Unit 2

Magneto statics

Q1) Explain Bio-Savart’s Law?

A1) Let us consider a conductor carrying direct current I and a steady magnetic field is produced around it. The law helps us to obtain magnetic field intensity produced at a point P due to differential current element idL. The current carrying conductor is as shown in the figure.

Figure 1. Current carrying conductor

Consider differential length dL and differential current IdL. This is a small part of the current carrying conductor. The point P is at a distance R from differential current element. is the angle between the differential current element and the line joining point P to the differential current element.

Bio-Savart Law states that the magnetic field intensity produced at point P due to differential current IdL is,

• Proportional to the product of current I and differential length dL.
• The sine of angle between the element and the line joining point P to the element.
• Inversely proportional to the square of distance R between point P and the element.

Bio-Savart law can be stated as ,

dα I dL sin Ɵ / R 2

d  =k I dL sin Ɵ / R 2

Where k = constant of proportionality

In SI units, k = 1/ 4 π.

d  = I dL sin Ɵ / 4πR 2

In vector form,

Let dL = Magnitude of vector length and

R = Unit vector in the direction from differential current element to point P.

Then from rule of cross product ,

x  R = dL |R| sin Ɵ = dL sin Ɵ                                                      |R|=1

Replacing we get

d  = I d x  R / 4πR 2 A/m

R = / | = / R

d  = I d x   / 4πR 3A/m

This is the mathematical form of Bio-Savarts Law.

According to direction of cross product the direction of is normal to the plane containing two vectors and the normal direction along the progress of right- handed screw turned from through smaller angle towards the line joining element to point P.

Therefore, direction of is normal to the plane of paper.

According to right- handed screw rule the direction of is going into the plane of paper.

The entire conductor is made of differential elements .Therefore , in order to obtain the total magnetic field take the integral

= d   x R  /  4πR 2

The closed line integral is required to ensure that all the current elements are considered because current can flow only in the closed path provided by close circuit.

If the current element is considered at point 1 and point P at point 2 as shown in the figure, then

Figure 2. Current element

D 2 = I1 d 1 x x R  12/  4πR 2 12

Where

I1 = current flowing through dL1 at point 1.

DL1 = Differential vector length at point 1

R12 = Unit vector in the direction from element at point 1 to point P at point2.

R12  =/ ||   = / R12

= d x R12/ 4 π R 2 12A/m

This integral form is called Biot-Savart law.

Q2) Find the incremental field strength at P2 due to the current element of 2πa2 Am at P1. The co-ordinates of P1 and P2 are (4,0,0) and (0,3,0) respectively.

A2) The two points P1 and P2 along with the I1dL1 current element at I1 are shown in figure.

According to Bio-Savart law

d   = I1 d x R12/ 4 π R 2 12

= (0-4)   + (3-0) ay + 0. Az

R12  =12/| 12|

= -4 x + 3 y   / 16 + 9

= -4 x + 3 y   /5

While I1 dL1 = 2 A m.

I1   x a R12 = | ax      ay     az  |

                              | 0         0       2

                              |-4/5     3/5    0  | = -4/5 x 2 + 4

= -2 [ + 4 / 4π x (5) 2= - 4 x 10 -3 [ + 4 μA/m

= -12 ax – 16 ay nA/m

Q3) Explain Ampere’s Circuit law?

A3) Gauss’s Law is useful to obtain in case of complex problems. I magnetostatics complex problems can be solved using Ampere’s Law.

It states that

The line integral of magnetic field intensity around closed path is exactly equal to direct current enclosed by that path.

The mathematical representation of Ampere’s circuital law is

.   = I -------------------------------------(1)

This law is useful to determine when current distribution is symmetrical.

Proof:

Figure. Current carrying conductor

Consider a long straight conductor carrying direct current I placed along z axis as shown in figure. Consider a closed circular path of radius r which encloses the straight conductor carrying direct current I. The point P is at perpendicular distance r from the conductor.

Consider at point P which is direction direction tangential to circular path at point P.

Therefore,

= r dɸ

While obtained at point P, from Biot-Savart law due to infinitely long conductor is,

= 1/ 2 π r .ɸ . r dɸ .ɸ

= 1/ 2 r . dɸ = 1/ 2 π .dɸ

Integrating . over the entire closed path

.   =   dɸ = 1/ 2 π [ɸ] 02π= I. 2 π/ 2 π

This proves that the integral . along closed path gives the direct current enclosed by that closed path.

• Steps to Apply Amper’s Circuital Law:

Step1: Consider a closed path preferably symmetrical such that it encloses the direct current I once. This is Amperian path. 

Step2: Consider differential length depending upon the co-ordinate system used.

Step3: Identify the symmetry and find in which direction exists according to co-ordinate system used.

Step 4: Find     . . Make sure that and are in the same direction.

Step 5: Find the integral of . around the closed path. And equate it to current I enclosed by the path.

To apply Ampere’s circuital law the following conditions must be satisfied,

1. The ie either tangential or normal to the path, at each point of the closed path.
2. The magnitude of must be same at all points of the path where is tangential.

• due to straight conductors.

Figure. Field intensity of straight conductors

Consider an infinitely long straight conductor which is placed along z-axis carrying direct current I as shown in figure. Consider the Amperian closed path enclosing the conductor as shown in figure. Consider point P on the closed path at which is obtained. The radius of the path is r from the conductor. The magnitude of depends on r and the direction is always tangential to the closed path. So, has only component in direction say H .

Consider elementary length at point P in cylindrical co-ordinates it is r d in .

   = Hɸɸ         and      = r dɸ .ɸ

.   = Hɸɸ  .  r dɸ .ɸ   = Hɸ r dɸ

According to Ampere’s circuit law ,

  = I

ɸ . r. dɸ = I

Hɸ . r  . dɸ = I

Hɸ .r  [2π] =I

Hɸ = 1/ 2π r

Hence   at point P is given by

= Hɸ. ɸ = 1/ 2 π r .ɸ

Q4) Write a short note on Curl?

A4) The circulation of a vector field around closed path is given by curl of vector. Mathematically it is defined as

Curl of   = lim ∆ SN ->0    . d

N = Area enclosed by the line integral in normal direction

Thus, maximum circulation of per unit area tends to zero whose direction is normal to the surface is called curl of .

Symbolically it is represented as

x   = curl of

Q5) Explain Stoke’s theorem?

A5) The stokes theorem relates the line integral to a surface integral. It states that the line integral of   around a closed path L is equal to the integral of curl over the open surface S enclosed by the closed path L.

Mathematically it is expressed as,

. d = x   . d

Where dL = Perimeter of total surface S

Figure. Line Integral.

Q6) Explain magnetic flux and flux density?

A6) Magnetic flux is defined as the number of magnetic field lines passing through a given closed surface. It provides the measurement of the total magnetic field that passes through a given surface area.

Magnetic Flux Symbol

• Magnetic flux is commonly denoted using Greek letter Phi or Phi suffix B.
• Magnetic flux symbol: Φ or ΦB.

ɸB = B. A . Cos

Where,

• ΦB is the magnetic flux.
• B is the magnetic field
• A is the area
• θ the angle at which the field lines pass through the given surface area.

Magnetic flux density

Magnetic flux density(B) is defined as the force acting per unit current per unit length on a wire placed at right angles to the magnetic field.

• Units of B is Tesla (T) or Kgs−2A−1
• B is a vector quantity

B=FIl Where, l=length of wire F=total force acting on the wire I=current flowing through the wire.

Q7) Explain the energy stored in a magnetic field ?

A7) Let us consider the magnetic field is due to electromagnet that is a coil of several no. Turns. This coil or inductor is carrying current I when it is connected across a battery or voltage source through a switch.

Figure. Inductor circuit

Suppose battery voltage is V volts, value of inductor is L Henry, and current I will flow at steady state.

When the switch is ON, a current will flow from zero to its steady value. But due to self- induction a induced voltage appears which is

E = -L dI/dt ---------------------------------------------------------------------(1)

Here E always in the opposite direction of the rate of change of current.

The energy or work done due to this current passing through this inductor is U.As, the current starts from its zero value and flows against the induced emf E, the energy will grow up gradually from zero value to U.

DU = W.dt, where W is the small power and W = – E.I

So, the energy stored in the inductor is given by

DU = W. Dt = -E .I dt = L dI/dt .I dt = LIdI

Now integrate the energy from 0 to its final value.

U =    = dI = ½ LI 2

Again

L = o N 2 A /l

Where N is the number of turns of the coil, A is the effective cross-sectional area of the coil and l is the effective length of the coil.

Again,

I = H.l/N

Where, H is the magnetizing force, N is the number of turns of the coil and l is the effective length of the coil.

I = B.l/

Now putting expression of L and I in equation of U, we get new expression i.e.

U = μoN2 A /l . B.L/ μo N / 2 = B 2 Al/ 2 μo

Q8) Explain Ampere’s force law?

A8) Ampere’s law of force is the “law of action” between current carrying circuits through magnetic field.

Consider two parallel wires carrying current in the same direction. It will attract.The force acting on a current element I2 dl2 by a current element I1 dl1 is given by

12   = μo/ 4π I2   x I1   x I1   x R12 / R 212

The total force acting on a circuit C2 having a current I2 by a circuit C1 having current I1 is given by

= I1 I2 / 4   x    x R 12 / R 212

Similar to Coulomb’s law, magnetic field can be introduced

Where

= μo/4π   x R12    / R 212      T

An infinitely small current immersed in a region of magnetic flux density B experiences a force df

= I   x

Q9) Explain magnetic vector potential?

A9) Define a vector quantity A whose curl is equal to the magnetic field.

B=curl A=∇×A-----------------------------------------(1)

Eq(1) does not define A uniquely. For, if ψ scalar quantity then add ∇ψA without affecting B, because ∇×∇ψ=curl grad ψ=0∇×∇ψ=curl grad ψ=0.

The vector A is called the magnetic vector potential.

Q10) Explain the analogy between electric and magnetic field ?

A10)

Electric circuit	Magnetic circuit
The path traced by the current is known as electric current	Path traced by the magnetic flux is called as magnetic circuit.
EMF is the driving force in the electric circuit. The unit is volts	MMF is the driving force in the magnetic circuit. The unit is ampere turns
The current I in the electric circuit is measured in amperes	There is flux ɸ in the magnetic circuit which is measured in weber
The flow of electrons decides the current in conductor	The number of magnetic lines of force decides the flux.
Resistance R opposes the flow of current. The unit is Ohm	Reluctance (S) is opposed by magnetic path to the flux . The unit is ampere turn/weber
R = .l/a	S = 1/ μoμra
I= EMF/ Resistance	Flux = MMF/Reluctance