Unit - 3
Transition Curves
Q1) What is transition curve?
A1)
Elements of transition curves
A transition curve can be described as a curve of various radius of infinity at tangent factor to a layout round curve radius supplied in among the immediately and round course just so the centrifugal pressure become sluggish.
This is likewise referred to as easement curve. The targets of offering transition curve are given below:
- To progressively introduce the centrifugal pressure among the tangent factor and the start of the round curve thereby heading off surprising jerk at the automobile.
- To boom the consolation of passengers.
- To introduce designed super elevation at an acceptable rate
- To allow the motive force to show the steerage progressively for his personal consolation and security
- To introduce designed more widening at an acceptable rate
- To beautify the cultured look of the street
- To match the street alignment in a given alignment
- To limit the outcomes of centrifugal pressure, the rate of the automobile have to be progressively decreased or a course have to be negotiated with the sluggish extrude of trajectory in order that the radius of curvature is progressively decreased from infinity to R or to get the blended impact of
1. To introduce progressively the centrifugal pressure among the tangent factor and the start of the round curve and for this reason decreasing the surprising jerk at the vehicle.
2. To introduce progressively the designed super elevation and additional widening necessary.
3. To allow the driving force to show the steerage progressively for his very own consolation and security.
4. To keep away from soreness to the passengers.
5. To reduce put on at the pavement.
6. To enhance the cultured look of the road.
A tune transition curve, or spiral easement, is a mathematically-calculated curve on a segment of highway, or railroad tune, wherein a directly segment modifications right into a curve. It is designed to save you unexpected modifications in lateral (or centripetal) acceleration.
In plane (considered from above), the begin of the transition of the horizontal curve is at countless radius, and on the give up of the transition, it has the identical radius because the curve itself and so bureaucracy a completely huge spiral.
At the identical time, with inside the vertical plane, the out of doors of the curve is step by step raised till an appropriate diploma of financial institution is reached.
If such an easement have been now no longer applied, the lateral acceleration of a rail automobile could alternate unexpectedly at one factor (the tangent factor wherein the directly tune meets the curve), with unwanted results.
With a street automobile, the driving force obviously applies the guidance alteration in a sluggish manner, and the curve is designed to allow that via way of means of the usage of the identical principle.
Q2) Explain super elevation in detail.
A2)
Super elevation
When a motorist drives through a curve, the roadway is regularly tilted or banked at a perspective, making it less difficult to navigate the curve at a secure pace without skidding or tipping.
This is super elevation at work. Super elevation facilitates motorists hold each protection and foremost speeds on curved roads.
Without super elevation, many automobiles might slide or skid through curves — or maybe tip and roll over — specifically in moist or icy conditions, or at excessive speeds.
It additionally lets in site visitors to hold a few pace on curves, stopping immoderate slowdowns whenever the street bends.
Super elevation is a way of infrastructure creation utilized in roadway curves wherein the outer fringe of the pavement is raised above the internal edge.
An issue of the vertical alignment or “profile” of a street regarded in pass-segment, it’s a vital protection detail with inside the layout standards of any street with curves.
The layout of a super elevated street ought to be exacting. Its creation calls for a funding of heavy equipment, great materials, and a good sized hard work pressure.
But if it’s carried out correctly, maximum humans slightly even note it’s there.
Super elevation is extra typically referred to as “can’t” or “banking,” as with inside the banked tune of a racing speedway.
That feeling of using right into a curve and being pulled to at least one side? That’s centripetal pressure, the sideways pressure appearing on an item that reasons it to transport in a circle.
If you tie the give up of a string to a tennis ball and begin whirling it round you, you’re growing centripetal pressure.
On the street, centripetal pressure pulls transferring automobiles in the direction of the inner fringe of pavement as they circulate through a curve. It can sense like sliding or tipping, or each.
It’s the other of centrifugal pressure, which draws you far from the middle and in the direction of the out of doors edge (and additionally pushes you into your seat) as your car rounds a curve.
A super elevated curve in a roadway balances those forces, in aggregate with numerous others that act in numerous directions.
According to Newton’s Law of Inertia, any item transferring in an instantly line will maintain transferring with inside the identical path (an instantly line) until it’s suffering from an unbalanced pressure, or something that modifications the path of its movement.
In this example, that “something” is a curve — or, extra precisely, a driver’s choice to show the steerage wheel and extrude the car’s course. But you want traction, or friction, to adjust inertia and extrude path safely.
Friction in this example is the resistance created among your car’s rubber tires and the street floor.
Its movement is to inhibit movement, slowing the automobile down via way of means of preserving it in regular touch with the street (which additionally facilitates save you it from sliding or skidding).
A car’s weight can have an effect on its traction. Heavier automobiles usually press the tires into the street floor with extra pressure, ensuing in higher traction than lighter automobiles.
Speed or speed is likewise a factor, one which can integrate with moisture to counteract friction on the street.
This counteraction is specifically said on improved dual carriageway bridges, as it's far on maximum sorts of bridges, wherein bloodless air can flip the moisture into ice.
As in any layout state of affairs concerning more than one bodily forces and creation elements, visible representations along with blueprints are helpful.
To accompany the drawings, it’s additionally a terrific concept to outline and recognize the applicable phrases.
Q3) What are the elements of super elevation?
A3)
Axis of rotation —
The lengthwise axis round which a roadway is turned around to extrude horizontal alignment and create the preferred super elevation.
Camber or pass slope —
A lateral slope throughout a traveled manner that drains water far from the pavement right all the way down to the edges, regularly into ditches or drains.
Crown —
The maximum factor on a street’s floor. A centerline crown is a barely improved factor on the middle of the street from which water sheds in each directions.
Curve radius (additionally referred to as curvature) —
Radius is measured via way of means of envisioning a complete round curve, then measuring the gap from the middle of the circle to its outer edge. The smaller the radius, the extra centripetal pressure is invoked.
Full super elevation —
The factor in a curve whilst the complete section of roadway is challenge to super elevation, commonly on the curve’s apex.
Maximum super elevation rate —
The maximum percent of perspective allowed to save you the threat of automobiles overturning. Expressed in formulation as e max.
Minimum super elevation —
The lowest percent of perspective allowable for street drainage purposes, specifically on a large-radius horizontal curve. Typically 2% to 4%.
Runoff length (additionally referred to as super elevation runoff length) —
The distance required to transition the out of doors lane of a roadway from a flat pass slope to complete super elevation. Usually runs from the give up of the tangent run out to the whole super elevation segment.
Side friction (additionally referred to as lateral friction) —
The resistance among the floor of the street and a car’s rubber tires, which inhibits movement and slows automobiles down.
Slope —
A size of steepness, degree of incline, or upward or downward slant, as in pavement slope.
Spiral runoff –
A segment of dual carriageway that transitions the perspective and width among a segment of tangent run out and a segment of complete super elevation, making it less difficult for drivers to navigate the extrude in curvature and perspective.
Super elevation rate —
The diploma of banking imposed on a horizontal curve to soundly counterbalance the centrifugal pressure of a car at the curve.
Tangent run out —
The distance had to extrude from an everyday crown segment of street to a degree wherein the damaging pass slope is eliminated and the out of doors lane is degree.
Q4) Explain length of transition curve.
A4)
Length of transition curve:
In this article, I will show you how to design the length of the transition curve, or say how to calculate or determine the length of the transition curve.
The length of the transition curve is designed to fulfil the three condition as mention below. The length of the transition curve for design should be the highest of the three values.
1. The Rate of Change of Centrifugal Acceleration
The rate of change of centrifugal acceleration to be developed gradually. From this consideration the length transition curve is given by the following equation:
Ls = 0.0215 V³/ CR
Where, Ls = Length of transition curve in m, V = Speed of vehicle in Km/h, C = Rate of change of centrifugal acceleration, R = Radius of the circular curve in m.
The minimum and maximum values of C are limited to 0.5 & 0.8 respectively.
2. The Rate of Introduction of Designed Super Elevation
The rate of introduction of designed superelevation to be at a reasonable rate. From this consideration the length of the transition curve is given by the following :
Ls = e.N (W + We)/2
Where,
e = the rate of designed super elevation,
W = Normal pavement width in m,
We = Extra widening pavement at the circular curve in m. 1/N = Rate of change of super elevation (Minimum value of N is 150 to 60).
3. By Empirical Formula
According to I.R.C standards, the length of the horizontal transition curve should act, then the value given by the following equations:
a) For plain and rolling terrain
Ls = 2.7 V²/R
b) For mountainous and steep terrain
Ls = V²/R
Q5) What do you mean by length of transition curve?
A5)
Length of Transition Curves
Transition curves are provided in between a straight road and the Curve of a design radius.
The radius of a transition curve varies from infinity to the design radius or vice versa. The length of the transition curve must fulfil some requirements. It is designed to fulfil the following three conditions.
(a) Rate of Change of Centrifugal Acceleration(C)
C = (v^2/R)/t = (v^2/R)/ (Ls/v) = v^3/( LsR) m/sec^3
As per IRC recommendations, C= 80/(75+v) m/sec^3
Here, C= allowable rate of change of centrifugal acceleration (m/sec^3)
Ls= Length of the transition curve.
(b) Rate of the introduction of Designed super-elevation
If the pavement is rotated about the center line, then
1/N = (E/2)/Ls
=> Ls= EN/2 = e.B.N/2 = e.(W+We).N/2
If the pavement is rotated about the inner edge, then
1/N = E/Ls
=> Ls= EN = e.B.N= e.(W+We).N
Where, Ls= Length of transition curve
B= width of the pavement
(c) By Empirical Formula given by IRC (Indian Roads Congress)
It should not be less than
(i) For plain and ruling terrain: Ls = 2.7 V^2/R
(ii) For mountainous and steep terrain: Ls = V^2/R
Find out the greatest length of the transition curve by the above three criteria and use to construct the transition curve.
Q6) What is ideal transition curve?
A6)
Ideal transition curve
1. To introduce steadily the centrifugal pressure among the tangent factor and the start of the round curve and hence lowering the surprising jerk at the vehicle.
2. To introduce steadily the designed super elevation and additional widening necessary.
3. To allow the motive force to show the guidance steadily for his very own consolation and security.
4. To keep away from pain to the passengers.
5. To reduce put on at the pavement.
6. To enhance the cultured look of the road.
Following are the four crucial necessities of a perfect transition curve:
1. It need to be flawlessly tangential to the instantly.
2. The duration of the transition curve need to be such that curvature might also additionally boom on the equal fee because the super elevation.
3. This curve need to be a part of the round are tangentially.
4. Its radius of curvature need to range from endless price on the tangent to a finite price on the junction with the round curve and vice versa.
IRC recommends Spiral or clothed as the precise transition curve because of following reasons:
1. It satisfies that fee of extrude of centrifugal acceleration is consistent i.e., Lbs. = consistent. Where
Ls = duration of transition curve
R = radius of curve.
2. The calculation and area implementation of spiral curve is easy and easy.
3. It complements aesthetics additionally.
Transition curve because the call suggests, is often a horizontal curve in plan furnished to permit transition from an instantly alignment to a round curve gradually.
In different words, its miles a curve which connects with endless radius and radius R.
Transition curves are generally furnished among an instantly and curved track/roads. Transition curves are furnished to serve following purposes.
To offer Super Elevation in a sluggish way and to lessen the radius from infinity at an instantly junction to a radius Rat curved junction gradually.
Transition curves additionally reduces the impact of unexpected jerk on passengers because of the impact of centrifugal pressure brought about on automobiles at curves.
A best Transition curve need to fulfill following necessities, the curve need to be tangential at its junction factors in order that the radius of transition is infinity at instantly junction and R on the curved junction.
Rate of extrude of super elevation is same to the fee of extrude of curvature in order that complete wonderful-elevation may be furnished inside the duration of transition curve.
Spirals and clothiers are commonly followed to offer transition curves, as recommended via way of means of layout codes.
Apart from those, cubic parabolic curves and lemniscuses also are used as consistent with alignment necessities.
Governing parameters for starting off those curves are the acceleration of automobiles, the specified wonderful elevations, lengths to be had for transition and deflection angles.
Empirical formulation is used to layout transition curves.
Q7) What are the characteristics of transition curve?
A7)
Characteristics of transition curve
As quickly as a educate commences movement on a round curve from a directly line tune, it's far subjected to a unexpected centrifugal pressure, which now no longer simplest reasons soreness to the passengers however additionally distorts the tune alignment and influences the stableness of the rolling stock.
In order to smoothen the shift from the directly line to the curve, transition curves are supplied on both facet of the round curve in order that the centrifugal pressure is constructed up steadily because the super elevation slowly runs out at a uniform price
A transition curve is, therefore, the remedy for an uncomfortable ride, wherein the diploma of the curvature and the benefit of super elevation are uniform all through its period, beginning from 0 on the tangent factor to the required price on the round curve.
The following are the goals of a transition curve.
(a) To lower the radius of the curvature steadily in a deliberate manner from infinity on the directly line to the required price of the radius of a round curve with the intention to assist the automobile negotiate the curve smoothly.
(b) To offer a slow boom of the super elevation beginning from 0 on the directly line to the preferred super elevation on the round curve.
(c) To make sure a slow boom or lower of centrifugal forces with a view to allow the automobiles to barter a curve smoothly.
Requirements of an Ideal Transition Curve The transition curve have to fulfill the subsequent conditions.
(a) It have to be tangential to the directly line of the tune, i.e., it have to begin from the directly a part of the tune with a 0 curvature.
(b) It have to be a part of the round curve tangentially, i.e., it have to sooner or later have the identical curvature as that of the round curve.
(c) Its curvature have to boom on the identical price because the super elevation.
(d) The period of the transition curve have to be ok to obtain the very last superelevation, which will increase steadily at an exact price
Any motor automobile follows a transition route because it enters or leaves a round horizontal curve.
The steerage extrude and the ensuing advantage or lack of centrifugal pressure cannot be effected instantly.
For maximum curves the common motive force can impact an appropriate transition route in the limits of regular lane width.
However, with combos of excessive velocity and sharp curvature the ensuing longer transition can bring about crowding and every now and then real profession of adjacent lanes.
In such times transition curves could be suitable due to the fact they make it less complicated for a motive force to restrict the automobile to his or her personal lane.
The employment of transition curves among tangents and sharp round curves and among round curves of significantly distinct radii warrants consideration.
The primary benefits of transition curves in horizontal alignment are the following:
A nicely designed transition curve gives a natural, easy-to-observe route for drivers, such that the centrifugal pressure will increase or decreases progressively as an automobile enters or leaves a round curve.
The transition curve duration gives a handy ideal association for superelevation runoff.
The spiral helps the transition in width wherein the traveled manner segment is to be widened round a round curve.
The look of the dual carriageway or road is better via way of means of the utility of spirals.
Generally, the Euler spiral, which is likewise referred to as the clothed, is used.
The radius varies from infinity on the tangent give up of the spiral to the radius of the round arc on the round curve give up.
Q8) Explain setting out of transition curve.
A8)
Setting out the transition curve.
Instruments required:
Theodolite, Ranging rods, Tape or Chain and accessories.
Transition curve:
A transition curve or easement curve is a curve of varying radius introduced between a straight and a circular curve, or between two branches of a compound curve.
Ideal Transition curve:
The fundamental requirement of a transition curve is that its radius of curvature ‘r’ at any point shall vary inversely as the distance (l) from the beginning of the curve. Such a curve is the clothed or the Glover’s spiral and is known as the ideal transition curve.
Procedure:
In order to make the computations for various quantities of the transition and
Circular curve the data necessary are
1. The deflection angle (D) between the original tangents
2. The Radius of the circular curve (R)
3. The Length of the transition curve (L)
4. The point of intersection (V).
Q9) What are the various formulas used in setting out of transition curve?
A9)
Formulae:
- Calculate the spiral angle Ds by the equation
- Ds = L/2R Radians
- Calculate the shift S of the circular curve by the relation.
- S = L2 / 24R
- Calculate total length of the tangent from
- Tangent length = (R+S) tan D/2 + L/2( l – S/5R ) for spiral
- Tangent length = (R+S) tan D/2 +L/2 for cubic
- Calculate the length of the circular curve.
- From the chain age of the point of intersection, subtract the length of the tangent to get the chain age of the point of transition curve T.
- To the chain age of the t add the length of the transition curve to get the chain age of the junction point (d) of the transition curve with the circular curve.
- Determine the other junction point (D’) of the circular curve with the transition curve by adding the length of the circular curve to the chain age of D.
- Determine the chain age of the point T by adding the length L of the transition curve to get the chain age of D’.
- If it is required to peg the points on through chain age, calculate the length of the sub chords and full chords of the transition curve and circular curve. The peg interval for the transition curve may be 10 meters, while that for the circular curve it may be 20 meters.
- If the curve are to be set out by a theodolite, calculate the deflection angles for transition curve from the expression.
- a=57312/RL Minutes
- And the deflection angles referred to the tangent at D for the circular curve from the
- Expression.
= 1719 C/R Minutes
- The total tangent angles Dn for the circular curve must be equal to ½(D/2Ds)
- If however the curves are to be set out linear methods, calculate the offsets from the following formula.
- For the true spiral y = l3/6 RL (l – f2/14 ) or l3/6 RL ( 1 – L2/56R2L2 )
- Y being measuring perpendicular to the tangent and l along the curve.
- For the cubic spiral y = l3/6 RL
- Y being measuring perpendicular to the tangent and l along the curve.
Q10) What is super elevation?
A10)
Super elevation
When a motorist drives through a curve, the roadway is regularly tilted or banked at a perspective, making it less difficult to navigate the curve at a secure pace without skidding or tipping.
This is super elevation at work. Super elevation facilitates motorists hold each protection and foremost speeds on curved roads.
Without super elevation, many automobiles might slide or skid through curves — or maybe tip and roll over — specifically in moist or icy conditions, or at excessive speeds.
It additionally lets in site visitors to hold a few pace on curves, stopping immoderate slowdowns whenever the street bends.
Super elevation is a way of infrastructure creation utilized in roadway curves wherein the outer fringe of the pavement is raised above the internal edge.
An issue of the vertical alignment or “profile” of a street regarded in pass-segment, it’s a vital protection detail with inside the layout standards of any street with curves.
The layout of a super elevated street ought to be exacting. Its creation calls for a funding of heavy equipment, great materials, and a good sized hard work pressure.
But if it’s carried out correctly, maximum humans slightly even note it’s there.
Super elevation is extra typically referred to as “can’t” or “banking,” as with inside the banked tune of a racing speedway.
That feeling of using right into a curve and being pulled to at least one side? That’s centripetal pressure, the sideways pressure appearing on an item that reasons it to transport in a circle.
If you tie the give up of a string to a tennis ball and begin whirling it round you, you’re growing centripetal pressure.
On the street, centripetal pressure pulls transferring automobiles in the direction of the inner fringe of pavement as they circulate through a curve. It can sense like sliding or tipping, or each.
It’s the other of centrifugal pressure, which draws you far from the middle and in the direction of the out of doors edge (and additionally pushes you into your seat) as your car rounds a curve.
A super elevated curve in a roadway balances those forces, in aggregate with numerous others that act in numerous directions.
According to Newton’s Law of Inertia, any item transferring in an instantly line will maintain transferring with inside the identical path (an instantly line) until it’s suffering from an unbalanced pressure, or something that modifications the path of its movement.
In this example, that “something” is a curve — or, extra precisely, a driver’s choice to show the steerage wheel and extrude the car’s course. But you want traction, or friction, to adjust inertia and extrude path safely.
Friction in this example is the resistance created among your car’s rubber tires and the street floor.
Its movement is to inhibit movement, slowing the automobile down via way of means of preserving it in regular touch with the street (which additionally facilitates save you it from sliding or skidding).
A car’s weight can have an effect on its traction. Heavier automobiles usually press the tires into the street floor with extra pressure, ensuing in higher traction than lighter automobiles.
Speed or speed is likewise a factor, one which can integrate with moisture to counteract friction on the street.
This counteraction is specifically said on improved dual carriageway bridges, as it's far on maximum sorts of bridges, wherein bloodless air can flip the moisture into ice.
As in any layout state of affairs concerning more than one bodily forces and creation elements, visible representations along with blueprints are helpful.
To accompany the drawings, it’s additionally a terrific concept to outline and recognize the applicable phrases.
Unit - 3
Transition Curves
Q1) What is transition curve?
A1)
Elements of transition curves
A transition curve can be described as a curve of various radius of infinity at tangent factor to a layout round curve radius supplied in among the immediately and round course just so the centrifugal pressure become sluggish.
This is likewise referred to as easement curve. The targets of offering transition curve are given below:
- To progressively introduce the centrifugal pressure among the tangent factor and the start of the round curve thereby heading off surprising jerk at the automobile.
- To boom the consolation of passengers.
- To introduce designed super elevation at an acceptable rate
- To allow the motive force to show the steerage progressively for his personal consolation and security
- To introduce designed more widening at an acceptable rate
- To beautify the cultured look of the street
- To match the street alignment in a given alignment
- To limit the outcomes of centrifugal pressure, the rate of the automobile have to be progressively decreased or a course have to be negotiated with the sluggish extrude of trajectory in order that the radius of curvature is progressively decreased from infinity to R or to get the blended impact of
1. To introduce progressively the centrifugal pressure among the tangent factor and the start of the round curve and for this reason decreasing the surprising jerk at the vehicle.
2. To introduce progressively the designed super elevation and additional widening necessary.
3. To allow the driving force to show the steerage progressively for his very own consolation and security.
4. To keep away from soreness to the passengers.
5. To reduce put on at the pavement.
6. To enhance the cultured look of the road.
A tune transition curve, or spiral easement, is a mathematically-calculated curve on a segment of highway, or railroad tune, wherein a directly segment modifications right into a curve. It is designed to save you unexpected modifications in lateral (or centripetal) acceleration.
In plane (considered from above), the begin of the transition of the horizontal curve is at countless radius, and on the give up of the transition, it has the identical radius because the curve itself and so bureaucracy a completely huge spiral.
At the identical time, with inside the vertical plane, the out of doors of the curve is step by step raised till an appropriate diploma of financial institution is reached.
If such an easement have been now no longer applied, the lateral acceleration of a rail automobile could alternate unexpectedly at one factor (the tangent factor wherein the directly tune meets the curve), with unwanted results.
With a street automobile, the driving force obviously applies the guidance alteration in a sluggish manner, and the curve is designed to allow that via way of means of the usage of the identical principle.
Q2) Explain super elevation in detail.
A2)
Super elevation
When a motorist drives through a curve, the roadway is regularly tilted or banked at a perspective, making it less difficult to navigate the curve at a secure pace without skidding or tipping.
This is super elevation at work. Super elevation facilitates motorists hold each protection and foremost speeds on curved roads.
Without super elevation, many automobiles might slide or skid through curves — or maybe tip and roll over — specifically in moist or icy conditions, or at excessive speeds.
It additionally lets in site visitors to hold a few pace on curves, stopping immoderate slowdowns whenever the street bends.
Super elevation is a way of infrastructure creation utilized in roadway curves wherein the outer fringe of the pavement is raised above the internal edge.
An issue of the vertical alignment or “profile” of a street regarded in pass-segment, it’s a vital protection detail with inside the layout standards of any street with curves.
The layout of a super elevated street ought to be exacting. Its creation calls for a funding of heavy equipment, great materials, and a good sized hard work pressure.
But if it’s carried out correctly, maximum humans slightly even note it’s there.
Super elevation is extra typically referred to as “can’t” or “banking,” as with inside the banked tune of a racing speedway.
That feeling of using right into a curve and being pulled to at least one side? That’s centripetal pressure, the sideways pressure appearing on an item that reasons it to transport in a circle.
If you tie the give up of a string to a tennis ball and begin whirling it round you, you’re growing centripetal pressure.
On the street, centripetal pressure pulls transferring automobiles in the direction of the inner fringe of pavement as they circulate through a curve. It can sense like sliding or tipping, or each.
It’s the other of centrifugal pressure, which draws you far from the middle and in the direction of the out of doors edge (and additionally pushes you into your seat) as your car rounds a curve.
A super elevated curve in a roadway balances those forces, in aggregate with numerous others that act in numerous directions.
According to Newton’s Law of Inertia, any item transferring in an instantly line will maintain transferring with inside the identical path (an instantly line) until it’s suffering from an unbalanced pressure, or something that modifications the path of its movement.
In this example, that “something” is a curve — or, extra precisely, a driver’s choice to show the steerage wheel and extrude the car’s course. But you want traction, or friction, to adjust inertia and extrude path safely.
Friction in this example is the resistance created among your car’s rubber tires and the street floor.
Its movement is to inhibit movement, slowing the automobile down via way of means of preserving it in regular touch with the street (which additionally facilitates save you it from sliding or skidding).
A car’s weight can have an effect on its traction. Heavier automobiles usually press the tires into the street floor with extra pressure, ensuing in higher traction than lighter automobiles.
Speed or speed is likewise a factor, one which can integrate with moisture to counteract friction on the street.
This counteraction is specifically said on improved dual carriageway bridges, as it's far on maximum sorts of bridges, wherein bloodless air can flip the moisture into ice.
As in any layout state of affairs concerning more than one bodily forces and creation elements, visible representations along with blueprints are helpful.
To accompany the drawings, it’s additionally a terrific concept to outline and recognize the applicable phrases.
Q3) What are the elements of super elevation?
A3)
Axis of rotation —
The lengthwise axis round which a roadway is turned around to extrude horizontal alignment and create the preferred super elevation.
Camber or pass slope —
A lateral slope throughout a traveled manner that drains water far from the pavement right all the way down to the edges, regularly into ditches or drains.
Crown —
The maximum factor on a street’s floor. A centerline crown is a barely improved factor on the middle of the street from which water sheds in each directions.
Curve radius (additionally referred to as curvature) —
Radius is measured via way of means of envisioning a complete round curve, then measuring the gap from the middle of the circle to its outer edge. The smaller the radius, the extra centripetal pressure is invoked.
Full super elevation —
The factor in a curve whilst the complete section of roadway is challenge to super elevation, commonly on the curve’s apex.
Maximum super elevation rate —
The maximum percent of perspective allowed to save you the threat of automobiles overturning. Expressed in formulation as e max.
Minimum super elevation —
The lowest percent of perspective allowable for street drainage purposes, specifically on a large-radius horizontal curve. Typically 2% to 4%.
Runoff length (additionally referred to as super elevation runoff length) —
The distance required to transition the out of doors lane of a roadway from a flat pass slope to complete super elevation. Usually runs from the give up of the tangent run out to the whole super elevation segment.
Side friction (additionally referred to as lateral friction) —
The resistance among the floor of the street and a car’s rubber tires, which inhibits movement and slows automobiles down.
Slope —
A size of steepness, degree of incline, or upward or downward slant, as in pavement slope.
Spiral runoff –
A segment of dual carriageway that transitions the perspective and width among a segment of tangent run out and a segment of complete super elevation, making it less difficult for drivers to navigate the extrude in curvature and perspective.
Super elevation rate —
The diploma of banking imposed on a horizontal curve to soundly counterbalance the centrifugal pressure of a car at the curve.
Tangent run out —
The distance had to extrude from an everyday crown segment of street to a degree wherein the damaging pass slope is eliminated and the out of doors lane is degree.
Q4) Explain length of transition curve.
A4)
Length of transition curve:
In this article, I will show you how to design the length of the transition curve, or say how to calculate or determine the length of the transition curve.
The length of the transition curve is designed to fulfil the three condition as mention below. The length of the transition curve for design should be the highest of the three values.
1. The Rate of Change of Centrifugal Acceleration
The rate of change of centrifugal acceleration to be developed gradually. From this consideration the length transition curve is given by the following equation:
Ls = 0.0215 V³/ CR
Where, Ls = Length of transition curve in m, V = Speed of vehicle in Km/h, C = Rate of change of centrifugal acceleration, R = Radius of the circular curve in m.
The minimum and maximum values of C are limited to 0.5 & 0.8 respectively.
2. The Rate of Introduction of Designed Super Elevation
The rate of introduction of designed superelevation to be at a reasonable rate. From this consideration the length of the transition curve is given by the following :
Ls = e.N (W + We)/2
Where,
e = the rate of designed super elevation,
W = Normal pavement width in m,
We = Extra widening pavement at the circular curve in m. 1/N = Rate of change of super elevation (Minimum value of N is 150 to 60).
3. By Empirical Formula
According to I.R.C standards, the length of the horizontal transition curve should act, then the value given by the following equations:
a) For plain and rolling terrain
Ls = 2.7 V²/R
b) For mountainous and steep terrain
Ls = V²/R
Q5) What do you mean by length of transition curve?
A5)
Length of Transition Curves
Transition curves are provided in between a straight road and the Curve of a design radius.
The radius of a transition curve varies from infinity to the design radius or vice versa. The length of the transition curve must fulfil some requirements. It is designed to fulfil the following three conditions.
(a) Rate of Change of Centrifugal Acceleration(C)
C = (v^2/R)/t = (v^2/R)/ (Ls/v) = v^3/( LsR) m/sec^3
As per IRC recommendations, C= 80/(75+v) m/sec^3
Here, C= allowable rate of change of centrifugal acceleration (m/sec^3)
Ls= Length of the transition curve.
(b) Rate of the introduction of Designed super-elevation
If the pavement is rotated about the center line, then
1/N = (E/2)/Ls
=> Ls= EN/2 = e.B.N/2 = e.(W+We).N/2
If the pavement is rotated about the inner edge, then
1/N = E/Ls
=> Ls= EN = e.B.N= e.(W+We).N
Where, Ls= Length of transition curve
B= width of the pavement
(c) By Empirical Formula given by IRC (Indian Roads Congress)
It should not be less than
(i) For plain and ruling terrain: Ls = 2.7 V^2/R
(ii) For mountainous and steep terrain: Ls = V^2/R
Find out the greatest length of the transition curve by the above three criteria and use to construct the transition curve.
Q6) What is ideal transition curve?
A6)
Ideal transition curve
1. To introduce steadily the centrifugal pressure among the tangent factor and the start of the round curve and hence lowering the surprising jerk at the vehicle.
2. To introduce steadily the designed super elevation and additional widening necessary.
3. To allow the motive force to show the guidance steadily for his very own consolation and security.
4. To keep away from pain to the passengers.
5. To reduce put on at the pavement.
6. To enhance the cultured look of the road.
Following are the four crucial necessities of a perfect transition curve:
1. It need to be flawlessly tangential to the instantly.
2. The duration of the transition curve need to be such that curvature might also additionally boom on the equal fee because the super elevation.
3. This curve need to be a part of the round are tangentially.
4. Its radius of curvature need to range from endless price on the tangent to a finite price on the junction with the round curve and vice versa.
IRC recommends Spiral or clothed as the precise transition curve because of following reasons:
1. It satisfies that fee of extrude of centrifugal acceleration is consistent i.e., Lbs. = consistent. Where
Ls = duration of transition curve
R = radius of curve.
2. The calculation and area implementation of spiral curve is easy and easy.
3. It complements aesthetics additionally.
Transition curve because the call suggests, is often a horizontal curve in plan furnished to permit transition from an instantly alignment to a round curve gradually.
In different words, its miles a curve which connects with endless radius and radius R.
Transition curves are generally furnished among an instantly and curved track/roads. Transition curves are furnished to serve following purposes.
To offer Super Elevation in a sluggish way and to lessen the radius from infinity at an instantly junction to a radius Rat curved junction gradually.
Transition curves additionally reduces the impact of unexpected jerk on passengers because of the impact of centrifugal pressure brought about on automobiles at curves.
A best Transition curve need to fulfill following necessities, the curve need to be tangential at its junction factors in order that the radius of transition is infinity at instantly junction and R on the curved junction.
Rate of extrude of super elevation is same to the fee of extrude of curvature in order that complete wonderful-elevation may be furnished inside the duration of transition curve.
Spirals and clothiers are commonly followed to offer transition curves, as recommended via way of means of layout codes.
Apart from those, cubic parabolic curves and lemniscuses also are used as consistent with alignment necessities.
Governing parameters for starting off those curves are the acceleration of automobiles, the specified wonderful elevations, lengths to be had for transition and deflection angles.
Empirical formulation is used to layout transition curves.
Q7) What are the characteristics of transition curve?
A7)
Characteristics of transition curve
As quickly as a educate commences movement on a round curve from a directly line tune, it's far subjected to a unexpected centrifugal pressure, which now no longer simplest reasons soreness to the passengers however additionally distorts the tune alignment and influences the stableness of the rolling stock.
In order to smoothen the shift from the directly line to the curve, transition curves are supplied on both facet of the round curve in order that the centrifugal pressure is constructed up steadily because the super elevation slowly runs out at a uniform price
A transition curve is, therefore, the remedy for an uncomfortable ride, wherein the diploma of the curvature and the benefit of super elevation are uniform all through its period, beginning from 0 on the tangent factor to the required price on the round curve.
The following are the goals of a transition curve.
(a) To lower the radius of the curvature steadily in a deliberate manner from infinity on the directly line to the required price of the radius of a round curve with the intention to assist the automobile negotiate the curve smoothly.
(b) To offer a slow boom of the super elevation beginning from 0 on the directly line to the preferred super elevation on the round curve.
(c) To make sure a slow boom or lower of centrifugal forces with a view to allow the automobiles to barter a curve smoothly.
Requirements of an Ideal Transition Curve The transition curve have to fulfill the subsequent conditions.
(a) It have to be tangential to the directly line of the tune, i.e., it have to begin from the directly a part of the tune with a 0 curvature.
(b) It have to be a part of the round curve tangentially, i.e., it have to sooner or later have the identical curvature as that of the round curve.
(c) Its curvature have to boom on the identical price because the super elevation.
(d) The period of the transition curve have to be ok to obtain the very last superelevation, which will increase steadily at an exact price
Any motor automobile follows a transition route because it enters or leaves a round horizontal curve.
The steerage extrude and the ensuing advantage or lack of centrifugal pressure cannot be effected instantly.
For maximum curves the common motive force can impact an appropriate transition route in the limits of regular lane width.
However, with combos of excessive velocity and sharp curvature the ensuing longer transition can bring about crowding and every now and then real profession of adjacent lanes.
In such times transition curves could be suitable due to the fact they make it less complicated for a motive force to restrict the automobile to his or her personal lane.
The employment of transition curves among tangents and sharp round curves and among round curves of significantly distinct radii warrants consideration.
The primary benefits of transition curves in horizontal alignment are the following:
A nicely designed transition curve gives a natural, easy-to-observe route for drivers, such that the centrifugal pressure will increase or decreases progressively as an automobile enters or leaves a round curve.
The transition curve duration gives a handy ideal association for superelevation runoff.
The spiral helps the transition in width wherein the traveled manner segment is to be widened round a round curve.
The look of the dual carriageway or road is better via way of means of the utility of spirals.
Generally, the Euler spiral, which is likewise referred to as the clothed, is used.
The radius varies from infinity on the tangent give up of the spiral to the radius of the round arc on the round curve give up.
Q8) Explain setting out of transition curve.
A8)
Setting out the transition curve.
Instruments required:
Theodolite, Ranging rods, Tape or Chain and accessories.
Transition curve:
A transition curve or easement curve is a curve of varying radius introduced between a straight and a circular curve, or between two branches of a compound curve.
Ideal Transition curve:
The fundamental requirement of a transition curve is that its radius of curvature ‘r’ at any point shall vary inversely as the distance (l) from the beginning of the curve. Such a curve is the clothed or the Glover’s spiral and is known as the ideal transition curve.
Procedure:
In order to make the computations for various quantities of the transition and
Circular curve the data necessary are
1. The deflection angle (D) between the original tangents
2. The Radius of the circular curve (R)
3. The Length of the transition curve (L)
4. The point of intersection (V).
Q9) What are the various formulas used in setting out of transition curve?
A9)
Formulae:
- Calculate the spiral angle Ds by the equation
- Ds = L/2R Radians
- Calculate the shift S of the circular curve by the relation.
- S = L2 / 24R
- Calculate total length of the tangent from
- Tangent length = (R+S) tan D/2 + L/2( l – S/5R ) for spiral
- Tangent length = (R+S) tan D/2 +L/2 for cubic
- Calculate the length of the circular curve.
- From the chain age of the point of intersection, subtract the length of the tangent to get the chain age of the point of transition curve T.
- To the chain age of the t add the length of the transition curve to get the chain age of the junction point (d) of the transition curve with the circular curve.
- Determine the other junction point (D’) of the circular curve with the transition curve by adding the length of the circular curve to the chain age of D.
- Determine the chain age of the point T by adding the length L of the transition curve to get the chain age of D’.
- If it is required to peg the points on through chain age, calculate the length of the sub chords and full chords of the transition curve and circular curve. The peg interval for the transition curve may be 10 meters, while that for the circular curve it may be 20 meters.
- If the curve are to be set out by a theodolite, calculate the deflection angles for transition curve from the expression.
- a=57312/RL Minutes
- And the deflection angles referred to the tangent at D for the circular curve from the
- Expression.
= 1719 C/R Minutes
- The total tangent angles Dn for the circular curve must be equal to ½(D/2Ds)
- If however the curves are to be set out linear methods, calculate the offsets from the following formula.
- For the true spiral y = l3/6 RL (l – f2/14 ) or l3/6 RL ( 1 – L2/56R2L2 )
- Y being measuring perpendicular to the tangent and l along the curve.
- For the cubic spiral y = l3/6 RL
- Y being measuring perpendicular to the tangent and l along the curve.
Q10) What is super elevation?
A10)
Super elevation
When a motorist drives through a curve, the roadway is regularly tilted or banked at a perspective, making it less difficult to navigate the curve at a secure pace without skidding or tipping.
This is super elevation at work. Super elevation facilitates motorists hold each protection and foremost speeds on curved roads.
Without super elevation, many automobiles might slide or skid through curves — or maybe tip and roll over — specifically in moist or icy conditions, or at excessive speeds.
It additionally lets in site visitors to hold a few pace on curves, stopping immoderate slowdowns whenever the street bends.
Super elevation is a way of infrastructure creation utilized in roadway curves wherein the outer fringe of the pavement is raised above the internal edge.
An issue of the vertical alignment or “profile” of a street regarded in pass-segment, it’s a vital protection detail with inside the layout standards of any street with curves.
The layout of a super elevated street ought to be exacting. Its creation calls for a funding of heavy equipment, great materials, and a good sized hard work pressure.
But if it’s carried out correctly, maximum humans slightly even note it’s there.
Super elevation is extra typically referred to as “can’t” or “banking,” as with inside the banked tune of a racing speedway.
That feeling of using right into a curve and being pulled to at least one side? That’s centripetal pressure, the sideways pressure appearing on an item that reasons it to transport in a circle.
If you tie the give up of a string to a tennis ball and begin whirling it round you, you’re growing centripetal pressure.
On the street, centripetal pressure pulls transferring automobiles in the direction of the inner fringe of pavement as they circulate through a curve. It can sense like sliding or tipping, or each.
It’s the other of centrifugal pressure, which draws you far from the middle and in the direction of the out of doors edge (and additionally pushes you into your seat) as your car rounds a curve.
A super elevated curve in a roadway balances those forces, in aggregate with numerous others that act in numerous directions.
According to Newton’s Law of Inertia, any item transferring in an instantly line will maintain transferring with inside the identical path (an instantly line) until it’s suffering from an unbalanced pressure, or something that modifications the path of its movement.
In this example, that “something” is a curve — or, extra precisely, a driver’s choice to show the steerage wheel and extrude the car’s course. But you want traction, or friction, to adjust inertia and extrude path safely.
Friction in this example is the resistance created among your car’s rubber tires and the street floor.
Its movement is to inhibit movement, slowing the automobile down via way of means of preserving it in regular touch with the street (which additionally facilitates save you it from sliding or skidding).
A car’s weight can have an effect on its traction. Heavier automobiles usually press the tires into the street floor with extra pressure, ensuing in higher traction than lighter automobiles.
Speed or speed is likewise a factor, one which can integrate with moisture to counteract friction on the street.
This counteraction is specifically said on improved dual carriageway bridges, as it's far on maximum sorts of bridges, wherein bloodless air can flip the moisture into ice.
As in any layout state of affairs concerning more than one bodily forces and creation elements, visible representations along with blueprints are helpful.
To accompany the drawings, it’s additionally a terrific concept to outline and recognize the applicable phrases.
Unit - 3
Transition Curves
Q1) What is transition curve?
A1)
Elements of transition curves
A transition curve can be described as a curve of various radius of infinity at tangent factor to a layout round curve radius supplied in among the immediately and round course just so the centrifugal pressure become sluggish.
This is likewise referred to as easement curve. The targets of offering transition curve are given below:
- To progressively introduce the centrifugal pressure among the tangent factor and the start of the round curve thereby heading off surprising jerk at the automobile.
- To boom the consolation of passengers.
- To introduce designed super elevation at an acceptable rate
- To allow the motive force to show the steerage progressively for his personal consolation and security
- To introduce designed more widening at an acceptable rate
- To beautify the cultured look of the street
- To match the street alignment in a given alignment
- To limit the outcomes of centrifugal pressure, the rate of the automobile have to be progressively decreased or a course have to be negotiated with the sluggish extrude of trajectory in order that the radius of curvature is progressively decreased from infinity to R or to get the blended impact of
1. To introduce progressively the centrifugal pressure among the tangent factor and the start of the round curve and for this reason decreasing the surprising jerk at the vehicle.
2. To introduce progressively the designed super elevation and additional widening necessary.
3. To allow the driving force to show the steerage progressively for his very own consolation and security.
4. To keep away from soreness to the passengers.
5. To reduce put on at the pavement.
6. To enhance the cultured look of the road.
A tune transition curve, or spiral easement, is a mathematically-calculated curve on a segment of highway, or railroad tune, wherein a directly segment modifications right into a curve. It is designed to save you unexpected modifications in lateral (or centripetal) acceleration.
In plane (considered from above), the begin of the transition of the horizontal curve is at countless radius, and on the give up of the transition, it has the identical radius because the curve itself and so bureaucracy a completely huge spiral.
At the identical time, with inside the vertical plane, the out of doors of the curve is step by step raised till an appropriate diploma of financial institution is reached.
If such an easement have been now no longer applied, the lateral acceleration of a rail automobile could alternate unexpectedly at one factor (the tangent factor wherein the directly tune meets the curve), with unwanted results.
With a street automobile, the driving force obviously applies the guidance alteration in a sluggish manner, and the curve is designed to allow that via way of means of the usage of the identical principle.
Q2) Explain super elevation in detail.
A2)
Super elevation
When a motorist drives through a curve, the roadway is regularly tilted or banked at a perspective, making it less difficult to navigate the curve at a secure pace without skidding or tipping.
This is super elevation at work. Super elevation facilitates motorists hold each protection and foremost speeds on curved roads.
Without super elevation, many automobiles might slide or skid through curves — or maybe tip and roll over — specifically in moist or icy conditions, or at excessive speeds.
It additionally lets in site visitors to hold a few pace on curves, stopping immoderate slowdowns whenever the street bends.
Super elevation is a way of infrastructure creation utilized in roadway curves wherein the outer fringe of the pavement is raised above the internal edge.
An issue of the vertical alignment or “profile” of a street regarded in pass-segment, it’s a vital protection detail with inside the layout standards of any street with curves.
The layout of a super elevated street ought to be exacting. Its creation calls for a funding of heavy equipment, great materials, and a good sized hard work pressure.
But if it’s carried out correctly, maximum humans slightly even note it’s there.
Super elevation is extra typically referred to as “can’t” or “banking,” as with inside the banked tune of a racing speedway.
That feeling of using right into a curve and being pulled to at least one side? That’s centripetal pressure, the sideways pressure appearing on an item that reasons it to transport in a circle.
If you tie the give up of a string to a tennis ball and begin whirling it round you, you’re growing centripetal pressure.
On the street, centripetal pressure pulls transferring automobiles in the direction of the inner fringe of pavement as they circulate through a curve. It can sense like sliding or tipping, or each.
It’s the other of centrifugal pressure, which draws you far from the middle and in the direction of the out of doors edge (and additionally pushes you into your seat) as your car rounds a curve.
A super elevated curve in a roadway balances those forces, in aggregate with numerous others that act in numerous directions.
According to Newton’s Law of Inertia, any item transferring in an instantly line will maintain transferring with inside the identical path (an instantly line) until it’s suffering from an unbalanced pressure, or something that modifications the path of its movement.
In this example, that “something” is a curve — or, extra precisely, a driver’s choice to show the steerage wheel and extrude the car’s course. But you want traction, or friction, to adjust inertia and extrude path safely.
Friction in this example is the resistance created among your car’s rubber tires and the street floor.
Its movement is to inhibit movement, slowing the automobile down via way of means of preserving it in regular touch with the street (which additionally facilitates save you it from sliding or skidding).
A car’s weight can have an effect on its traction. Heavier automobiles usually press the tires into the street floor with extra pressure, ensuing in higher traction than lighter automobiles.
Speed or speed is likewise a factor, one which can integrate with moisture to counteract friction on the street.
This counteraction is specifically said on improved dual carriageway bridges, as it's far on maximum sorts of bridges, wherein bloodless air can flip the moisture into ice.
As in any layout state of affairs concerning more than one bodily forces and creation elements, visible representations along with blueprints are helpful.
To accompany the drawings, it’s additionally a terrific concept to outline and recognize the applicable phrases.
Q3) What are the elements of super elevation?
A3)
Axis of rotation —
The lengthwise axis round which a roadway is turned around to extrude horizontal alignment and create the preferred super elevation.
Camber or pass slope —
A lateral slope throughout a traveled manner that drains water far from the pavement right all the way down to the edges, regularly into ditches or drains.
Crown —
The maximum factor on a street’s floor. A centerline crown is a barely improved factor on the middle of the street from which water sheds in each directions.
Curve radius (additionally referred to as curvature) —
Radius is measured via way of means of envisioning a complete round curve, then measuring the gap from the middle of the circle to its outer edge. The smaller the radius, the extra centripetal pressure is invoked.
Full super elevation —
The factor in a curve whilst the complete section of roadway is challenge to super elevation, commonly on the curve’s apex.
Maximum super elevation rate —
The maximum percent of perspective allowed to save you the threat of automobiles overturning. Expressed in formulation as e max.
Minimum super elevation —
The lowest percent of perspective allowable for street drainage purposes, specifically on a large-radius horizontal curve. Typically 2% to 4%.
Runoff length (additionally referred to as super elevation runoff length) —
The distance required to transition the out of doors lane of a roadway from a flat pass slope to complete super elevation. Usually runs from the give up of the tangent run out to the whole super elevation segment.
Side friction (additionally referred to as lateral friction) —
The resistance among the floor of the street and a car’s rubber tires, which inhibits movement and slows automobiles down.
Slope —
A size of steepness, degree of incline, or upward or downward slant, as in pavement slope.
Spiral runoff –
A segment of dual carriageway that transitions the perspective and width among a segment of tangent run out and a segment of complete super elevation, making it less difficult for drivers to navigate the extrude in curvature and perspective.
Super elevation rate —
The diploma of banking imposed on a horizontal curve to soundly counterbalance the centrifugal pressure of a car at the curve.
Tangent run out —
The distance had to extrude from an everyday crown segment of street to a degree wherein the damaging pass slope is eliminated and the out of doors lane is degree.
Q4) Explain length of transition curve.
A4)
Length of transition curve:
In this article, I will show you how to design the length of the transition curve, or say how to calculate or determine the length of the transition curve.
The length of the transition curve is designed to fulfil the three condition as mention below. The length of the transition curve for design should be the highest of the three values.
1. The Rate of Change of Centrifugal Acceleration
The rate of change of centrifugal acceleration to be developed gradually. From this consideration the length transition curve is given by the following equation:
Ls = 0.0215 V³/ CR
Where, Ls = Length of transition curve in m, V = Speed of vehicle in Km/h, C = Rate of change of centrifugal acceleration, R = Radius of the circular curve in m.
The minimum and maximum values of C are limited to 0.5 & 0.8 respectively.
2. The Rate of Introduction of Designed Super Elevation
The rate of introduction of designed superelevation to be at a reasonable rate. From this consideration the length of the transition curve is given by the following :
Ls = e.N (W + We)/2
Where,
e = the rate of designed super elevation,
W = Normal pavement width in m,
We = Extra widening pavement at the circular curve in m. 1/N = Rate of change of super elevation (Minimum value of N is 150 to 60).
3. By Empirical Formula
According to I.R.C standards, the length of the horizontal transition curve should act, then the value given by the following equations:
a) For plain and rolling terrain
Ls = 2.7 V²/R
b) For mountainous and steep terrain
Ls = V²/R
Q5) What do you mean by length of transition curve?
A5)
Length of Transition Curves
Transition curves are provided in between a straight road and the Curve of a design radius.
The radius of a transition curve varies from infinity to the design radius or vice versa. The length of the transition curve must fulfil some requirements. It is designed to fulfil the following three conditions.
(a) Rate of Change of Centrifugal Acceleration(C)
C = (v^2/R)/t = (v^2/R)/ (Ls/v) = v^3/( LsR) m/sec^3
As per IRC recommendations, C= 80/(75+v) m/sec^3
Here, C= allowable rate of change of centrifugal acceleration (m/sec^3)
Ls= Length of the transition curve.
(b) Rate of the introduction of Designed super-elevation
If the pavement is rotated about the center line, then
1/N = (E/2)/Ls
=> Ls= EN/2 = e.B.N/2 = e.(W+We).N/2
If the pavement is rotated about the inner edge, then
1/N = E/Ls
=> Ls= EN = e.B.N= e.(W+We).N
Where, Ls= Length of transition curve
B= width of the pavement
(c) By Empirical Formula given by IRC (Indian Roads Congress)
It should not be less than
(i) For plain and ruling terrain: Ls = 2.7 V^2/R
(ii) For mountainous and steep terrain: Ls = V^2/R
Find out the greatest length of the transition curve by the above three criteria and use to construct the transition curve.
Q6) What is ideal transition curve?
A6)
Ideal transition curve
1. To introduce steadily the centrifugal pressure among the tangent factor and the start of the round curve and hence lowering the surprising jerk at the vehicle.
2. To introduce steadily the designed super elevation and additional widening necessary.
3. To allow the motive force to show the guidance steadily for his very own consolation and security.
4. To keep away from pain to the passengers.
5. To reduce put on at the pavement.
6. To enhance the cultured look of the road.
Following are the four crucial necessities of a perfect transition curve:
1. It need to be flawlessly tangential to the instantly.
2. The duration of the transition curve need to be such that curvature might also additionally boom on the equal fee because the super elevation.
3. This curve need to be a part of the round are tangentially.
4. Its radius of curvature need to range from endless price on the tangent to a finite price on the junction with the round curve and vice versa.
IRC recommends Spiral or clothed as the precise transition curve because of following reasons:
1. It satisfies that fee of extrude of centrifugal acceleration is consistent i.e., Lbs. = consistent. Where
Ls = duration of transition curve
R = radius of curve.
2. The calculation and area implementation of spiral curve is easy and easy.
3. It complements aesthetics additionally.
Transition curve because the call suggests, is often a horizontal curve in plan furnished to permit transition from an instantly alignment to a round curve gradually.
In different words, its miles a curve which connects with endless radius and radius R.
Transition curves are generally furnished among an instantly and curved track/roads. Transition curves are furnished to serve following purposes.
To offer Super Elevation in a sluggish way and to lessen the radius from infinity at an instantly junction to a radius Rat curved junction gradually.
Transition curves additionally reduces the impact of unexpected jerk on passengers because of the impact of centrifugal pressure brought about on automobiles at curves.
A best Transition curve need to fulfill following necessities, the curve need to be tangential at its junction factors in order that the radius of transition is infinity at instantly junction and R on the curved junction.
Rate of extrude of super elevation is same to the fee of extrude of curvature in order that complete wonderful-elevation may be furnished inside the duration of transition curve.
Spirals and clothiers are commonly followed to offer transition curves, as recommended via way of means of layout codes.
Apart from those, cubic parabolic curves and lemniscuses also are used as consistent with alignment necessities.
Governing parameters for starting off those curves are the acceleration of automobiles, the specified wonderful elevations, lengths to be had for transition and deflection angles.
Empirical formulation is used to layout transition curves.
Q7) What are the characteristics of transition curve?
A7)
Characteristics of transition curve
As quickly as a educate commences movement on a round curve from a directly line tune, it's far subjected to a unexpected centrifugal pressure, which now no longer simplest reasons soreness to the passengers however additionally distorts the tune alignment and influences the stableness of the rolling stock.
In order to smoothen the shift from the directly line to the curve, transition curves are supplied on both facet of the round curve in order that the centrifugal pressure is constructed up steadily because the super elevation slowly runs out at a uniform price
A transition curve is, therefore, the remedy for an uncomfortable ride, wherein the diploma of the curvature and the benefit of super elevation are uniform all through its period, beginning from 0 on the tangent factor to the required price on the round curve.
The following are the goals of a transition curve.
(a) To lower the radius of the curvature steadily in a deliberate manner from infinity on the directly line to the required price of the radius of a round curve with the intention to assist the automobile negotiate the curve smoothly.
(b) To offer a slow boom of the super elevation beginning from 0 on the directly line to the preferred super elevation on the round curve.
(c) To make sure a slow boom or lower of centrifugal forces with a view to allow the automobiles to barter a curve smoothly.
Requirements of an Ideal Transition Curve The transition curve have to fulfill the subsequent conditions.
(a) It have to be tangential to the directly line of the tune, i.e., it have to begin from the directly a part of the tune with a 0 curvature.
(b) It have to be a part of the round curve tangentially, i.e., it have to sooner or later have the identical curvature as that of the round curve.
(c) Its curvature have to boom on the identical price because the super elevation.
(d) The period of the transition curve have to be ok to obtain the very last superelevation, which will increase steadily at an exact price
Any motor automobile follows a transition route because it enters or leaves a round horizontal curve.
The steerage extrude and the ensuing advantage or lack of centrifugal pressure cannot be effected instantly.
For maximum curves the common motive force can impact an appropriate transition route in the limits of regular lane width.
However, with combos of excessive velocity and sharp curvature the ensuing longer transition can bring about crowding and every now and then real profession of adjacent lanes.
In such times transition curves could be suitable due to the fact they make it less complicated for a motive force to restrict the automobile to his or her personal lane.
The employment of transition curves among tangents and sharp round curves and among round curves of significantly distinct radii warrants consideration.
The primary benefits of transition curves in horizontal alignment are the following:
A nicely designed transition curve gives a natural, easy-to-observe route for drivers, such that the centrifugal pressure will increase or decreases progressively as an automobile enters or leaves a round curve.
The transition curve duration gives a handy ideal association for superelevation runoff.
The spiral helps the transition in width wherein the traveled manner segment is to be widened round a round curve.
The look of the dual carriageway or road is better via way of means of the utility of spirals.
Generally, the Euler spiral, which is likewise referred to as the clothed, is used.
The radius varies from infinity on the tangent give up of the spiral to the radius of the round arc on the round curve give up.
Q8) Explain setting out of transition curve.
A8)
Setting out the transition curve.
Instruments required:
Theodolite, Ranging rods, Tape or Chain and accessories.
Transition curve:
A transition curve or easement curve is a curve of varying radius introduced between a straight and a circular curve, or between two branches of a compound curve.
Ideal Transition curve:
The fundamental requirement of a transition curve is that its radius of curvature ‘r’ at any point shall vary inversely as the distance (l) from the beginning of the curve. Such a curve is the clothed or the Glover’s spiral and is known as the ideal transition curve.
Procedure:
In order to make the computations for various quantities of the transition and
Circular curve the data necessary are
1. The deflection angle (D) between the original tangents
2. The Radius of the circular curve (R)
3. The Length of the transition curve (L)
4. The point of intersection (V).
Q9) What are the various formulas used in setting out of transition curve?
A9)
Formulae:
- Calculate the spiral angle Ds by the equation
- Ds = L/2R Radians
- Calculate the shift S of the circular curve by the relation.
- S = L2 / 24R
- Calculate total length of the tangent from
- Tangent length = (R+S) tan D/2 + L/2( l – S/5R ) for spiral
- Tangent length = (R+S) tan D/2 +L/2 for cubic
- Calculate the length of the circular curve.
- From the chain age of the point of intersection, subtract the length of the tangent to get the chain age of the point of transition curve T.
- To the chain age of the t add the length of the transition curve to get the chain age of the junction point (d) of the transition curve with the circular curve.
- Determine the other junction point (D’) of the circular curve with the transition curve by adding the length of the circular curve to the chain age of D.
- Determine the chain age of the point T by adding the length L of the transition curve to get the chain age of D’.
- If it is required to peg the points on through chain age, calculate the length of the sub chords and full chords of the transition curve and circular curve. The peg interval for the transition curve may be 10 meters, while that for the circular curve it may be 20 meters.
- If the curve are to be set out by a theodolite, calculate the deflection angles for transition curve from the expression.
- a=57312/RL Minutes
- And the deflection angles referred to the tangent at D for the circular curve from the
- Expression.
= 1719 C/R Minutes
- The total tangent angles Dn for the circular curve must be equal to ½(D/2Ds)
- If however the curves are to be set out linear methods, calculate the offsets from the following formula.
- For the true spiral y = l3/6 RL (l – f2/14 ) or l3/6 RL ( 1 – L2/56R2L2 )
- Y being measuring perpendicular to the tangent and l along the curve.
- For the cubic spiral y = l3/6 RL
- Y being measuring perpendicular to the tangent and l along the curve.
Q10) What is super elevation?
A10)
Super elevation
When a motorist drives through a curve, the roadway is regularly tilted or banked at a perspective, making it less difficult to navigate the curve at a secure pace without skidding or tipping.
This is super elevation at work. Super elevation facilitates motorists hold each protection and foremost speeds on curved roads.
Without super elevation, many automobiles might slide or skid through curves — or maybe tip and roll over — specifically in moist or icy conditions, or at excessive speeds.
It additionally lets in site visitors to hold a few pace on curves, stopping immoderate slowdowns whenever the street bends.
Super elevation is a way of infrastructure creation utilized in roadway curves wherein the outer fringe of the pavement is raised above the internal edge.
An issue of the vertical alignment or “profile” of a street regarded in pass-segment, it’s a vital protection detail with inside the layout standards of any street with curves.
The layout of a super elevated street ought to be exacting. Its creation calls for a funding of heavy equipment, great materials, and a good sized hard work pressure.
But if it’s carried out correctly, maximum humans slightly even note it’s there.
Super elevation is extra typically referred to as “can’t” or “banking,” as with inside the banked tune of a racing speedway.
That feeling of using right into a curve and being pulled to at least one side? That’s centripetal pressure, the sideways pressure appearing on an item that reasons it to transport in a circle.
If you tie the give up of a string to a tennis ball and begin whirling it round you, you’re growing centripetal pressure.
On the street, centripetal pressure pulls transferring automobiles in the direction of the inner fringe of pavement as they circulate through a curve. It can sense like sliding or tipping, or each.
It’s the other of centrifugal pressure, which draws you far from the middle and in the direction of the out of doors edge (and additionally pushes you into your seat) as your car rounds a curve.
A super elevated curve in a roadway balances those forces, in aggregate with numerous others that act in numerous directions.
According to Newton’s Law of Inertia, any item transferring in an instantly line will maintain transferring with inside the identical path (an instantly line) until it’s suffering from an unbalanced pressure, or something that modifications the path of its movement.
In this example, that “something” is a curve — or, extra precisely, a driver’s choice to show the steerage wheel and extrude the car’s course. But you want traction, or friction, to adjust inertia and extrude path safely.
Friction in this example is the resistance created among your car’s rubber tires and the street floor.
Its movement is to inhibit movement, slowing the automobile down via way of means of preserving it in regular touch with the street (which additionally facilitates save you it from sliding or skidding).
A car’s weight can have an effect on its traction. Heavier automobiles usually press the tires into the street floor with extra pressure, ensuing in higher traction than lighter automobiles.
Speed or speed is likewise a factor, one which can integrate with moisture to counteract friction on the street.
This counteraction is specifically said on improved dual carriageway bridges, as it's far on maximum sorts of bridges, wherein bloodless air can flip the moisture into ice.
As in any layout state of affairs concerning more than one bodily forces and creation elements, visible representations along with blueprints are helpful.
To accompany the drawings, it’s additionally a terrific concept to outline and recognize the applicable phrases.
