Unit I

Foundation of Indian Business

Question bank

Q1) What is liberalization? What are the components of it?                               8

A1) Simply put, liberalization refers to the deregulation of governments in the areas of social, political and economic policy. In the context of economic policy, liberalization refers to the relaxation of government regulations and restrictions to increase the participation of private sectors.

This is the process of removing control systems to promote economic development.

The economy will be open, the best products and services will compete in the market, consumers will have choices and monopolies will disappear.

In India, economic liberalization began in 1991 with the aim of making the economy more market-oriented and expanding the role of private and foreign investment.

These include partial and sometimes full privatization of government agencies and assets, expansion of the labour market, tax refunds to companies, relaxation of restrictions on both domestic and foreign capital, and opening of the free trade market.

Since the support of the new economic strategy in 1991, there have been revolutionary changes in the Indian economy. This has had a major impact on all areas of life in India. Liberalization of a country can have a significant economic impact on both the country and investors.

Economic liberalization is relaxing national government regulations to allow private sector businesses to conduct business with relatively few restrictions.

India's economic liberalization refers to the economic liberalization of national economic policies aimed at making the economy more market-oriented and expanding the role of private and foreign investment.

Components of liberalization

1. Industrial liberalization

The commercial region changed into one of the first liberalized sectors in India in a sequence of measures. Industrial licenses were abolished besides for some sectors held in strategic considerations.

• Abolition of commercial licenses

• Reduce public region bookings

• Promote clean get right of entry to overseas technologies

• Extension regulations were removed

• Open the financial system to FDI

Foreign direct funding in India

Foreign funding in fairness capital of devices that manufacture objects reserved for small industries is greater than 24%. The Foreign Investment Promotion Commission (FIPB) is the authority to do not forget and suggest overseas direct funding.

2. Trade liberalization

Trade rules that permit home vendors (of products and / or offerings) to compete greater freely withinside the international marketplace and overseas vendors to compete greater freely withinside the home marketplace

3. Financial liberalization

Financial liberalization (FL) refers to deregulation of home economic markets and liberalization of capital accounts. In one view, it strengthens economic improvement and contributes to better long-time period increase. In any other view, it induces immoderate chance taking, will increase macroeconomic volatility and results in greater common c.

4. Fiscal region reform

a.  Reform of India's monetary region will assist growth the share of India's financial savings and funding. This additionally allows growth the productiveness of public spending

b. India has mounted itself as one of the quickest developing economies withinside the world. India is likewise making development in the direction of monetary increase and advanced literacy rates.

c. Between 1999 and 2000, India's home financial savings and funding have been expected to develop via way of means of 23% and the Indian financial system changed into projected to develop via way of means of 6.4%, however the common increase price fell to 6.0% as compared to the preceding yr. Did.

d. In the primary five-yr plan, India completed a mean annual increase price of 3.5%.

e. The common increase price of the Indian financial system changed into 6.4%, which changed into 5.nine% withinside the 1980s. At the quit of the eighth Five-Year Plan, India's annual increase price reached 6.nine percent.

f. From 1991 to 1992, the Indian financial system entered a tough period. Overall monetary increase fell to 1.1% at some stage in this period, with a complete finances deficit of 8% of GDP.

Q2) What are the factors that support globalization?                                      5

A2) Following are the factors that support globalization are:

1) Technology: Reduced the speed of the communication manifold. The phenomenon of social media in the world these days is that distance is no longer important.

Technology integration in India defines a wide range of highly accountable jobs that require specialized skills and lack decision-making skills, requiring new skills such as numerical, analytical, communication, and interactive skills. I changed to a new job. The result is more employment opportunities for people.

2) LPG Reform: India's reforms in 1991 brought about greater economic liberalization, which in turn increased the interaction between India and the rest of the world.

3) Faster transportation: Improved transportation and easier worldwide travel. For example, air travel is growing rapidly, facilitating the movement of people and goods around the world.

4) Rise of the WTO: The formation of the WTO in 1994 has led to the reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers around the world. It has also led to an increase in free trade agreements between various countries.

5) Improving capital liquidity: Over the past few decades, capital barriers have generally decreased, making it easier for capital to flow between different economies. This has increased the ability of businesses to receive funding. It also improves the global interconnectivity of global financial markets.

6) Rise of MNC: Multinational companies operating in various regions are leading to the spread of best practices. MNC procures resources from around the world, sells its products in the global market, and deepens local interaction.

These factors helped economic liberalization and globalization, making it easier for the world to become a "global village." Increased interactions between people from different countries have led to the internationalization of eating habits, clothing habits, lifestyles and views.

Q3) Explain the economic impact of globalization in India.                            5

A3) Impact of globalization in India

Economic impact:

Achievers IAS Academy-IAS 2020, Globalization

A brief analysis

Increasing Employment: The emergence of foreign companies and economic growth have led to job creation. However, these jobs are concentrated in the service sector, which has led to the rapid growth of the service sector, causing problems for poorly educated individuals. Job creation has not been proportional to the level of economic growth and has become known for unemployment growth over the last decade.

More Choices for Consumers: Globalization has led to a boom in the consumer product market. Unlike the days when there were only a few manufacturers, there are a wide range of options for choosing products.

Higher Disposable Income: People in cities working in high-paying jobs have more income to spend on lifestyle products. As a result, demand for products such as meat, eggs, legumes and organic foods is increasing. It also resulted in protein swelling.

Inflation of protein foods contributes significantly to food inflation in India. It is also clear from the rising prices of animal proteins such as legumes, eggs, milk and meat.

People's eating habits are changing as their living standards rise and their income levels rise. People tend to eat foods that are higher in protein. This change in dietary patterns as the population grows creates an overwhelming demand for protein-rich foods that the supply side could not meet. Therefore, there is a supply-demand mismatch that causes inflation.

In India, the Green Revolution and other technological advances have primarily focused on increasing grain productivity, and legumes and oil seeds have traditionally been ignored.

Agricultural sector shrinkage: Agriculture currently contributes only about 15% to GDP. International norms imposed by the WTO and other multilateral organizations have reduced government support for agriculture. Greater integration of global commodity markets leads to constant price fluctuations.

This increases the vulnerability of Indian farmers. Farmers are also becoming increasingly dependent on seeds and fertilizers sold by multinational corporations.

Globalization has no positive impact on agriculture. On the contrary, the government is always ready to import edible grains, sugar, etc., so there is little negative impact. Every time the price of these items rises.

The government never considers farmers paying more to produce more grain, but relies on imports. On the other hand, production costs are rising due to lower subsidies. Even farms that produce fertilizer need to suffer for imports. There are also threats such as the introduction of GM crops and herbicide-tolerant crops.

Increasing medical costs: Increasing global interconnectivity has also led to increased susceptibility to disease. Whether it's the avian influenza virus or Ebola, the disease is changing and widespread worldwide. This will result in greater investment in the health care system to combat such illnesses.

Child Labour: Despite the ban on child labor by the Indian Constitution, India employs 60 to 115 million children. Most rural child labourers are agricultural workers, while urban child labourers are engaged in manufacturing, processing, service and repair. Globalization makes the most direct use of an estimated 300,000 Indian children working in the Indian hand-woven carpet industry, exporting over $ 300 million in commodities annually.

Q4) State the psychological impact of globalization in Indian society.           5

A4) Psychological effect on Indian society

Development of Bicultural Identity: The first is the improvement of bicultural identification or possibly hybrid identification. That is, a part of the identification is rooted withinside the neighbourhood subculture and every other component arise from the belief of our courting with the worldwide international.

The improvement of world identities is not a part of immigrants and ethnic minorities. People today, in particular younger human beings, broaden identities that deliver them a experience of belonging to international subculture, together with the popularity of events, customs, patterns and data which might be a part of worldwide subculture. Media along with television, in particular the Internet, allows immediate communique with everywhere withinside the international and performs a crucial function in growing a worldwide identification.

A proper instance of bicultural identification is conventional Indian values ​​concerning alternatives along with non-public existence and parental jib marriage preferences, despite the fact that they're included into the arena of speedy-paced technology. Is most of the knowledgeable younger human beings of India who can be deeply rooted. I will cope with my mother and father in antique age.

Growth of self-choosing subculture: It way those human beings select to shape companies with like-minded folks who need to have an identification that isn't infected via way of means of the worldwide subculture and its values. Based on individualism, unfastened marketplace economics and democracy, the fee of world subculture, together with freedom, freedom of choice, man or woman rights, openness to alternate and tolerance of difference, is a part of Western values. .. For maximum human beings round the arena, what worldwide subculture has to provide is fascinating. One of the maximum extreme criticisms of globalization is that each child desires to be just like the brand new pop song star, consume large macs, spend holidays at Disney World, put on blue denims and put on Nike. Is threatening to create one homogeneous international subculture. ..

New maturity: With the slow growing want to put together for paintings in a enormously professional and knowledgeable economy, the timing of the transition to grownup roles along with paintings, marriage and parent-baby relationships is round the arena. It happens at a later level in maximum areas. From overdue young adults to mid 20s. Moreover, because the hierarchy of conventional authority weakens and collapses below the stress of globalization, younger human beings are compelled to broaden manage over their lives, together with marriage and parent-baby relationships. The unfold of recent maturity is related to identification issues.

Q5) What do you mean by technology? What are its features?                         5

A5) The technological surroundings refer back to the modern-day nation of technological know-how and generation in Japan and associated components inclusive of the velocity of technological development and institutional preparations for the improvement and alertness of the trendy generation.

According to famed economist J.K., his manner Galbraith, generation, "systematically making use of medical or different prepared know-how to real tasks."

Technology includes each machines (difficult generation) and medical thinking (tender generation) used to remedy troubles and pressure development. It consists of the information and abilities of entrepreneurs, in addition to the know-how and techniques had to preserve and enhance the manufacturing and distribution of products and services. Technology consists of invention and innovation.

Features of Technology

1. Technology is defined as "intentional intervention by design" and technical practice is defined as an activity that produces technical outcomes and affects the world.
2. Technical achievements are designed to enhance people's capabilities and expand human potential. They change the created world in ways that have a positive and / or negative impact on the social and natural world.
3. Technology uses and generates knowledge of technology. The technical community acknowledges that technical knowledge is valid if it has been shown to support the successful development of technical outcomes.
4. All technologies exist in a historical context and are influenced and influenced by society and culture.
5. Technical practices are becoming more and more interdisciplinary and more reliant on collaboration between the technical community and people in other disciplines.

Q6) Explain skill development.                                                                            12

A6) Business development skills

1. Communication skills

Communication skills are an essential requirement in the field of business development.

Professionals need to have the ability to write and speak clearly and confidently. As a business development expert, you need to be a good listener to collect valuable customer feedback.

Business development managers need to find prospects, maintain long-term business relationships, and transfer the information they need to stakeholders.

Good communication skills not only help you win during negotiations, but also maintain a close relationship with Reed even if he hasn't signed a contract yet.

Prospects only go through the goal-achieving process if they continue to be interested through their communication and sales skills.

One way to improve your communication skills is to practice your self-confidence presentations. Self-confidence improves communication skills by giving confidence to potential customers. The best communication style must be genuine as a way to build trust with your partner.

2. Sales skills

One way to improve your business is to expand your customer base. Business development professionals need to identify potential customers and come up with follow-up strategies.

They also need to take a step further to build strong relationships with potential partners and prospects.

Business development strategies can increase sales through activities such as cold calls to market business opportunities to prospects and planning one-on-one meetings.

Business growth depends on acquiring new customers. All business developers need to reduce the number to those that are more likely to buy a transaction.

Business developers also need to work closely with their sales departments to promote more qualified sales as a way to increase the number of successful transactions. The sales team presents the product to the customer and negotiates the best deal.

It is important for business development professionals to note that they will not close a deal even after participating in the sales process. The sales team is responsible for turning prospects into customers. Business development professionals and sales teams need to work together to streamline the sales process and improve the sales success rate of the business.

3. Marketing skills

Business development also works closely with marketing for business success. Business development professionals need to understand the marketing skills they need and apply them to their day-to-day roles.

Both the marketing department and the business development team have the same goal of growing the business. However, the approach can be different.

In small businesses, business developers may need to perform some tasks related to the marketing department. Such companies may not have the resources to incorporate a complete marketing team.

Such tasks include market expansion, brand promotion, and product awareness. Business developers focus on forming partnerships rather than marketing new products to their customers.

4. Business intelligence

As a business development expert, you need to go beyond your business and understand how competitors and markets work. To gain this understanding, business development professionals need to do a thorough investigation, collect and analyze data.

Proper data analysis is an effective way to understand the market and find the best market segment for your product.

Business intelligence provides relevant information about the market, including market size, competitors, and potential changes in the market. Such knowledge is critical to keeping your business up to date with relevant statistics on market trends.

Data collection and analysis is also part of business intelligence. Most of the business data that benefits business developers includes the size of the market, the changes that can impact the market, and the types of campaigns that have a positive impact on the market.

As a business development expert, ways to improve your business intelligence skills include research, data collection, and target market analysis.

5. Project management skills

Project management has a significant impact on the success of business development professionals. Business development should be seen as a big project.

Some of the skills you need as a business developer are related to project management. Skills that span these two areas include leadership skills, risk management and monitoring, and team management. Team management is very important when managing a project, as not all tasks can be performed independently.

All agencies recognition on accomplishing their improvement dreams. To gain those dreams, you want get admission to to the quality specialists to force your improvement time table and harness your increase capacity.

Business builders want to guide their groups, compare their performance, and clear up viable conflicts.

6. Negotiation abilities

As a part of your enterprise improvement, you need to persuade others to do something that wasn't of their plans. Negotiation abilities are critical for enterprise improvement. Good bargaining abilities can boom patron conversion rates.

For higher negotiations, enterprise improvement specialists want to be diplomatic and realize the desires in their clients. Good bargaining abilities assist clear up customer-associated conflicts, higher apprehend customers and partners, and construct relationships.

As an enterprise developer, you may negotiate on behalf of the organization. In different words, you want to ensure that the agreed phrases are for your favour.

To convince potentialities, you want to discover a manner to be moral and earn. Good bargaining abilities additionally recognition on attractive potentialities via tactical means.

Communication abilities contain candidates; however suitable bargaining abilities make sure that potentialities live withinside the enterprise for a protracted time.

7. Strategic abilities

Strategy is an essential element in enterprise improvement dreams.

As an enterprise improvement expert, you need to count on months and years in advance. The proper approach relies upon on prioritization cap potential and the usage of studies to higher apprehend the situation.

Strategic abilities permit agencies to benchmark opposition and give you techniques to keep it in advance of others.

Business improvement specialists are liable for constructing consider with clients and devising techniques that allow potentialities to transport from the early degrees of purchasing and promoting to a greater worthwhile partnership.

8. Computer abilities

All personnel in state-of-the-art enterprise setup have to have the important laptop abilities. As an enterprise developer, you can now no longer want IT or programming abilities, however you do want the abilities you want to your daily paintings.

Most enterprise communications, analytics and studies are completed the usage of computer systems on this virtual age. In different words, you want to apprehend the simple program.

Basic laptop applications consist of Microsoft Office packages wanted for ordinary record desires and e mail for communication.

Employees without laptop expertise are inefficient and might not meet the desires in their employer. Also, in case you cannot manage your laptop, your clients do not consider their cap potential to hold up with the ever-converting international of enterprise.

Apart from the desired Microsoft Office abilities, the enterprise improvement supervisor has to be in a role to paintings properly with CRM software.

9. Analytical abilities

Business improvement managers want to have an analytical thought to attain their capacity. Market studies and income statistics want to be analyzed to perceive capacity possibilities.

Business improvement specialists additionally want to distinguish and pursue commercially significant possibilities. Companies can lose money and time with the aid of using making an investment in non-earnings tasks that value greater than they want to run.

One of the features of the enterprise improvement supervisor is to song the go back on funding of the organization, accumulate statistics, and guide the findings while supplying statistics to executives.

Developers can song exclusive metrics relying at the income cycle and the desires of the organization. Standard measurements consist of revenue, wide variety of transactions completed, and wide variety of income pipelines achieved. Business improvement groups want to expose the effect of effect at the income pipeline offered.

To perceive worthwhile possibilities, enterprise improvement groups want to apprehend the marketplace via energetic statistics series and analysis.

The crew must be acquainted with the ultra-modern tendencies withinside the marketplace. From this trend, perceive the dangers and possibilities that can permit your organization to live in advance of its competitors.

10. Goal-Focus

New agencies are usually approximately techniques and dreams.

As an enterprise improvement expert, you want to paintings with dreams and dreams as a way to pursue a protracted-time period plan. A suitable enterprise developer is aware of the significance of an intention and the plans to attain it.

Goals offer path and plans serve to make clear what desires to be completed to gain the set dreams.

Good dreams and plans also are the equipment used to offer the guide you want.

Business improvement specialists can gift dreams and plans to management and use statistics to request the sources they want. The described plan is likewise a manual to the income crew operating carefully with the enterprise improvement crew.

All business developers must be in a position to set their own expectations and make plans to meet them.

11. Organizational skills

As a business development expert, you need to work with other departments in your organization and report to top-level management. Modern business settings are based on results. In short, tight deadlines are a common standard of work, but you still need to anticipate a downturn that will take some time to mature.

Good organizational strength allows this professional to balance all the obligations and responsibilities given to them. They need to organize the workload of the relevant teams and manage the teams for tangible results.

12. Human skills

All businesses deal with a significant percentage of people's skills over management skills. Human skills include factors such as individual contributions to the growth of the company, conflict coping, and teamwork.

The most beneficial quality of people's skills is to listen carefully to others before speaking and respect those who have the opposite view. Competent business development professionals take advantage of the opportunities available to tell and present to others the best they can offer.

13. Creative thinking

Creative thinking can enhance the ability of business development to identify new opportunities as well as how to develop existing opportunities. Creative thinking is a skill that every business development professional should have as the competitive market becomes more complex.

You can train professionals in areas such as sales technology and marketing, but you can't teach them to be creative. Creativity is a natural skill that can be used to provide value to a company by building stronger relationships and finding better opportunities.

14. Collaboration skills

Collaboration is also part of business development skills.

As a development expert, you never work alone.

You need to work with others from inside and outside your organization. Good collaboration skills allow people to build relationships, resolve conflicts, influence others, overcome internal politics and get things done.

Q7) What is the purpose of marketing camping in “Make in India Movement”?                                                                                                                                            8

A7) Purpose of the marketing campaign

1. Creation of a production hub – The marketing campaign changed into aimed toward remodelling India right into a production hub. The achievement of this application approach that extra groups will input India and manufacture their merchandise. Even overseas groups will see the use of a probable funding sector.
2. The Right Platform for Manufacturing – Currently, there aren't sufficient possibilities in India to set up or amplify production. The "Make in India" motion will extrade the scenario. With new rules and programs from the valuable authorities, production will develop past imagination.
3. Entrepreneurship – Dependence on paintings isn't sufficient. Growth of commercial enterprise ventures is what India needs. The "Make in India" marketing campaign encourages and affords the factors had to assist new commercial enterprise proprietors installation start-ups.
4. Foreign Investment – ​​Foreign direct funding or FDI will pave the manner for higher establishments. The marketing campaign encourages foreigners and companies to be primarily based totally in India and manufacture and promote their merchandise in different nations. By the stop of 2025, the share of producing output wills growth from 16% to 25%.
5. Skill Improvement – ​​The reason of the “Make in India” task isn't simply to increase the producing enterprise. Skill improvement for the Indian loads is every other factor this is nicely addressed.
6. Strengthening Manufacturing Infrastructure – New rules and unique presents will permit valuable governments to construct strong infrastructure that helps the boom of all production industries.
7. Reducing Import Dependence – As the variety of producing sectors withinside the use of a will increase, the general reliance on imports of products mechanically decreases. It will increase the era and retention of revenue.
8. Building Better Relationships with Other Countries – The “Make in India” motion brings collectively many overseas nations. By operating collectively, all nations will gain from this application. It will in flip sell higher worldwide members of the family among overseas nations and India.
9. Job Creation – More production gadgets require extra human resources. It creates employment possibilities in all sections of society, each immediately and indirectly.
10. Innovation and Intellectual Protection – Finally, this marketing campaign encourages commercial enterprise lovers to paintings on progressive ideas. Apart from this, it's going to create an appropriate weather for the improvement of the task's intelligence.

Q8) What do you mean by social responsibility? What is the need of social responsibility?                                                                                                                                            8

A8) Business social responsibility refers to the obligation to make desirable decisions and carry out those actions in terms of the purposes and values ​​of our society. The acceptance of social responsibility by a company means that the company respects the aspirations of society and does its best to contribute to the achievement of these aspirations as well as the interests of profit. This idea contrasts with the general notion.

Businesses exist only to maximize the interests of their owners, and talking about public goods is irrelevant. Therefore, responsible companies, and in fact responsible members of society, must act with due consideration of their impact on the lives of others.

In this sense, social responsibility is broader than corporate legal responsibility. Liability can be fulfilled simply by complying with the law. Social responsibility is more than that. This means that businesses are aware of their social obligations, as well as their legal obligations, even if they are not covered by law. In other words, social responsibility includes elements in which businessmen act voluntarily for the benefit of society.

Need for social responsibility

What is right about social responsibility? If a company operates for the benefit of its owners who may want to benefit as much as possible, the company will benefit other sections of society such as customers, employees, suppliers and governments. You have to take responsibility for your service. It means that the concept of community * social responsibility itself is an ethical issue in nature, as it involves the question of whether corporate responsibility is morally right or wrong. Social responsibility also has an element of voluntary action by business people, regardless of their freedom to carry out such responsibilities. They may also exercise their freedom to determine the extent to which they want to serve different sectors of society. In fact, not all business people are equally responsible for society. There has been some debate over whether companies should assume social responsibility. Some people strongly believe that a company's sole social responsibility lies with its owner. However, some others disagree, claiming that the company has a social responsibility to serve all sections of society affected by its decisions and actions. It would be useful to understand the arguments presented both in favour of and against the acceptance of social responsibility by businesses.

Q9) Explain the types of social responsibility? What are the elements of business ethics?                                                                                                                              8             

A9) Types of social responsibility

Business social responsibility can be broadly divided into four categories.

{a} Economic Responsibility: A company is basically an economic entity, and therefore its main social responsibility is economic. In other words, we produce the products and services that society wants and sell them with profit. There is little discretion in carrying out this responsibility.

(B) Liability: All companies are responsible for doing business within the laws of the land. Since these laws are for the benefit of society, companies that comply with them are also socially responsible companies.

(C) Ethical Responsibility: This includes company behaviour.

It is expected by society, but not codified by law. For example, we respect people's religious feelings and dignity while promoting our products. There is an element of voluntary action in fulfilling this responsibility.

Business ethics relates to business objectives, practices, and the relationship between technology and social interests. Business ethics refers to the socially determined moral principles that govern business activities. Here are some examples of business ethics: Claim fair prices from customers, use fair weights to measure goods, give workers fair treatment, and get reasonable benefits. Business people act ethically when their actions are honest and in the interests of society. Of course, this also applies to those who are not in business. The essential difference is that perhaps a business person who has extensive control over social resources has a far greater impact on what happens in society than people in other areas of activity. Businessmen and politicians are expected to have higher standards than others. This is probably the price they pay to be allowed to make decisions on behalf of society.

There is growing recognition around the world that ethics are crucial to all business and to all social progress. Ethical business is a good business. Ethical business behaviour enhances the public image, earns the trust and trust of people, and leads to greater success. Ethics and interests come together in the long run. Ethics alone, not government or law, can make society great. Ethically responsible companies foster a culture of caring for people and the environment and command a high degree of integrity in their relationships with others. Ethical activity is certainly worth it, as it enhances the quality of our lives and work.

Elements of business ethics

Ethical corporate behaviour is good for both businesses and society, so it makes sense to discuss how businesses develop ethics in their daily work. Several

The basic elements of corporate ethics in corporate management are as follows.

1. Top management commitment

Top management plays an important role in leading the entire organization to ethically upright behaviour. To achieve results, CEOs and other higher-level managers need to be open and strongly committed to ethical behaviour. They must give continuous leadership for development and support organizational values.

Ii.                Disclosure of the Code: Companies with effective ethical programs define the principles of conduct for the entire organization in the form of documents called the Code. It typically covers areas such as: Basic integrity and legal compliance. Product safety and quality; Workplace health and safety; Conflicts of interest; Employment practices; Fairness of sales / marketing practices; and financial reporting.

Iii.             Establishing a compliance mechanism: Appropriate mechanisms need to be established to ensure that actual decisions and actions comply with corporate ethical standards. Here are some examples of such mechanisms: Pay attention to values ​​and ethics in hiring and hiring. Emphasize corporate ethics in training. Regularly audit performance to analyze degree compliance; installation of communication system to support employees report incidents of unethical behaviour.

Iv.              Involve employees at all levels: it's employees at different levels

The level at which ethical policies are implemented to realize ethical business. Therefore, their involvement in the ethics program is essential. For example, you can form a small group of employees to discuss important corporate ethical policies and examine employee attitudes towards these policies.

v.                 Measurement Results: Although it is difficult to accurately measure the final results of an ethics program, companies can certainly audit and monitor compliance with ethical standards. After that, management and other employees need to discuss the outcome for further course of action.

Q10) Explain E-commerce. State the types of e-trade.     8

A10) E-trade or e-trade way shopping for or promoting items, products, or offerings over the Internet. E-trade is likewise called e-trade or net trade. These offerings are presented on-line over the net network. Transactions of money, price range and facts also are taken into consideration e-trade. These enterprise transactions may be accomplished in 4 ways: enterprise-to-enterprise (B2B), enterprise-to-enterprise (B2C), client (C2C), and customer-to-customer (C2B). The trendy definition of e-trade is trade that takes location at the Internet. Online shops including Amazon, Flipkart, Shopify, Myntra, Ebay, Quikr, and Olx are examples of e-trade websites. By 2020, worldwide retail e-trade ought to attain up to $ 27 trillion. Learn extra approximately the strengths and weaknesses of e-trade and its types.

E-trade or e-trade

E-trade is a fashionable time period for e-trade or even net trade. The call is self-explanatory; it is an assembly of consumers and dealers at the Internet. This consists of buying and selling items and offerings, moving price range and replacing facts.

Therefore, in case you log in to Amazon to shop for a book that is a traditional instance of an e-trade transaction. Here, we have interaction with the seller (Amazon), alternate facts withinside the shape of images, texts, delivery addresses, etc. earlier than making payments.

At present, e-trade is one of the quickest developing industries withinside the global economy. According to 1 estimate, it grows nearly 23 each year. And with the aid of using the quit of the closing decade, it's far projected to be a $ 27 trillion industry.

Types of e-trade fashions

E-trade may be divided into 4 predominant categories. The foundation of this easy type is the events concerned withinside the transaction. Therefore, the 4 fundamental e-trade fashions are:

1. Business-to-enterprise transactions

This is an enterprise-to-enterprise transaction. Here, the 2 businesses are doing enterprise with every other. The quit client isn't always concerned. Therefore, handiest manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, etc. are concerned in on-line transactions.

2. From enterprise to client

Business to customers. Here, the corporation sells items and offerings without delay to customers. Consumers can browse their websites, view products, images and examine reviews. Then they location an order and the corporation ships the products without delay to them. Popular examples consist of Amazon, Flipkart, and Jabong.

3. Between customers

Customer-to-client transaction. Consumers are in direct touch with every other. The corporation isn't always concerned. It facilitates human beings promote their private items and belongings without delay to stakeholders. Generally, the goods traded are cars, bicycles, digital devices, and so on. OLX, Quikr, etc. observe this model.

4. From client to enterprise

This is the other of B2C, from client to enterprise. Therefore, customers offer accurate or a few carriers to the corporation. For instance, do not forget an IT freelancer that demonstrates software program and sells it to a corporation. This can be a C2B transaction.

Q11) What are the advantages and disadvantages of E-trade?   8

A11) Benefits of e-trade

1. E-trade presents dealers with international reach. They do away with the boundaries of location (geography). This permits dealers and shoppers to satisfy in a digital global without worrying the location.
2. E-trade considerably reduces transaction fees. This gets rid of the want for plenty constant fees to hold a bodily store. This permits agencies to revel in a miles better fee of return.
3. It presents speedy shipping of products with little attempt to a number of our clients. Customer proceedings also are treated promptly. It additionally saves time, power and attempt for each customers and agencies.
4. Another massive gain is the benefit it offers. Customers can store 24 hours a day, twelve months a year. The internet site is usually operating and there aren't any operating hours like a store.
5. E-trade additionally permits clients and agencies to touch immediately without intervention. This permits speedy verbal exchange and transactions. It additionally offers a treasured non-public contact.

Disadvantages of e-trade

1. The price of launching an e-trade portal may be very excessive. Hardware and software program setup, worker education fees, ordinary upkeep and upkeep are all very expensive.
2. It may also appear certain; however the e-trade enterprise is at excessive hazard of failure. Many organizations driving the wave of dot-com withinside the 2000s have failed miserably. The hazard of failure stays excessive today.
3. From time to time, e-trade can sense impersonal. As a result, it lacks the warm temperature of interpersonal relationships this is critical to many manufacturers and products. This lack of private contact may be destructive to many sorts of products and services consisting of indoors layout and jewellery business.
4. Security is likewise a concern. Most recently, I even have witnessed many safety breaches in which client data changed into stolen. Credit card theft, non-public data theft, etc. are nevertheless essential issues for clients.
5. Next, there may be the problem of fulfilment. Even after ordering, troubles consisting of shipping, shipping, and errors may also occur.

Q12) What are the new opportunities in business?    8

A12) Following are the new opportunities in business:

1. Extended use of AI

Unless you are sabbatical deep withinside the jungle of South America, you have possibly heard of synthetic intelligence, usually called AI. Intuitively, maximum humans think about it as a "robot," however what AI virtually brings to the desk is a higher human and consumer enjoy throughout the web.

AI is likewise having a big effect on e-trade, as its era certainly enables to face out from the aggressive on line retail crowd. Due to their highly excessive prices, now no longer many manufacturers (yet) are leveraging the capability of AI. But then the client notices.

Last year, The North Face unveiled an insanely clever AI-primarily based totally answer that will help you discover the ideal jacket irrespective of what you do, whether or not it is snowboarding withinside the bail, trekking in Norway, or warming up at home. The concept became to offer a private on line consumer who knows precisely what the consumer is asking for.

“The hassle is that the remaining a long time off on line buying was approximately a grid of merchandise on a white background,” explains Calveshall, senior e-trade director at The North Face. "We desired to soak up a communication with an in-shop worker and spot if we should provide it on line as a service." This is what I want. This is what I want. "

If that is what customers want, AI is what e-trade desires. In the future, as era will become greater democratized, retail manufacturers will purchase visible search, recommender systems (users' private preferences, buying personalization, or even purchases on behalf of clients while their cherished merchandise are sold.

2. Advanced chat bot for ordering and customer support

At the OMR convention in Hamburg remaining year, I first attempted the use of the Facebook Messenger chat bot to area an order on the Starbucks booth. So I had a bit chat with a digital barista. There I had a few questions on my private taste (as much as the quantity of spoons of sugars I like in cappuccino) and inside mins I loved the nice and cosy arabica.

The splendid issue approximately this complete technique is that I became capable of pass the lines, order as quickly as feasible and spell my call efficiently at the cup (that is a huge deal).

“The Starbucks enjoy is constructed at the private connection among the barista and the client, so the entirety we do withinside the virtual surroundings desires to mirror that sentiment,” says Starbucks. CTO Gerri Martin-Flickinger said.

So my end is: When it involves ordering, chatbots are the future. Especially now that chatbots are making speedy progress.

This year, the sector witnessed the discharge of a brand new customer support chatbot created to make records approximately offerings for the disabled to be had to the Australian Government. Chatbots grew to become out to be horribly realistic.

Its call is Nadia. Nadia has a virtual face, seems at you thru a webcam, acknowledges your facial expressions and simulates them, developing the phantasm of empathy. She looks as if a actual character speaking to you through Skype. Therefore, it is best to remember of time earlier than an emotionally smart chat bot with a three-D face has a completely unique presence in e-trade.

3. VR buying

Online buying becomes created for one easy cause: efficiency.

People have been bored with lining up. They have been bored with now no longer being capable of locate their length in the shop and have been typically bored with losing precious time commuting. While e-trade has solved maximum of those problems, one element is that bodily shops are higher than their on-line competitors. It's the revel in of being there.

Undoubtedly, bodily shops can in reality provide greater in phrases of revel in. There's a cause why travelling the Dior shop in Paris feels greater like an occasion than giving a presentation of a grid template of garments on-line.

To fill this hole withinside the loss of revel in, manufacturers have already began supplying clients VR buying opportunities, a fashion this is anticipated to develop even extra withinside the close to future.

Last year, Alibaba added the capability of digital truth to Chinese clients who should browse and purchase on the well-known Macy's shop in Times Square, New York. In this manner, Chinese clients have been capable of get the overall Macy's revel in whilst being hundreds of miles far from the real shop.

Efficiency has been redefined.

4. Same-day transport and drone transport

Delivered quickly, instantly, instantly, these days, or maybe higher yesterday: it truly is the manner clients want. And whilst a few may also argue that it cannot make a massive distinction in only a few days, truth proves the opposite.

According to a McKinsey study, approximately 50% of clients are inclined to pay greater for the posh of having their merchandise quicker. Today, same-day transport money owed for much less than 1% of general income, however is projected to attain 15% in only a few years. In fact, such increase is quicker than the e-trade enterprise as an entire (approximately 11% annual increase).

Yes, same-day transport is swiftly turning into huge. Not most effective are humans praising efficiency, however additionally they integrate the first-rate bodily shops (getting merchandise right here now) with the first-rate e-trade (wider). Choice and coffee price). And it is difficult to mention no.

As a result, it's far turning into clean that the important thing to fulfilment in e-trade is to get as near instant transport as possible.

5. Shop able content material

Shopper able content material has obtained a number of interests lately, and it is smooth to peer why.

Consumers these days cost immediately (or close to-immediately) accessibility. For content material advertising and marketing manufacturers, it is now no longer sufficient to jot down a compelling tale that requires movement on the end, as it's far expressed in phrases such as "instant satisfaction" and "immediately immediacy." Why? It's genuinely getting human’s interest, however it nonetheless cannot fulfil them. There aren't any real concrete results.

The API allowed us to open an entire new bankruptcy in e-trade, permitting us to shop for all types of content material instantly. In a nutshell, API generation builds a bridge among on-line stores and content material platforms (blogs, magazines, touchdown pages, newsletters, etc.) and integrates merchandise at once into content material.

In this manner, "normal" content material will become an effective income channel, easily reworking content material clients into product buyers. This is a scenario that advantages each client and stores.

6. Live streaming

When Facebook first added live streaming, the arena all of sudden regarded crazy. I experience looking Buzz feed team of workers blow up watermelons, see "Chewbacca Mom" ​​that I could not forestall guffawing at, and play the Chardonnay Go sport that Dena Blizzard invented (with the aid of using the manner)., Much greater a laugh than catching Pokémon)).

So it become most effective to be counted of time earlier than manufacturers and stores determined to observe in shape and begin live streaming.

According to Ad Age, numerous manufacturers are already experimenting with this new generation. Car logo Chevrolet stay-streamed the release of the brand new Bolt EV version on Facebook, and comfort store Kate Spade aired the NY Fashion Week display from Catwalk.

For maximum manufacturers which have attempted live streaming, the overall attraction is to elevate logo awareness, entice clients, and construct a more potent community.

But with a touch greater creativity, manufacturers also can attempt to monetize stay video.

Macy's mentioned above reportedly hosted a live streaming shopping tour at the New York store via China's most popular Taobao live streaming venue, attracting 100,000 viewers and 880 comments. Macy's also issued eco-coupons during the live stream. This can be used by viewers to later purchase the actual item.

It's up to you to follow the path of innovation and follow it now, or do it later when others are working on it. The sure fact is that most of the brands are no longer stuck in 1994. They are moving forward with the times.