Unit - 1

Principles of Architectural Design

Q1) What is principle of architectural design?

A1)

Seven ideas embody an exciting design.

• Balance.

• Rhythm.

• Emphasis.

• Proportion and scale.

• Movement.

• Contrast.

• Unity.

Balance

Balance offers balance and shape to a layout via way of means of manner of putting the factors withinside the sort of manner that the visible weight, in phrases of objects, colours, textures and region, is distributed, i.e., symmetry.

For example, a large form located near the centre may be balanced via way of means of manner of a small form near the edge.

Unity

This establishes a settlement among factors really so no person detail is regarded as extra crucial than the layout as a whole. Proximity is completed, no longer continuously via way of means of manner of putting the factors collectively, however via way of means of manner of connecting them visually:

Repetition

Strengthens a layout via way of means of manner of tying collectively person factors to create affiliation and consistency.

Rhythm

This is a sense of ‘organized movement’ created while one or extra factors are used repeatedly. Variety is essential to preserving rhythm exciting.

Continuation: The sensation of a line or sample extending.

Perspective:

The revel in of distance among factors.

Proportion:

The revel in of concord completed while factors, or elements of factors, relate to every unique in phrases of size, quantity or number.

Movement

This is the visible flow or direction taken via way of means of manner of the observer’s eye. It may be directed to focal regions with the useful resource of placement of darkish and moderate regions, and positioning. Movement may be directed via way of means of manner of using traces, edges, shapes and colours.

Emphasis

This is a part of the layout that catches attention, typically completed via way of means of manner of contrasting regions in phrases of size, colour, direction, form, density, texture, form, and so on.

Space

This refers back to the putting of factors such that there's region round or indoors them.

Alignment

Alignment permits order and organization, which creates a visible connection a number of the factors. For facts approximately the software program software of layout withinside the arrival industry, see Design methodology.

Q2) Explain primary elements of architectural design?

A2)

Point

• It might also additionally moreover describe a line that connects them.

• It might also additionally moreover propose an axis and direction.

• It can be regarded as a section of an extended direction.

• A detail shows a feature in space.

Line

• A Line has duration, however no width or depth.

• It will link, join, surround or intersect unique visible elements.

• It describes the rims of an aircraft.

• It articulates the surfaces of an aircraft.

• A Line creates a prolonged detail with duration, direction and feature.

Plane

A line prolonged in a direction other than its intrinsic direction will become an aircraft. Conceptually, an aircraft has duration and width, however no depth. Shape is the number one figuring out feature of an aircraft.

It is decided via way of manner of the contour of the road forming the rims of an aircraft. Because our notion of form may be distorted via way of manner of mind-set foreshortening, we see the actual form of an aircraft handiest while view it frontally.

The supplementary homes of an aircraft—its floor color, sample, and texture—have an effect on its visible weight and balance. In the composition of a visible construction, an aircraft serves to outline the limits or obstacles of a quantity.

Volume

An aircraft prolonged in a direction other than its intrinsic direction will become a quantity. Conceptually, a quantity has 3 dimensions: duration, width and depth.

All volumes may be analyzed and understood to consist of: – factors or vertices wherein numerous planes come collectively – traces or edges wherein planes meet – planes or surfaces which outline the limits or obstacles of a quantity. Form is the number one figuring out feature of a quantity. Its installation via way of manner of the shapes and interrelationships of the planes that describe the limits of the quantity.

Q3) What is mean by forms and space?

A3)

The regions created through manner of way of a building consist of every interior location and out of doors location, which also can moreover interweave or have an effect on each exceptional. Architectural elements like columns, walls, floors and ceilings are physical elements that shape a location. Form contains beneficial regions and location offers particular experiences. In architectural language, the relationship amongst form and location can be belief of as a 'solid-void relationship'. The regions created through manner of way of a building consist of every interior location and out of doors location, which also can moreover interweave or have an effect on each exceptional.

Form contains beneficial regions and location offers particular experiences. “Space Architecture is the principle and exercise of designing and constructing inhabited environments in outer region, responding to the deep human strain to discover and occupy new places. Architecture organizes and integrates the advent and enrichment of the constructed environment. Designing for region calls for specialized statistics of orbital mechanics, propulsion, weightlessness, difficult vacuum, psychology of airtight environments, and specific topics. Space Architecture has complementary relationships with numerous fields which include aerospace engineering, terrestrial architecture, transportation design, medicine, human elements, region science, law, and art work.” Form and shape are areas or masses which define objects in location. Form and shape imply location; really they cannot exist without location.

There are numerous techniques to categorize form and shape. Form and shape can be belief of as each dimensional or three dimensional. Two-dimensional form has width and height. It can also create the illusion of three length objects. Three-dimensional shape has depth further to width and height. Form and shape additionally may be described as each herbal or geometric. Organic paperwork collectively with the ones snow-protected boulders generally are peculiar in define, and frequently asymmetrical. Organic paperwork is most customarily belief of as really occurring. Geometric paperwork is those which correspond to named ordinary shapes, collectively with squares, rectangles, circles, cubes, spheres, cones, and exceptional ordinary paperwork. Architecture, collectively with this example through manner of way of Frank Lloyd Wright, is normally composed of geometric paperwork.

These paperwork are most customarily belief of as constructed or made. There are some exceptional terms typically used to provide an explanation for form and shape in composition; the ones must do with what kind of representations the paperwork have. If we're capable of recognize everyday objects and environments, we communicate to the pics as being practical, or naturalistic. However, if the pics are difficult or now no longer feasible to find out in terms of our normal, everyday seen experience, we also can moreover communicate to the pics as precis. There are several styles of precis pics.

Generally, abstractions are "abstracted" or derived from practical pics - probably even distorted--, but probably in the sort of way that the deliver is not immediately apparent. An example of this may be really taken into consideration one in all Georgia O’Keefe’s art work of a detail from a flower. This kind of abstraction in art work is from time to time referred to as an aim image -- that is, its miles derived from an actual object.

On the opportunity hand, some precis art work pics are based mostly on an herbal have a study of form, line, and color, and do now no longer communicate to any actual-worldwide object or scene. Such art work works are from time to time referred to as non-aim pics. Caricature is a completely unique instance of abstraction, in which practical pics are distorted to make an assertion about the people, places, or objects portrayed. This is probably the kind of abstraction we are most familiar with, as it's miles constantly supplied to us via all styles of well-known media.

Q4) Explain the terms organization and circulation?

A4)

In architecture, motion refers to the way people by skip through and interact with a building. In public houses, motion is of immoderate importance; Structures together with elevators, escalators, and staircases are frequently referred to as motion elements, as they may be placed and designed to optimize the go together with the float of people through a building, every now and then through the usage of a core. In some situations, one-way motion is desirable. The term 'motion' refers to the movement of people through, spherical and amongst houses and unique factors of the built environment. Within houses, motion regions are regions which may be predominately used for motion, together with entrances, foyers and lobbies, corridors, stairs, landings and so on.

The term 'circulate' refers back to the motion of people through, round and among homes and awesome elements of the constructed environment. Within homes, circulate areas are areas which can be predominately used for circulate, on the aspect of entrances, foyers and lobbies, corridors, stairs, landings and so on. Circulation areas can be labeled as the ones facilitating horizontal circulate, on the aspect of corridors, and people facilitating vertical circulate, on the aspect of stairs and ramps. They additionally may be restrained to specific customers groups, for example, in homes utilized by the general public there can be public circulate areas, and additionally, restrained get right of get admission to non-public circulate areas. They can be closed areas on the aspect of corridors, or open areas on the aspect of atria and in a few instances can also furthermore serve more than one functions.

The length of circulate areas can be decided with the beneficial aid of the utilization of things on the aspect of; the form of use, the numbers of people the usage of them, the route of travel, crossing flows and so on. In complicated homes on the aspect of hospitals or delivery exchanges, signage or awesome varieties of wayfinding can be vital to assist people navigate circulate areas. Some circulate areas can also furthermore have very specific uses, on the aspect of for the motion of goods, or for evacuation. According to Approved Document B, Fire Safety, a circulate space (in terms of hearthplace safety) is:

Where a blanketed stairway is a stair discharging through a totally remaining exit to a place of safety (together with any exit passageway some of the foot of the stair and the final exit) that is adequately enclosed with hearthplace-resisting construction. And a compartment is a building or part of a building comprising one or more rooms, regions or storeys constructed to prevent the spread of hearthplace to or from each different part of the same building or an adjoining building. Approved Document B gadgets out a number of requirements with reference to the format of motion regions wherein they may be used for escape. Other requirements for motion regions are set out in Approved Document K, Protection from falling, collision and impact, and Approved Document M, Access to and use of houses.

Q5) Explain proportion and scale?

A5)

Proportion and Scale percent play very vital roles for shape. Proportion refers to the proper and harmonious relation of one element to another or to the whole, while scale refers to the scale of a few elements in assessment to a reference huge or to the scale of a few elements else (like a human being). The mind seeks out mathematical and geometrical relationships – or proportions – in patterns.

Human beings personal a completely unique intuition which makes them apprehend smooth mathematical proportions withinside the physical world. This is also proper of music. For this reason, for the purpose that shape is a composition of office work added together in proportional relationships, it modified into known as frozen music. "Proportion" refers to the relative period of seen elements inner an image. It moreover refers to the equality amongst ratios in which the number one of the four terms divided with the useful resource of the usage of the second equals the third divided with the useful resource of the usage of the fourth. Geometry is inevitable in architectural agency due to the fact the way of ordering a format and relating to the factors to as a minimum one another.

The first proportional relationship begins off evolved in architectural format withinside the fabric diploma and withinside the diploma of architectural elements. Many architectural elements are sized and proportioned now no longer best in keeping with their structural homes and function, but moreover with the useful resource of the usage of the device through which they may be manufactured. Because the elements are mass produced in factories, they've got huge sizes and proportions imposed on them with the useful resource of the usage of the person manufacturers or with the useful resource of the usage of business enterprise standards. Concrete block and now no longer unusual place brick for example are produced as modular building devices. Although they variety from each unique in period, every are proportioned on a similar basis. Standard sizes and proportions of producing facility produced elements have an impact on the scale, percent and spacing of various materials as well. Standard door and window devices are also sized and proportioned to healthy into modular masonry openings.

These dimensions might also additionally moreover determine the dimensions of spaces.

Proportion

Proportion is a detail of layout that relates to the relative length of the additives that compose an object. Again, the human frame is the same vintage through which people pick out percent. An eye must be smaller than a face, for example, and a male’s shoulders must be wider than his hips. The golden ratio is a mathematical technique for figuring out percent. Based at the variety pi, this ratio has been the same vintage for artists and architects for the reason that historical Egyptians used it in designing the pyramids. Also, the golden ratio is relevant to the herbal proportions of the frame. The greater intently a person’s proportions follow this ratio, the greater classically cute they'll be probable to appear. Scale Humans determine the scale of a few elements in keeping with body period.

Some of the most now no longer unusual place adjectives that have a look at to scale include:

• Life-sized

• Miniature

• Oversized

• Enormous

When an artist or designer chooses to make unique gadgets oversized or miniature, it's miles regularly to emphasize their importance or encourage a contemporary perspective.

In the above public artwork, the person pushing the arena gives an experience of scale. Given the reflections of skyscrapers withinside the sphere, site visitors might also additionally infer that the globe symbolizes the world, and its drastically small scale suggests that humans can manage it. Some toys are miniatures of actual gadgets. For example, scale model cars, trains and dollhouse furnishings reflect real gadgets on a smaller scale. In the picture graph below, the man’s hand gives you an extraordinary idea of the actual period of the toy rail car. Scale model toys supply children the electricity to govern sensible gadgets that are otherwise too big for them to manage.

Q6) What is ordering principles?

A6)

Axis

An axis is a line connecting factors in space, approximately which paperwork may be organized in an asymmetrical or symmetrical, balanced way. It is an imaginary line that could denote shape, procession, direction, views, line of rotation and so on. An axis is used to align factors withinside the layout, and to set up and plan areas.

Symmetry

A symmetrical item is the first-class this is further proportioned, harmonious and balanced round a selected line. In geometry a symmetrical decide is the first-class that after bisected thru way of manner of an axis is cut up into regions which might be replicate images of 1 another. Symmetrical composition i.e., axial composition that is a composition balanced round an axis.

Hierarchy

Hierarchy in form is the articulation of areas and paperwork so as of importance. The articulation is finished thru way of manner of differentiating size, form, shadeation, placement of paperwork and areas considerably to every different. Hierarchy is used to emphasize a particular item, to influence the order wherein quite diverse devices are experienced.

Transformation

Transformation is the precept thru way of manner of which an architectural concept, shape or enterprise organization may be altered thru a chain of discrete manipulations and versions in reaction to a selected context or set situations without lack of identification of the concept. Transformation of shape is finished thru way of manner of converting size, form, rotating, stretching, morphing and so on.

Datum

A datum is a line, aircraft or quantity which, thru way of manner of its continuity and regularity, serves to gather, degree and organize a sample of paperwork and areas. Datum binds collectively the layout factors. It can a line, degree, road, flat aircraft and so on.

Rhythm

Rhythm is a unifying motion characterized thru way of manner of a patterned repetition or alteration of formal factors or motifs withinside the identical or changed way. Rhythm differs from repetition in that withinside the preceding the shapes trade however it's miles nonetheless recognizable, at the same time as withinside the later the form stays constant.

Pattern

Pattern refers to agencies of factors or motifs that repeat in a predictable way. It is a shape that organizes components of a composition.

Repetition

Repetition refers back to the repeated use of form, shadeation or different factors of a layout. It creates a visible echo and reinforces sure components of the work. Repetition can create shape, motion, concord and unity.

Q7) Explain functional element Planning, Design and Construction?

A7)

A building is a synthetic form with a roof and walls fame more or lots much less absolutely in an unmarried place. Buildings are to be had in some of shapes, sizes and functions, and have been tailor-made for the duration of information for a significant type of factors, from building materials to be had, to weather situations, to land prices, ground situations, specific uses and aesthetic reasons. To better recognize the term building study the list of nonbuilding structures. The gallery underneath gives a pinnacle degree view of diverse sorts of building.

Bank 

Bunker

Castle

Fortress

House

Legislative building

Library

Market hall

Mill

Museum

Opera house

Palace

Public toilets

Religious building

Theater

University building

Plan of a condominium (detail, Andrássy avenue)

The exercising of designing, building, and running houses is most usually a collective strive of numerous businesses of professionals and trades. Depending on the size, complexity, and cause of a selected building project.

Design

A format process can also embody a chain of steps observed with the resource of the use of designers. Depending on the product or service, some of the one’s degrees may be irrelevant, overlooked in actual-worldwide situations on the way to hold time, reduce cost, or because of the truth they'll be redundant withinside the situation.

Typical degrees of the format process embody:

• Pre-production format • Design brief - a announcement of format goals

• Analysis - assessment of contemporary format goals

• Research - investigating similar format solutions withinside the region or related topics

• Specification - specifying requirements of a format solution

• Problem solving - conceptualizing and documenting format solutions

• Presentation - supplying format solutions

• Design at some stage in production

• Development - continuation and improvement of a designed solution

• Testing - in-situ attempting out a designed solution

• Post-production format remarks for future designs

• Implementation - introducing the designed solution into the environment

• Evaluation and conclusion - summary of process and results, in conjunction with nice grievance and tips for future improvements

• Redesign - any or all degrees withinside the format process repeated (with corrections made) at any time before, at some stage in, or after production.

Q8) What is general building requirements?

A8)

A constructing code (furthermore constructing manage or constructing pointers) is a tough and rapid of pointers that explain the requirements for built gadgets collectively with homes and nonbuilding systems.

Buildings have to observe the code to achieve making plans permission, typically from a nearby council. The most critical purpose of constructing codes is to guard public health, protection and brand-new welfare as they relate to the development and occupancy of homes and systems. The constructing code will become regulation of a specific jurisdiction even as officially enacted through the appropriate governmental or personal authority. Building codes are usually meant to be carried out through architects, engineers, indoors designers, constructors and regulators however also are used for numerous capabilities through protection inspectors, environmental scientists, actual property developers, subcontractors, producers of constructing merchandise and materials, coverage companies, facility managers, tenants, and others.

Codes alter the layout and production of systems in which observed into regulation. Basic Requirements of a Building

The making plans and production of a constructing have to be aimed toward great the subsequent requirements:

1. Strength and stability

2. Dimensional stability

3. Resistance to dampness

4. Resistance to hearthplace

5. Heat insulation

6. Sound insulation

7. Protection

8. Durability

9. Security

10. Lighting and air flow

11. Comforts and comfort

12. Economy.

1. Strength and Stability:

Building has as a manner to moving the predicted hundreds in its life period nicely to the ground. Design of numerous structural additives like slabs, beams, walls, columns and footing want to ensure safety. None of the structural additives want to buckle, overturn and collapse.

2. Dimensional Stability:

Excessive deformation of structural additives delivers a revel in of instability and surrender cease end result into crack in walls, floors etc. All structural additives, want to be so designed that deflections do no longer exceed the permissible values precise withinside the codes.

3. Resistance to Dampness:

Dampness in a constructing is a first-rate nuisance and it could lessen the life of the constructing. Great care wants to be taken in making plans and withinside the producing of the constructing to keep away from dampness.

4. Resistance to Fire:

Regarding achieving resistance to hearthplace, the primary necessities laid down withinside the codes are:

(a) the shape wants to no longer ignite easily.

(b) constructing orientation want to be such that unfold of hearthplace is slow.

(c) In case of hearthplace, there want to be method of clean get right of get admission to vacate constructing quickly.

5. Heat Insulation:

A constructing wants to be so orientated and designed that it insulates indoors from heat.

6. Sound Insulation:

Buildings want to be deliberate toward outside and indoor noises.

7. Protection from Termite:

Buildings want to be covered from termites.

8. Durability:

Each and each problem of the constructing want to be durable.

9. Security:

This is the primary want the proprietor of the constructing expects.

10. Lighting and Ventilation:

For wholesome and satisfied dwelling herbal mild and ventilations are required. Diffused mild and relevant go air go along with the flow want to be to be had withinside the constructing.

11. Comforts and Conveniences:

Various devices withinside the constructing wants to be well grouped and included maintaining in thoughts the consolation and comfort of the user.

12. Economy:

Economy without sacrificing consolation, comfort and sturdiness is some other primary requirement of the constructing.

Q9) Explain Permit and inspection?

A9)

PERMIT EXEMPTIONS: Section 105.2, FBC

There are several jobs that do not require a permit, but such artwork might be performed in line with code. Any manufacturing artwork, whether or not or now no longer a permit is wanted or now not, shall study the provisions of the Florida Building Code.

The following are considered such exemptions:

For Gas: Portable heating device and opportunity of youth additives in tool without converting its approval or make it unsafe.

For Mechanical: Portable heating, air glide and cooling unit, piping of steam; heat or chilled water inner any heating or cooling tool regulated thru manner of way of F.B.C., opportunity of additives without converting its approval or make it unsafe, portable evaporative cooler, self-contained refrigeration system of an awful lot much less than 10 pounds of refrigerant and actuated thru manner of way of one hp or an awful lot much less, any load manipulate control device set up, opportunity, removal or metering.

For Plumbing: the stopping of leaks in plumbing furnishings without putting off and converting pipes with new material.

Repairs that do not incorporate the opportunity or rearrangement of valves, pipes or furnishings do now not require a permit. However, if any concealed trap, drainpipe, water, soil, waste or vent pipe becomes defective and it becomes essential to get rid of and replace the same with new material, that 4 artworks might be considered as new artwork and a permit is wanted for such artwork. Inspections also can be required for the modern artwork.

PERMIT APPLICATION (Section 105.3, FBC)

In order to acquire a permit, a character want to first record a software on a form provided thru manner of method of the building department. Permit software office work want to study the requirements of Section 713.135(five) & (6) F.S. Each software might be inscribed with the date of software, and the code in effect as of that date. For a building permit which a software is submitted preceding to the effective date of the Florida Building Code, the kingdom minimum building code in effect withinside the permitting jurisdiction on the date of the software governs the accredited artwork for the existence of the permit and any extension granted to the permit.

Section 105, Chapter 1 of the 2014 Florida Building Code (FBC ) 5th Edition states that any owner or felony representative who intends to construct, enlarge, alter, repair, move, demolish, or alternate the occupancy of a building or structure, or to erect, install, enlarge, alter, repair, dispose of, convert or replace any required effect-resistant coverings, electrical, gas, mechanical or plumbing gadget, the installation of this is regulated thru manner of method of the Florida Building Code, or to motive this sort of artwork to be done, shall first make software to the building decent and acquire the required permit.

FBC Section 105.1.1 Annual Facility Permit:

A character may submit a software for an annual facility permit. Instead of having to apply for a permit for each alteration to a gift electrical, gas, mechanical, plumbing or interior nonstructural place of job gadget(s), an annual facility permit allows habitual or emergency service, repair, refurbishing, minor renovations of service systems or manufacturing tool installations/relocations. The character wants to exercise for a separate permit for each facility and for each manufacturing ex alternate as relevant.

The individual making software for the as soon as a yr. facility permit want to jot down on the software a desired description of the parameters of hard work intended to be performed at some point of the yr. Should there be any essential changes to the gadget(s), the building decent might be notified of such changes and shall maintain the right to make inspections at the facility net internet site on-line as deemed vital.

As the decision implies, an annual facility permit is valid for twelve months from the date it modified into obtained. The permit holder is wanted to hold a log of all adjustments made beneathneath such annual permit and the building decent shall have access to such records the least bit times.