aspect of a researcher's life and eliminate any halo effects or biases that may occur during field research.

Q9) Give reasons why do we conduct survey.

A9) Reasons for conducting a field survey

Field research has been commonly used in the social sciences in the 20th century. However, in general, implementation and completion are time consuming, costly, and often invasive. So why is this commonly used and preferred by researchers to validate their data? Let's look at four main reasons.

Overcome data shortages: Field research solves the major problems of data gaps. Very often, especially in certain environments, you are limited to the lack of data on the topic you are studying. The problem may be known or suspected, but there is no way to verify this without primary investigation and data. Conducting field research is a preferred research method for researchers because it not only fills data gaps, but also helps to collect supporting material.

Understand the background of the survey: In many cases, the data collected is appropriate, but field surveys are still being conducted. This will help you gain insight into your existing data. For example, if the horses have a pedigree and the stable owner hires the best jockey, the data shows that the horses on the stable farm generally win the race. However, field research can shed light on other factors that affect success, such as feed quality, care provided, and weather conditions.

Improving data quality: This research method uses multiple tools to collect data, which improves data quality. Inferences can be made from the collected data and can be statistically analyzed via triangulation of the data.

Auxiliary data collection: Field research puts researchers in a localized thinking position and opens up new ways of thinking. This helps you collect data that your research does not consider collecting.

Q9) Give examples of Field Survey.

A9) Here are some examples of field research:

Decoding slum social indicators

By using purely observational methods and in-depth interviews, researchers can become part of the community and understand the social indicators and social stratification of slums. This study can also understand the financial independence and day-to-day operational nuances of slums. Analysis of this data can provide insights into how slums differ from structured societies.

2. Understand the impact of sports on child development

This field research method takes years to carry out and can result in very large sample sizes. The data analysis of this study provides insights into how children in geographically different locations and backgrounds react to sports and how sports affect their overall development.

3. Study animal movement patterns

Field research is widely used to study flora and fauna. The main use case is scientists who monitor and study animal movement patterns as the seasons change. Field research helps collect data over the years and helps us draw conclusions on how to safely facilitate the safe passage of animals.

Q10) Write the merits and demerits of Field Research.

A10) The advantages of Field Research are:

It is carried out in a real natural environment where variables are not tampered with and the environment is not doctored.

For research being done at comfortable the environment can also collect data on ancillary topics.

The proximity of the research subject gives the researcher a deeper understanding of the research subject, and therefore the research is extensive, thorough and accurate.

The disadvantages of Field Research are:

Research is expensive and time consuming and can take years to complete.

It is very difficult for researchers to stay away from research bias.

The notes should be exactly what the researchers say, but it's very difficult to follow the nomenclature.

This is an interpretive method, which is subjective and completely dependent on the abilities of the researcher.

It is impossible to control external variables with this method, which constantly changes the nature of the study.

Q11) What is Laboratory Study?

A11) Experimental methods include manipulating variables to establish causality. Its main function is a controlled method and a random assignment of participants to a controlled experimental group.

The hypothesis has been scientifically tested. In the experiment, the independent variable (cause) is manipulated and the dependent variable (effect) is measured. All irrelevant variables are controlled.

The advantage is that the experiment should be objective. The views and opinions of the researchers should not affect the results of the study. This is good because it makes the data more effective and less biased.

Laboratory experiments are experiments performed under highly controlled conditions (not necessarily laboratories) that allow accurate measurements.

Researchers use standardized procedures to determine where, when, with which participants, and under what circumstances an experiment will be conducted.

Participants are randomly given to each independent variable group. Examples include the Milgram experiment on obedience and the study of Loftus and Palmer car accidents.

Q12) What is a Survey?

A12) A survey is a survey method used to collect data from a predefined group of respondents to provide information and insights on a variety of topics of interest. They have multiple purposes, and researchers can do so in different ways, depending on the methodology they choose and their research goals. In 2020, research will be very important. Therefore, it is imperative to use appropriate research tools to understand the benefits of social research for the target population.

Data are typically obtained using standardized procedures, allowing each respondent to answer questions in a fair and competitive setting, with biased opinions that can affect the results of surveys and studies. Avoid This process involves asking people for information through either online or offline surveys. However, with the advent of new technologies, it is common to distribute them using digital media such as social networks, emails, QR codes, and URLs.

Q13) Define Research.

A13) A research study is defined as the process of conducting a survey using the survey that the researcher sends to the survey respondents. Then, statistically analyze the data collected from the survey to derive meaningful findings.

In the 21st century, all organizations are committed to understanding what their customers think about their products and services and making better business decisions. Researchers can conduct research in a variety of ways, but research has proven to be one of the most effective and reliable research methods. Online surveys are a way to extract information about important business matters from an individual or a group of individuals. It consists of structured survey questions that motivate participants to answer.

Reliable research will give these companies access to a vast information bank. Media organizations, other businesses, and even governments rely on research to obtain accurate data.

The traditional definition of research is a quantitative way to collect information from a pool of respondents by asking multiple survey questions. This survey type includes recruiting individuals, collecting data, and analyzing. This is useful for researchers whose purpose is to inform respondents of new features and trends.

In general, this is for getting quick information on mainstream topics and conducting more rigorous and detailed quantitative research methods such as surveys / polls, or qualitative research methods such as focus group / on-call interviews. This is the main step. There are many situations in which researchers can conduct research by combining both qualitative and quantitative strategies.

Q14) What are the three main research methods? Explain the other two methods also.

A14) There are three main research methods divided according to the means of conducting research.

Online / Email: Online Survey is one of the most popular survey methods today. The cost of conducting an online survey is negligible and the answers collected are very accurate.

Telephone: Research conducted by telephone (CATI) will help collect data from a wider section of the target population. The money invested in telephone surveys can be higher than other media and requires more time.

Face-to-face: Researchers conduct in-depth face-to-face interviews in situations where there are complex issues to be resolved. This method has the highest response rate, but it can be costly.

In addition, research can be categorized into two methods based on the time taken:

Longitudinal Research: Longitudinal research involves conducting research over a continuous period of time and extends over years to decades. The data collected using this research method from one period to another is qualitative or quantitative. Respondents' behaviours, preferences, and attitudes are continuously observed over time to analyze the reasons for changes in behaviours and preferences. For example, suppose a researcher wants to learn about the diet of a teenager. In that case, he / she will track a sample of teenagers over a considerable period of time to ensure that the information collected is reliable. Cross-sectional research often follows longitudinal research.

Cross-Sectional Research: Researchers conduct cross-sectional research to 2. gather insights from subjects at specific time intervals. This research method is implemented in various sectors such as retail, education, health care, and small businesses. Cross-sectional surveys are either descriptive or analytical. It is quick and helps researchers gather information in a short period of time. Researchers rely on cross-sectional research methods in situations where descriptive analysis of s is performed subject is mandatory.

Research studies are also bifurcated according to the sampling method used to form the sample for study: probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling. All individuals in the population should be considered equal as part of a research sample. Probability sampling is a sampling method in which a researcher selects elements based on probability theory. There are various probabilistic survey methods such as simple random sampling, lineage sampling, cluster sampling, and stratified random sampling. Non-probability sampling is a sampling method in which researchers use their knowledge and experience to create samples. Various non-stochastic sampling techniques include expedient sampling, snowball sampling, continuous sampling, discretionary sampling, and quota sampling.

Q15) What is the Process of implementing research methods?

A15) Process of implementing research methods:

Determine Survey Questions: Brainstorm and compile valid survey questions that are grammatically and logically appropriate. Understanding the objective and expected outcomes of the survey will be of great help. There are many surveys where the details of the answer are not as important as gaining insight into what customers like from the options offered. In such situations, researchers can include multiple-choice questions or closed-end questions. On the other hand, if a researcher needs to get more information about a particular question, it can consist of open-form questions on a questionnaire. Ideally, the survey should include a smart balance between free-form questions and free-form questions. Avoid sitting on the fence with survey questions such as Likert Scales, Semantic Scales, and Net Promoter Score Questions.

Establish Target Audience: Submit relevant surveys according to your target audience and exclude irrelevant questions according to your requirements. Research studies are useful when the target population determines the sample. In this way, the results can be generalized to the entire population, depending on the desired market.

Send the survey via a designated medium: Distribute the survey to the target audience and patiently wait for feedback and comments. This is the most important step of research. Surveys should be scheduled with the nature of the subject and the area in mind. Surveys can be conducted via email, embedded on a website, or shared via social media for maximum response.

Analyzing Findings: Analyze feedback in real time to identify patterns of response that can lead to breakthroughs that are highly needed by your organization. GAP, TURF, conjoint analysis, crosstabs, and many such survey feedback analysis methods can be used to identify and shed light on respondent behavior. Researchers can use the results to take corrective action to improve customer / employee satisfaction.

Q16) Why do we conduct survey? Give reasons to support your answer.

A16) Reasons for Conducting Research

The most important and essential reason to use research to conduct market research is to be able to collect answers to specific important questions. These questions can be asked in multiple formats, depending on the target audience and the purpose of the survey. Before designing a survey, every organization needs to understand the purpose of performing it so that it can be fully configured, planned, and performed.

Here are some questions to keep in mind when designing your survey:

What is the main purpose of conducting the survey?

How do you plan to use the survey data you have collected?

What decisions do you plan to make based on the above points?

There are three important reasons why an organization must conduct research.

Understand the behavior of the respondents and find a solution to the question. If you carefully curate your survey, respondents will provide insights into what your organization likes and suggestions for improvement. To motivate them to respond, you have to be very vocal about how safe their response is and how you use the answer. This will help you be 100% honest with your feedback, opinions and comments. Online or mobile surveys prove privacy, so more and more respondents are free to provide feedback through these media.

Presenting a medium of discussion: Surveys can be the perfect platform for respondents to provide criticism and applause to their organizations. Important topics such as product quality and customer service quality can be placed on the table for discussion. The way you can do that is to include an open question where respondents can write their thoughts. This makes it easy to relate the survey to what you are trying to do with your product or service.

Strategy for Endless Improvement: Organizations can establish the attributes of their target audience from the pilot stage of research. Researchers can use the criticisms and feedback received from this study to improve their products / services. If the company succeeds in improving, it can be sent to another person has research to measure feedback changes while keeping the pilot phase benchmark. By performing this activity, your organization can track what has improved effectively and what still needs improvement.

Q17) What are the benefits of Research?

A17) If research is used for all appropriate purposes and is properly implemented, marketers can benefit from obtaining useful and reliable data that can be used to improve the ROI of an organization.

Other benefits of research studies include:

Minimal Investment: For mobile and online surveys, the investment per respondent is minimal. Even if gifts and other incentives are offered to those who participate in the survey, online surveys are much more economical than paper-based surveys.

Diverse Sources for Answer Gathering: Surveys can be conducted through a variety of media, including online and mobile surveys. It can be further divided into qualitative media such as focus groups and interviews and quantitative media such as customer-centric surveys. The offline survey response collection option allows researchers to conduct surveys in remote areas with limited internet access. This makes data collection and analysis more convenient and extensive.

Respondent credibility: The survey is very secure because the respondent details and responses are protected. This anonymity allows respondents to answer survey questions frankly and absolutely honestly. Organizations seeking a clear answer to their research should mention that it is sensitive information.

Q18) Give certain tips for Designing a Perfect Survey.

A18) Choosing the right survey design can be the key to getting the information you need to make important decisions in every survey. It is imperative that you choose the right topic, the right question type, and the corresponding design. If this is your first time creating a survey, it may seem like a horrifying task. But with Question Pro, each step in the process is simple and easy.

The following is an example of a survey tips for Designing the Perfect Survey

Set SMART Goals: Set SMART goals before conducting market research or creating a specific plan. What do you want to achieve in your survey? How quickly do you measure and what are your expectations?

Please select the appropriate question: Designing a survey can be a daunting task. Asking the right questions will give you the answer you are looking for and will make your analysis easier. Therefore, always choose those specific questions – relevant to your study.

Start your survey with common questions: If possible, start your survey with common questions to understand if respondents are using the product. It also provides an excellent foundation and intro for your research.

Enhance your survey: Select the 15 to 20 most relevant questions. Frame each question as a different question type, based on the type of answer you want to collect from each. Create surveys using different types of questions, including multiple-choice, rating scales, and open-ended questions. Take a look at more examples and four scales that every researcher should remember.

Prepare Yes / No Questions: You can also use Yes / No questions to divide people or groups products and services into groups of "purchased" and "not yet purchased". I can do it. Once you have separated them, you can ask a variety of questions.

Test all electronics: Surveys can be easily distributed if respondents can respond on a variety of electronics, such as mobiles and tablets. After creating the survey, test it. At this stage, you can make modifications as needed.

Distribute the survey: When the survey is ready, share and distribute it to the appropriate audience. You can share your handouts and share them via email, social media, and other industry-related offline / online communities.

Collect and analyze answers: Once you've distributed your survey, collect all your answers. Save the results to a specific document or Excel sheet and list all the categories you need so that you don't lose any data. Remember that this is the most important step. Isolate responses based on demographics, psychographics, and behavior. This is because, as a researcher, you need to know where your reaction comes from. This helps you analyze decisions, make predictions, and create summary reports.

Prepare a summary report: Now is the time to share your analysis. At this stage, all responses collected from the survey should be listed in a fixed format. Readers / customers also need to be clear about your goals you were trying to gain from your research. Questions such as – Is the product or service used / preferred? Do respondents prefer other products to other products? Do you have any recommendations?

Q19) Define Observational Method.

A19) The observation method is described as a method of observing and explaining the behavior of the subject. As the name implies, it is a way of collecting relevant information and data by observing. It is also called participatory research because researchers need to establish connections with respondents and therefore immerse themselves in the same environment as them. Only then can he record and take notes using observation methods.

Meaning and Example

Observation methods are used when you want to avoid errors that may be the result of bias during the evaluation and interpretation process. This is a way to get objective data by monitoring participants and recording them for later analysis.

Researchers can use observation methods at the Montessori School to record the behavior of young children. Is it comfortable for children to share tiffins at such an early age? Will it be a good study for researchers? In this example, the researcher can objectively observe and record the details. Observational data collection methods are associated with several ethical issues as they require the full consent of study participants.

Q20) How to observe Data Collection?

A20) Structured Observation Method – This is a systematic observation method in which data is collected according to a predefined schedule. This method uses certain variables for data collection.

Unstructured Observation Methods – Unstructured observation methods are performed in a free and open manner, without the use of pre-determined objectives, schedules, or variables.

Q21) What are the main Observation Data Sampling Method?

A21) Researchers have an important role to play because they need to properly collect, record, and classify data. The main sampling methods are as follows.

Event Sampling – In the event sampling observation method, researchers predetermine the events or behaviours to record and the events or behaviours to ignore.

Time Sampling – In the time sampling observation method, the researcher chooses the time to observe. He creates a record of occurrences only during a specified pre-determined period.

Target Time or Instantaneous Sampling – In the target time or instantaneous sampling observation method, the researcher predetermines the moment when the observation is made and records it at that moment. Everything that happens before or after that moment is not important and is usually ignored.

Q22) Explain the Types of Observation Methods.

A22) The Types of Observation Methods are:

1) Controlled observation

Controlled observations are performed in a closed space. It is the researcher who has the authority to decide where, when, and where the observations will take place. He also decides who the participants are and under what circumstances the standardized process will be used.

Participants are randomly selected for the variable group. Researchers observe and record detailed and descriptive data on behavior and classify it into separate categories. From time to time, researchers use behavioral schedules to code behaviours according to an agreed scale. The coding can include letters, numbers, or ranges to measure the strength of the behavior and describe its characteristics.

The data collected is often converted into statistics. In a controlled observation method, participants are informed by the researcher of the purpose of the study. This makes them aware that they are being observed. Researchers avoid direct contact during the observation method and typically use a two-sided mirror to observe and record details.

2) Nature observation

Social scientists and psychologists generally use nature observation methods. This process involves observing and studying participants' voluntary behavior in an open or natural environment. The role of the researcher is to find and record everything that can be seen and observed in the natural habitat.

3) Participant observation

Participant observation is often considered a variant of naturalistic observation because of some similarities. The point of difference is that researchers are no longer distant observers because they have joined the participants and are now part of their group. He has done this to gain deeper and deeper insights into their lives.

Researchers are free to interact with other members of the group, participate in their activities, study their behavior, and develop different ways of life. Participant observations can be explicit or confidential.

Q23) What are the benefits and disadvantages Observation?

A23) Benefits of Observation

Provides direct access to research phenomena

Researchers can collect, confirm, and record accurate data by observing directly.

Greater application flexibility.

It produces a permanent record of the phenomenon that researchers or others can refer to later.

Organizing is one of the easiest ways to collect data. You don't need much technical knowledge.

Researchers can observe and become aware of activities, perceptions, likes and dislikes in order to form a theory on their subject.

Observation methods are one of the most common methods used in all sciences and are very easy to track and accept.

In some cases, observation is the only tool available to collect important data and information.

The observation method does not require the participants' willingness to record. Researchers can observe from a distance and record his findings.

Disadvantages of Observation Method

It takes longer than other data collection methods and faces serious disadvantages.

Observer bias can be high with observation methods.

Some personal behavior is not open for observation, and this proves a limitation in the case of observation methods.

Observers are more likely to affect the behavior of sample group elements.

Event uncertainty cannot determine the actual time an event will occur. Therefore, it is not possible to observe all observable outbreaks.

Many of the cases are as abstract as affection and affection, and researchers cannot get an accurate and correct explanation for them.

Generalizations of social phenomena made by observation cannot be used for laboratory experiments and are not considered reliable.

In some cases, it turns out that two people observing the same phenomenon produce different results, which can lead to misunderstandings.

Observation methods are considered costly because they are laborious, time consuming and costly.

Q24) Explain the Sources of Secondary Data.

A24) Secondary data sources include books, private sources, journals, newspapers, websites, government records, and more. Secondary data is understood to be readily available compared to primary data. Using these sources requires little research and no human resources.

With the arrival of electronic media and therefore the Internet, access to secondary data sources has become easier. Below are a number of these highlighted sources.

Book

Books are one among the foremost traditional ways to gather information. Today, there are books available for all the themes you'll consider. All you've got to try to when doing research is to seek out a book on the topic being studied and choose from the book repositories available in your area. Books, when carefully selected, are a real source of genuine data and may assist you steel oneself against a literature review.

2. Published Source

There are different public sources available for various research topics. The authenticity of the info generated from these sources depends totally on the author and publisher.

Published sources are often printed or digitized in some cases. it's going to be paid or free, counting on the author's and publisher's decisions.

3. Unpublished Personal Sources

Compared to public sources, this is often not readily available and should not be easily accessible. they're going to only be available if the researcher shares it with another researcher who isn't authorized to share it with a 3rd party.

For example, an organization's product management team may have customer feedback data to guage what customers consider their products and suggestions for enhancements. to enhance customer service, they have to gather data primarily from the customer service department that collects the info .

4. Journal

Recently, journals became increasingly more important than books when it involves data collection. this is often because the journal is often updated with new publications to supply the newest data.

Also, when it involves research, journals are usually more specific. for instance , you'll create a journal on "Secondary Data Collection of Quantitative Data" and title the book "Secondary Data Collection".

5. Newspaper

In most cases, the knowledge skilled the newspaper is typically very reliable. Therefore, it's one among the foremost reliable sources for collecting secondary data.

The types of knowledge commonly shared in newspapers are usually political, economic, and academic instead of scientific. Therefore, newspapers might not be the simplest source of data for scientific data collection.

6. Website

The information shared on websites is essentially unregulated and should be unreliable compared to other sources. However, there are some regulated websites that share only genuine data and may be trusted by researchers.

Most of those websites are usually government websites or paid private organizations, data collectors.

7. Blog

Blogs are one among the foremost common online sources of knowledge and may be less reliable than websites. Nowadays, virtually everyone owns blogs, and lots of use these blogs to extend traffic to their websites and make money through paid advertising.

Therefore, it's not always reliable for instance, a blogger could also be writing goodies a few products. This is often because the manufacturer purchased this stuff albeit they weren't true.

8. Journal

These are personal records and are therefore rarely employed by researchers to gather data. Also, diaries are generally personal, except recently when people began to share public diaries containing specific events in their lives.

Anne Frank's diary, which contains an accurate record of the Nazi war, may be a common example of this.

9. Records from the Government

A very important and reliable source of secondary data is government records. They contain useful data for marketing, management, humanities, and social science research.

Some of these records include information from censuses, health records, educational institution records, and more. These are typically collected to assist in proper planning, funding, and project prioritization.

10. Podcast

Podcasts are becoming more and more popular these days, and many people listen to podcasts instead of the radio. They are more or less like online radio stations and are becoming more and more popular.

Information is typically shared during podcasts and listeners can use it as a source for data collection.

Other sources of data collection include:

a) Letter.

b) Radio stations.

c) Public sector records.

Q25) What are the limitations of Secondary Data?

A25) Limitation:

Data quality:

Data collected through a secondary source may not be as genuine as it would be if it were collected directly from the source. This is a very common drawback with online sources, as there is no regulatory body to monitor the type of content being shared.

Therefore, working with this type of data can adversely affect the research being conducted.

2. Unrelated data:

Researchers spend a lot of time surfing pools of irrelevant data before finally getting the data they need. This is mainly because the data is not collected for researchers.

In some cases, researchers may not even be able to find the exact data they need, but they need to find the next best option.

3. Exaggerated data

Some data sources are known to exaggerate shared information. This prejudice can be due to maintaining a good public image or due to paid advertising.

This is very common on many online blogs that use beads to share false information just to capture web traffic. For example, FinTech start-ups may exaggerate the amount processed just to attract more customers.

Researchers who collect this data and investigate the total amount processed by FinTech start-ups in the United States in the quarter may need to use this exaggerated data.

4. Old information

Some data sources are old and there is no new available data to replace the old data. For example, censuses are usually not updated annually.

Therefore, the population of the country has changed since the last census. But someone working with the country's population needs to settle on previously recorded numbers, even if it's outdated.

Q26) What is Longitudinal Study?

A26) Longitudinal studies are studies that are conducted over a long period of time. It is mainly used in other fields such as medical research and psychology and sociology.

Longitudinal surveys can be rewarded with practical insights if you have time to engage in long-term research projects when using this method.

Longitudinal studies often use surveys to collect qualitative or quantitative data. In addition, in longitudinal studies, the creator of the study does not interfere with the participants in the study. Instead, the creator of the survey distributes a survey over time to observe changes in participants, behaviours, or attitudes.

Many medical studies are long-term. Researchers record and collect data from the same subject over the years.

Q27) What are the Types of Longitudinal Studies?

A27) Longitudinal studies are versatile, reproducible, and can explain quantitative and qualitative data. Consider three major types of longitudinal studies for future studies.

Panel Survey: Panel surveys include samples of people from more important populations and are conducted at specified intervals over a longer period of time.

One of the key features of the panel study is that researchers collect data from the same sample at different times. Most panel surveys are designed for quantitative analysis, but can also be used to collect and analyze qualitative data.

2. Cohort Study: A cohort study samples a cohort (usually a group of people who experience the same event at a particular point in time). Medical researchers tend to conduct cohort studies. Some may consider clinical trials similar to cohort studies.

In a cohort study, unlike clinical trials in which participants are tested, researchers only observe participants without intervention.

3. Retrospective Studies: Retrospective studies use existing data collected during previous studies using similar methodologies and variables.

While conducting a retrospective study, researchers use managed databases, existing medical records, or one-on-one interviews.

Q28) Write down the Pros and Cons of Conducting a Longitudinal Survey.

A28) Advantages and Disadvantages of Conducting a Longitudinal Survey

As we have shown, longitudinal research is useful in science, medicine, and many other areas. There are many reasons why researchers want to do longitudinal research. One of the essential reasons is that longitudinal studies provide unique insights that many other types of studies cannot provide.

Benefits of Longitudinal Research

Better validation: Successful long-term research requires establishing goals and rules from the beginning. Since this is a long-term study, the authenticity has been verified in advance, and the results are highly valid.

Proprietary data: Most research studies collect short-term data to determine the causes and effects of what is being investigated. Longitudinal surveys follow the same principles, but with different data collection periods. Short-term surveys cannot find long-term relationships, but long-term surveys can monitor short-term relationships.

Allows you to identify trends: In medicine, psychology, and sociology, long-term design of longitudinal studies allows you to find trends and relationships within data collected in real time. Previous data can be applied to know future results and make great discoveries.

Longitudinal surveys are flexible. You can create a longitudinal survey to investigate a particular data point, but the data collected can show unexpected patterns or relationships that may be important. Because this is a long-term study, researchers have flexibility not possible with other forms of study.

You can collect additional data points to investigate unexpected results and make changes to your investigation based on the detected approach.

Disadvantages of Longitudinal Research

Research time

The main drawback of longitudinal studies is that long-term studies are likely to produce unpredictable results. For example, if the same person cannot be found to update the survey, the survey cannot be performed. Also, it can take years for the data to begin to generate observable patterns or relationships that can be monitored.

2. There are always unpredictable factors

It should be taken into account that the first sample can be lost over time. Longitudinal studies involve the same subject over a long period of time, so what happens to them outside of the data collection time can affect the data collected in the future.

Some people may decide to stop participating in the study. Others may not be in the correct demographics for the study. If these factors are not included in the original study design, they can affect the findings produced.

3. Large samples are needed to make the survey meaningful

To develop relationships and patterns, you need to collect large amounts of data extracted and extracted to produce results.

4. Higher cost

Without a doubt, longitudinal surveys are more complex and expensive. Due to the long-term form of the study, the cost of the study will be years or even decades compared to other forms of study that can be completed in less time.

The strengths and weaknesses of longitudinal research show that the ability to find long-term patterns and relationships is of great value. Therefore, it is important to plan and carry out the steps necessary to avoid potential bias.

Q29) Give Examples of Longitudinal Studies.

A29) Now that you understand the basics of how researchers use longitudinal research across several disciplines, let's review the following example.

Example 1: Identical Twins

Consider a study conducted to understand the similarities or differences between the same twins raised together and the same twins who were not. Several variables have been observed in this study, but one condition is that all participants have the same twins.

In this case, researchers would like to observe these participants from childhood to adulthood to understand how growing in different environments affects their traits, habits, and personality. Let's do it.

Over the years, researchers have been able to see both sets of twins as they experience life without intervention. Since participants share the same gene, the differences are expected to be due to environmental factors, but only careful studies can conclude these assumptions.

Example 2: Violence and Video Games

A group of researchers are studying whether there is a link between violence and the use of video games. They collect a large sample of participants for research. To reduce the amount of interference with their natural habits, these individuals come from groups already playing video games. The age group focuses on teenagers (13-19 years old).

Researchers have recorded how violent the participants in the sample are. Create a baseline for later comparison.

Researchers will now provide each participant with a log to track how and how often they play and how much time they spend playing video games. This study can last for months or years. During this time, researchers can compare video game playing behavior with violent tendencies. Therefore, investigate whether there is a link between violence and video games.

Conducting longitudinal studies with research is easy and can be applied to almost any discipline. With our survey software, you can easily start your own survey today.

Q30) What is Panel Studies?

A30) The panel survey provides information about the same case at two or more time points. Trend surveys compare sample surveys that describe the same population at two or more points in time. These samples consist of various cases. The panel survey compares the same cases over time. Had Field pole been able to re-interview the same individuals interviewed in 1991 and 1995 in 1985, it would have been a panel survey. The advantage of the panel survey is that you can choose from alternatives such as those shown in Tables 2.1 and 2.2. Panel data does more than just explain the net changes over time. Panel data can be used to explain the types of shifts that occur during a period (for example, from for to disagree or from disagree to for). You can also start looking for factors that explain why some people change in one direction, some change in another, and some do not change at all.

Table 2.1 -- Hypothetical Example Showing Opinion Shifts from 1985 to 1991
1985
1991		Favor	Oppose	Don't Know	Total
	Favor	674	26	25	725
	Oppose	0	141	0	141
	Don't Know	0	76	58	134
	Total	674	243	83	1000

Table 2.2 -- Hypothetical Example Showing Opinion Shifts from 1985 to 1991
1985
1991		Favor	Oppose	Don't Know	Total
	Favor	574	115	36	725
	Oppose	100	41	0	141
	Don't Know	0	87	47	134
	Total	674	243	83	1000

However, there is also a problem with the panel data. It is rare that all cases will be available in a later period. This is called panel mortality. If the case is an individual, this may be due to some individuals not being alive at a later point in time. However, not all panel mortality rates may be due to respondent deaths. Some respondents who cooperated first may choose not to cooperate later. Bias is introduced if certain types of individuals choose not to cooperate at a later time. For example, if low-income respondents choose not to cooperate at a later time and low-income respondents are unlikely to support efforts to change the status of women, some of the changes in opinion are panel deaths It may be due to the rate.

Another issue with panel data is responsiveness. Asking people about a woman's situation at two or more times can cause a change of opinion in the questioning process itself. Perhaps the act of asking people about the status of women will be more sensitive to women's problems. This increase in sensitivity may mean that later studies are likely to agree or disagree with changes in women's status. This is called responsiveness because the respondents are responding to the first question.

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