BTAP
A door may be defined as "an openable barrier or as a framework of wood, steel, aluminum, glass or a combination of these materials secured in a wall opening". It is provided to give access to the inside of a room of a building. It serves as a connecting link between the various internal portion of building. Lightning and ventilation of rooms. To maintain privacy of rooms. A window is defined as vented barrier secured in a wall opening to serve one or more of the functions viz. natural light, natural ventilation and vision. To admit natural light in building. To admit air in building. To give a view to the outside. Window provide insulation against heat loss and in some cases against sound. Some windows are also required to give a measure of resistance to fire. Frame consists of an assembly of horizontal and vertical members which are placed along the top sides and the bottom of an opening thus forming an enclosure to which the shutters are fixed. Door frames are made of following materials: Timber Aluminium sections Steel sections Concrete Stone Out of these, timber frames are commonly used. However, steel frames are widely used in factories, workshops, etc. Aluminium frames are costlier and are used only for residential buildings where more funds are available. Concrete frames are now becoming popular in urban areas, because of increased cost of timber; concrete frames are found to cost less than half the cost of a teakwood frame. It is also cheaper then iron frame. Stone frames are mostly used in villages. These are openable parts of a door. It is an assembly of styles, panels, and rails. The uppermost horizontal part of frame is known as head. These are the horizontal projections of the head and bottom of frame to facilitate the fixing of the frame on the wall openings. The length of horns is kept about 10 to 15 cm. Style is the vertical outside member of the shutter of a door. The top most horizontal member of a door shutter. The middle horizontal member of a shutter. The lowermost horizontal member of shutter. The area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails. These are mild steel flats, generally bent into z-shape, to hold the frame to the opening the horizontal length of hold fast is kept about 20 cm, section 30 mm x 6 mm and s embedded in masonary. Vertical members of frame one on each side is called post or jamb. Door frame consists of two vertical members called as jambs or posts and horizontal member connecting the post at the top called as head. First of all, the frame which is to erected in position is painted with thick coat of coal-tar. Frame is held in position by giving support as shown in Fig. and checked by plumb bob and then masonry work goes on. While doing masonry work, frame is secured to the walls by means of fasts, three iron holdfasts on each post, one at the center and remaining two at 300 mm from the top and bottom of jambs. Holdfasts are embedded into the masonry work and feet of the post are embedded into the finished floor and lime concrete, at level of R.C.C. work. If the door opening is already made and frame is erected, then this can also be done by embedding the wooden blocks termed as plugs at appropriate places in the jambs during construction of wall and then frame is placed in position and fixed with the plugs with G.I. screws. This method of fixing the frames is done in stone masonry and R.C.C. work. In steel frames, holdfasts and hinges are welded to the frame and this frame and this frame is pained by red oxide before erecting in position and rest of process of errection is same as above. In case of prepared opening, this opening is made free from any other obstructions and then chalk lines are marked on the jambs from the external face of wall so as to fix the exact position of window. Chalk line marking is also done on head and the sill of the opening. This is done as per drawing. The holes are provided to the steel window at certain locations, through which holdfast or lugs can be fixed to the wall. The position of the fixing holes is measured from window frame and marked on the wall by chalk. In case of brick masonry work, the steel window frame is fixed to the opening by small sized hold fasts (lugs). For fixing this lugs, holes are made in the brick work; then steel window frame is placed in position in the opening of which the size is little more than the window frame. For setting the window frame in correct position and plumb, the frame is temporarily supported by wooden wedges at jambs and head. These wedges are hammered to set the window in correct position. After getting the correct position, lugs are screwed to the frame tightly and then the lugs are grouted into the holes with cement mortar. After setting the lugs firmly, wooden wedges are taken out and gaps produced because of these wedges is then filled by cement mortar. In case of stone masonry or reinforced concrete work, it is very troublesome or difficult to make the holes for the purpose of fixing the lugs in a prepared opening, therefore, wooden blocks called as plugs are first embedded in proper places in the masonry or concrete while concreting or masonry work and then window frame is fixed to the plugs with the help of G.I. screws. Aldrop bolt: This is fixed on external door where a pad lock is used. Barrel bolt: This is used for fixing to the back face of the external door. The socket is fixed to the door frame while the plate is screwed to the inside of the shutter. Flush bolt: This type of bolt used where the projecting tower bolt would be objectionable and when it is desired to keep the bolt flush with the face of the door. Hasp and staple bolt: This type of bolt is also used for external doors where pad lock is to be used. The staple is fixed to the door frame, while the has fixed to the shutter Latch: This is used to secure door. This latch is usually made of malleable iron or bronze. It consists of lever pivoted at one end, which can be actuated by a trigger passing through the shutter, the lever is secured in hasp and staple. Hook and eye: This is used for keeping window shutter in position when window is open. This type of door consists of a frame in which the panels either flat or raised are fitted. This door consists of styles and rails which are grooved along the inner edges of the frame, to receive the panels. The panels are made from timber, plywood, block board, glass etc. Figures will indicates the following construction details: Vertical members called styles are continuous from top to bottom. Rails are joined to styles at both ends (various rails are top rail, bottom rail and intermediate rail). Mullions or mutinies, if provided are jointed to the rails between which it is fixed. It is generally recommended that the minimum width of stiles should not be less than 10 cm and for top and bottom rails not less than 15 cm. The thickness of the shutter frame is usually kept from 4 to 5 cm but actual thickness depends upon several factors, viz. door size, location of door, type of work, thickness of panels and size of the moldings. The styles and rails are mortised and tenoned. Paneled doors are made in several design depending upon the architect's or owner's choice. The door may be single. double, three, four, five or six paneled and so on. These are common types of windows usually provided in buildings. The construction of casement window is just similar to door. The window has a frame which is rebated to receive the shutters. The shutters consists of styles, top rails, bottom rails and intermediate rails, thus dividing it into panels. The panels may either be glazed or unglazed, partly glazed and partly unglazed. It should be noted that the side hinged opening part of window consisting of glass planes or panels known as casement and windows made of these parts are called casement windows. Ventilators are windows of small heights generally about 30 to 50 cm below roof levels. Ventilators consists of (1) frame (2) shutter The shutters are provided with glass panels and steel grills fixed in the shutters for the purpose of safety, shutter are also movable, pivoted horizontally. The shutter can be opened or closed by means of two cords, one attached to top rail and other to the bottom of the shutter. Ventilation is mainly used to control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutants. It can also be used to control indoor temperature, humidity, and air motion to benefit thermal comfort, satisfaction with other aspects of indoor environment, or other objectives. A horizontal structural member which is placed across the opening viz door, windows, etc. to support the structure over the opening is known as lintel. Lintel is used to support the structure over the opening like door, windows etc. Lintels are usually rectangular in shape, the width of which is equal to the width of the wall and the ends of which are built into the wall. The bearing of lintel should be the minimum of the following: 10 cm. Height of lintel. 1/10 th to 1/12 th of the span of the lintel. This are the oldest types of lintels, though they are not commonly used now-a-days, except hilly areas where timber is cheaply available in abundance. Timber lintels are relatively col susceptibility to catch fire and liable to decay. The use of the stone lintels is recommended only in places where stone is available is abundance and the structure is made of stone masonary. A stone lintel consists of a simple stone slab of greater thickness. Dressed stone lintels give good architectural appearance. Stone is very weak in tension. Also, it cracks if subjected to vibratory loads. Hence stone lintels should never be used for opening exceeding 1 m span unless provided with relieving arches above. Brick lintels are not structurally strong, and they are used only when the opening is small and loads are light. Brick lintels generally consist of bricks which are normally laid on end and occasionally on edge. The depth of brick lintel varies from 10 to 20 cm depending upon the span. It is constructed over temporary wooden centering. Bricks with frog are more suitable for the construction of lintels since the frogs, form joggles when bonded which increase the shear resistance of end joint. Such lintels are called joggled brick lintel. Steel lintels are provided where the opening is large and where the super imposed loads are also heavy, These lintels consisting of rolled steel joists embedded in concrete. These lintels being very costly are restricted in use for special cases. Reinforced cement concrete lintels have replaced practically all other types of lintels because of their strength, rigidity, fire resistance, economy and ease construction. R.C.C lintels are constructed, usually with a concrete mix having proportional 12:4 reinforced with mild steel bars. These can be used on any span. Its width is kept equal to the width of the wall. The depth of R.C.C. lintel and reinforcement depends upon the span and the magnitude of loading A chhajja is an overhanging eave or roof overlaying observed in Indian architecture. It is characterized with massive aid brackets with distinct creative designs. Variation is likewise visible in its length relying at the significance of the constructing on which it functions or the selection of the designer. Its feature is much like that of other overhangs or eaves in that it protects and ornaments entrances, arches and windows from the outdoor elements. Some forms of roof may be taken into consideration massive chhajja as well. A floor should have a level surface with a gentle slope or very minimum slope. A floor should be capable to support the occupants, equipments, internal partitions, furniture involved in a building. A floor should have adequate strength and stability so as to support the live loads. A floor should have a good sound insulation or it should be sound proof. A floor should have adequate fire resistance capacity. A floor should be damp proof. A floor should have a good thermal insulation. A floor should have an appropriate but gentle slope for its proper washing with water. Granite is naturally occuring stone. Its geological classification is as igneous rock. It is hard, durable and available in different colurs: highly resistant to natural forces It can take very good and glazing polish and can easily be sawn and unsuitable for carving. Its specific gravity varies from 2.6 to 2.7. Hence it is commonly used for paving the floors in commercial buildings such as hotels offices, at the entrance of the hospitals etc, and also used as a flooring material in temples. It is also used for ornamental work. It is also used for cladding the walls, columns in the commercial complexes. Granite flooring gives the good, smooth and pleasant finish. Granite flooring is costly. Because of the decorative appearance and good wearing surface, the terrazzo flooring is very popular and hence it is moreover commonly used in residential, school, offices, hospitals, banks buildings. Terrazzo is a mixture of special aggregates of marble chips or any other decorative material of white cement or coloured cement taken in the proportion of 3:1 (i.e. 3 parts of marble chips and 1 part of cement). Terrazzo is laid over the base concrete in different thickness. Overall thickness of terrazzo is 40 mm. The overall 40 mm thickness of terrazzo flooring consist of 6 mm thick top layer of terrazzo and 34 mm thick under layer of cement concrete taken in a proportion with 1:2:4. Before laying the flooring, the complete area is split up into suitable panels with the help of strips made of copper or brass or aluminium or glass in order to avoid the risk of cracking. Note that thickness of dividing thickness should not less than 1.5 mm and its width should not less than 25 mm. Area of one panel should not more than 2 m². construction materials for the roofs of buildings and structures. Roofing materials must satisfy technical requirements (impermeability, weather-resistance, frost-resistance, and low combustibility) and economic requirements (low cost of the material and the installation of the base upon which it rests; ease of installation). Roofing materials may be organic (bituminous, tar, wood, and polymeric materials), silicate (asbestos cement and tile), or metal (roofing iron). They may be of the roll, mastic, or piece type (sheets or slabs). Roll roofing materials based on bitumen (Ruberoid, per-gamyn, and glass Ruberoid) and tar (tar paper) are most commonly used. Roll roofing materials are relatively inexpensive and easy to install, and they provide a light and thin roof covering on almost any type of roof. Bituminous roll materials last for ten to 15 years; tar-based materials are good for no more than five to six years (tar materials are generally used for temporary structures). Tar-based roll materials have greater biological resistance than bituminous materials. Gidroizol (bitumen-impregnated sheet asbestos) and izol (a rubber-bituminous material reinforced with asbestos fiber) may be used as roofing materials in certain instances. Mastic roofing materials are bituminous and tar roofing materials modified by polymers and used as independent materials for the installation of seamless roofing. A reinforcing element (glass cloth) is added to mastic coatings to increase cracking resistance. Mastic roofing materials are cheaper and easier to install than roll materials. Fiber Tech Roof Sheets may be used in conjunction with asbestos cement, Galvanized or commercial corrugated roof sheets to permit uniform subtle light. Fiber Tech roof offer alternative of sizes, colours, opacity, and corrugations. Flat FRP sheet with easy and wrinkled floor is likewise to be had for ornamental purpose. We are presenting Designwe fabric embedment to sait the beautification requirement with falt or Corrugated FRP sheets in sure areas. Designer domes and pyramid may be presented on request. We carry you loads of fiber Glass Roofing Sheets which can be made up at par with global standards. Our fiber Glass Corrugated Roofing Sheets may be availed in diverse sizes and brands in line with your choice. These fiber Glass Sheets are less difficult to put in like another traditional sheet fixing. These fiber Glass Roofing Sheets are to be had in natural, white, green, blue, yellow, red, orange, and plenty of different colours. They are classified into three main categories namely single roof, double roof, triple membered, trussed or framed roofs. Single roof consists of only common rafters which are situated at the ridge and wall plates. In double roofs, additional members called 'purlins' are introduced to support the common rafters at intermediate points. For long spans, roof trusses like king post roof trusses, queen post roof trusses are used. Various types of steel roof trusses are very common these days for warehouses, workshops, auditoriums, etc. Pitched roofs are covered by covering material like Mangalore pattern tiles, Country tiles, Galvanized iron sheet, Asbestos cement sheet. The inclination of the roof depends upon climatic condition and type of roof covering material used. Shell is a roof structure resembling the shell of an egg. These are three dimensional structures consisting of thin membrane slabs, curved in one or more directions which transfer the loads on points of support i.e column, beams etc. Shells are constructed of many materials like timber, steel, glass, reinforced cement concrete etc, the last being the most popular one. Shell roofs are used for covering large structures with single storey, for example assembly hall, theatres, factories. Shells have the advantages of covering larger area without obstructions such as columns. Domes are also used for covering large areas like assembly hall, gymnasium etc. but they are of semi-spherical or semi-elliptical shapes. Dome structures are generally used in monumental works or roofs of circular or hexagonal buildings.
Unit-3
Building Components
Q1) What is the definition and function of door?
A1)
Function of door:
Q2) What is the definition and function of window?
A2)
Function of window:
Q3) What is Door Frame?
A3)
Q4) What are the technical terms of doors?
A4)
Door shutter:
Head:
Horn:
Style:
Top rail:
Lock rail
Bottom rail:
Panel:
Hold fasts:
Post or Jamb:
Q5) Explain installation of door frame?
A5)
Q6) Explain installation of window frame?
A6) Errection of window frame is done under different cases which are explained as under:
Q7) What are the types of bolts?
A7)
Bolts are of the following types:
Q8) What is panelled door?
A8)
Q9) What is Casement window?
A9)
Q10) What is ventilator and purpose of ventilator?
A10)
Purpose of Ventilators:
Q11) What is lintel and necessity of lintel?
A11)
Necessity of Lintel:
Q12) What are the types of lintel?
A12)
Timber lintel:
Stone lintel:
Brick lintel:
Steel lintel:
Reinforced concrete lintels (R.C.C Lintel):
Q13) What is Chajja?
A13)
Q14) What are the functional requirement of flooring?
A14)
Following points shows the essential requirements of a floor:
Q15) Explain Granite floor?
A15)
Q16) Explain terrazzo flooring?
A16)
Q17) What are the roofing materials?
A17)
Q18) What is Fibre sheet?
A18)
Q19) What is Pitched roof?
A19)
Q20) What is shells and domes?
A20)
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