BTAP
Defective road system is a major problem in many countries. It is due to the fact that towns and cities were not properly planned. They gradually grew solely with the interest of developers which resulted in bad road network giving rise to bad transportation network. If land use is not regulated efficiently, it will result in the formation of slums and squatter settlements which will degrade the quality of the life of the citizens in a long run. Industries are generally located far away from towns and cities. Hence, industrial zones have to be allotted so that haphazard springing up of industries on residential or unsuitable locations must be avoided. If the road network is not efficient, it would result in heavy traffic congestions. Traffic congestion is linked to a lot of other unavoidable problems. It’s a major problem in cities. It is very hard to find open spaces in cities. If there are open spaces, they are later on consumed for designing more houses and constructing more infrastructure. This is more common in metropolitan cities and mega cities across the globe. If planning is not done properly and towns & cities are left to grow on their own, it can result in lack of efficient network of amenities like electricity, water supply, sewerage and drainage systems. This also degrades quality of life. When designing towns and cities, population density must be taken into consideration. If the population increases beyond the city’s holding capacity, it becomes impossible to maintain a healthy lifestyle standards. Too much increase in population gives rise to too much traffic and noise, making the city dwellers uncomfortable. Development of town can be controlled if it is zoned properly and efficiently. Uncontrolled town development can call for a bad news for all of us. For an important and obvious reason that we are all aware of; population is growing and on the other hand we have limited land supply. If we don’t make optimized use of land, the resources are bound to get exhausted and we would reach a stage of no return. All the above factors mentioned lead to unhealthy living conditions which can be avoided if we focus primarily on to planning. It arranges the pattern of a town is such a way so as to satisfy the present requirements without introduction of future improvements by the coming generations. Restricted haphazard and unplanned growth. It helps to bring harmony and understanding between the different groups of the people. It removes the defects of uncoordinated physical growth. It serves as a guide to the planning body for making any recommendations for public improvement. It stimulates wider interest in community problems. To coordinate the physical, social, economic and political forces that govern the structure of the community. Height zoning regulates the height of the buildings. Hence high rise buildings will not be allowed to construct near small houses. A land in the form of recreational area is also set aside providing there in the playgrounds, parks, stadiums, etc. in pleasing surroundings. Zoning helps proper co-ordination of various public amenities like water supply, drainage, electricity, transport, etc. Zoning secures orderly growth of the town, promotes health, safety order It is a revenue documents of ownership mainly for agricultural and rural lands issued by the talathi of the respective village in which property falls. It contains name of owner, description of property i.e. survey no., area of plot and mutation entry no., of any encumbrances by way of loan, charge, protected tenant, etc. and tenure of land. This document is always available in local language of the state. Format document is given at the end. Validity of this document is 6 months from the date of issue. Village Form VI is a diary of mutations. A record of changes in the record of rights in respect of all the particulars are shown in this form. These particulars are expected to be written in detail as required under Section 148 of the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code and the rules there under. Every vardi, order, or authority upon which an entry in the register of mutations is made should be kept in a file; where they can easily be found. Akarbands and Kami-Jasti Patraks should be kept with Village Form I. Registration extracts in continuous file in the sequence of months and written reports, mutations, orders and other correspondence about mutations filed in sequence of the entries in Village Form VI. The four subsidiary registers, viz. Village Form VI - A - Register of Disputed Cases, Village Form VI - B - Register of Fines-under-section 152 of the Maharashtra Land-Revenue Code, Village Form VI - C Register of Heirship Cases, and Village Form VI-D-Register of New Sub-division (Hissas); are simple, self-explanatory and easy to maintain. They facilitate correct entries in Village Form-VI, apprise public of their obligations to assist Government in maintaining an accurate and up-to-date Record of Rights (Pherphar) and ensure that the survey records on which the Record of Rights is based are also maintained up-to-date. Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a voluntary, incentive- based program that allows landowners to sell development rights from their land to other interested party who then use these rights to increase the density of development at another designated location. Execution of town planning need land acquisition for various zoning construction and reservation plots. Reservation plots are allotted for roads, schools, hospitals or any other public building which provide service to the society. It is observed that particular land of particular owner is coming in between reservation plots, than that land or part of land need to acquire by the corporation for compulsory development of reservation plots. In such cases corporation will acquire land in following ways: purchase of land, issue of certificate. Issue of certificate: certificate will be issued which gives authority to the land owner to sell his rights of developments to any builder. Builder will purchase that right and will built upper storey and will earn money. Land owner can use that development right if construction of his own building is going on in that same land, by raising no, of floors. Notice to erect a building in the standard form. Undertaking and a copy of license of Architect. Undertaking and a copy of license of Structural Engineer. Zone certificate. Plan from city survey office showing boundaries of the plot and adjoining survey numbers. Power of Attorney (if any) NA order. NOC from NH/SH/MDR etc., dept. (if required) NOC from pollution control board.(if required) NOC from water supply and drainage dept. The Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) Bill turned into brought in 2013 In December 2015, the Union Cabinet of India had authorized 20 predominant amendments to the invoice primarily based totally at the tips of a Rajya Sabha committee that tested the invoice. The Bill were cited a choice committee, which had given its document in July 2015.However, Congress, Left and AIADMK had expressed their reservations at the document thru dissent notes. The Rajya Sabha authorized the invoice on tenth March 2016 and the Lok Sabha authorized it on fifteenth March 2016. Subsequently, through the powers vested through Section 1 of the Rera Act, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation vide Notification S.O. 1544(E)dated 26.04.2016 notified sixty one Sections out of ninety two Sections on 1st May of 2016 and vide Notification S.O. 1216(E)dated 19.04.2017 notified the final 31 Sections. Section three of the Act makes it obligatory for all industrial and home actual property tasks, wherein the land is over 500 rectangular metres or 8 apartments, to sign up with the Real Estate Regulatory (RERA) for launching a assignment to offer more transparency in assignment advertising and execution. For ongoing tasks that have now no longer acquired a crowning glory certificates at the date of graduation of the Act, will must are seeking for registrations inside three months. Each State Rera have to both approve or reject the software for registration inside 30 days from the date of software submitted via way of means of the promoter. Upon a success registration, the promoter of the actual property assignment could be furnished with a registration quantity, a login ID, and a password to replenish the vital info at the internet site of the State RERA. If the promoter fails to sign up, he will be vulnerable to a penalty that can enlarge as much as a penalty of 10% of the envisioned assignment price. Furthermore, if he does now no longer follow the orders, instructions or choices issued via way of means of the State Rera, he will be punishable with imprisonment which might also additionally enlarge up to a few years or with a satisfactory which might also additionally enlarge as much as a similarly 10% of the envisioned price of the assignment. Real property marketers who facilitate the promoting or buy of houses have to take earlier registration. Such marketers could be issued a unmarried registration quantity for every State or Union Territory, which have to be quoted via way of means of the agent in each sale facilitated via way of means of him.If a actual property agent fails to sign up or contravenes phase 9 (registration of actual property agent) and phase 10 (Functions and obligations of a actual property agent), he will be vulnerable to a penalty of ₹10,000 payable ordinary at some stage in which such default continues. This penalty might also additionally cumulatively enlarge as much as 5% of the price of the plot, rental or building, because the case might also additionally be, of the actual property assignment. An Act to make provision for making plans the improvement and use of land in Regions set up for that motive and for the charter of Regional Planning Boards therefor; to make higher provisions for the practise of Development plans in order to making sure that metropolis making plans schemes are made in a right way and their execution is made effective; to offer for the introduction of latest cities by way of Development Authorities; to make provisions for the obligatory acquisition of land required for the general public functions in admire of the plans; and for functions linked with the topics aforesaid. Whereas, it's miles expedient to make provision for making plans the improvement and use of land in Regions set up for that motive and for the charter of Regional Planning Boards therefor; to make higher provision for the practise of Development plans in order to making sure that metropolis making plans schemes are made in a right way and their execution is made effective; to offer for the introduction of latest cities by way of Development Authorities; to make provision for the obligatory acquisition of land required for public functions in admire of the plans; and for functions linked with the topics aforesaid. An important factor in establishing the basis for the assessment of the fire risk pertaining to any building is the concept of ‘fire load’ which indicates the quantity of heat liberated per unit area when a building and its contents are completely burnt. All buildings, etc. can be graded according to the fire hazard all the buildings can be graded. On the basis of fire load, suitable fire precautions provided. Hence, fire load and fire resistance both are important in grading the buildings. Formula for calculating fire load is - The calculation of the fire load is the basis for the determining the classification of the occupancies for the fire grading of buildings. The occupants inside the fire site often only have a few minutes to evacuate, which is referred to as the golden evacuation time. In this study, total evacuation time was divided into waiting time, response time, and moving time. A regression model was adopted to incorporate three independent variables (no. of exits, floor area and per-floor occupant load) and determine their effect on a dependent variable, called as the evacuation time. Fire alarms are first line of defense against fire. When a fire alarm sounds, it means potential danger exists in building and immediate evacuation is needed. Even if it turns out to be a false alarm, employees and customers should recognize that the system works to protect them. During fire, conditions are chaotic and confusing. The electrical power of a building is lost. Smoke can obscure vision and then it was difficult to navigate the path of buildings. Emergency lights and exit signs make individuals able to get out through the building. Emergency lights are so well designed to come on when main electrical power supplies are lost. Similarly, lighted exit signs switch to emergency power when they no longer get electricity from the main source. These devices help light up emergency evacuation routes and make it clear where doorways and exits can be found. Fire extinguishers should be mounted on walls at distances of less than 75 feet, meaning that no one should have to travel more than 75 feet to get to a fire extinguisher. Extinguishers also mounted near exits to ensure easy access so no one has to go inside the burning building to find an extinguisher. These systems react to heat and turn on a water sprinkler to suppress or extinguish larger fires. Each listener be elevated with respect to the person immediately in front of him so that the listeners head is about 12 cm above the path of sound which would pass above the head of the person in front of him. In case of staggered seats, this may be reduced to 8 cm. To satisfy the above condition the angle of elevation of the inclined floor should not be less than 8°. Importance in the acoustical design: Deflection time of reverberation is the common defect in most of the auditoriums. In this case, successive sounds produced by the source overlap each other and sound is not distinctly audible and, therefore, this deflect can be corrected. This defect is also more common when the reflecting surfaces are curved and so many far away from the source. Reflecting concave surfaces cause concentration of reflected sound waves at certain spots and when these foci are considerably increased they cause acoustics defect in the hall. Because of sound concentration at certain spots. intensity of sound at other spots gets decreased. Sound at these points is called dead spots and is insufficient for hearing It is caused when the source of sound is not good at reflecting and hall has been provided with Reverberation time is the time required for the sound to “fade away” or decay in a closed space. Reverberation reduces when the reflections hit surfaces that can absorb sound such as curtains, chairs and even people. The reverberation time of a room or space is defined as the time it takes for sound to decay by 60Db. RT60 is the reverberation time (to drop 60 dB) V is the volume of the room c20 is the speed of sound at 20°C (room temperature) Sa is the total absorption in sabine’s The sound produced on a stage is absorbed by the audience to some extent and thus row by row the energy received by audience is less. To improve this the speaker should be at a higher level than the audience and the audience should be made to sit on a sloping floor the farthest end being at her level. This allows every audience to receive more portion of spherical waves. The sound passing on the back of speaker is lost unless a hard surface (reflecting surface) is provided on his back and then the audience should be arranged in a semicircular form. For even distribution of sound in a hall one must consider the reflecting properties of surfaces. Due to good reflection, the interference of sound waves will take plate. This interference may either cause reinforcement of waves or neutralization. Thus some parts may have reinforced sound while in some parts we may have comparatively quite. Secondly reflection may cause the echo. The human ear cannot register intervals smaller than 1/15th of a second or less, these will not cause echo. Hence no audience should be placed beyond 10 meters from a good reflecting surface or otherwise good absorbent should be provided on rear walls to avoid echo. To create healthy living conditions by preventing the undue accumulation of CO2 and moisture and depletion of o2 content of the air. To create air movement, remove the vitiated air, To prevent body odor, dust, fumes and other industrial product. To prevent flammable concentration of gas vapor or duct in case of industrial buildings This material convert the sound energy into heat energy i.e. only minimal part of sound is reflected back. Ex. Curtains, textiles, carpets, foams, mineral wool, glass fibre, etc. They are non-porous and non-rigid material. Like door, windows, chair, furniture, etc. Consist of an acoustical oscillation system, which have solid plate on the front with tight air space behind it. These plates include perforated materials that have openings ex. Metal or perforated plasterboard. Controls the development of central business area of the cities and it there by assists in solving the problems associated with such heavy concentration eg. traffic congestion, etc. It is found that if buildings with uniform height are constructed on important streets or roads, it gives pleasing aesthetic appearance. It prevents an undue monopoly of light and ventilation by some tall buildings at the expense of adjacent units of small heights. Height zoning regulates the height of the buildings. Hence high rise buildings will not be allowed to construct near small houses. A land in the form of recreational area is also set aside providing there in the playgrounds, parks, stadiums, etc. in pleasing surroundings. Zoning helps proper co-ordination of various public amenities like water supply, drainage, electricity, transport, etc. Zoning secures orderly growth of the town, promotes health, safety order.
Unit 6
Town Planning and Legal Aspects
Q1) What is the necessity of town planning?
A1) Necessity of town planning are as follows:
1. Defective road system resulting in the formation of narrow streets and lanes;
2. Development of slums and squatter settlements;
3. Haphazard location of industries;
4. Heavy traffic congestion during the working/peak hours of the day;
5. Inadequate open spaces, parks and playgrounds can result in unhealthy living conditions;
6. Lack of essential amenities like electricity, water supply and drainage;
7. Noisy atmosphere disturbing the peace of city dwellers;
8. Uncontrolled development of the town;
9. Unhealthy living conditions; etc.
Q2) What are the objectives of developed plan?
A2)
Q3) What is the importance of zoning?
A3)
Q4) Explain 7/12 abstract.
A4)
Q5) Explain the concept of Form 6.
A5)
Q6) Explain the concept of TDR(Transferable Development Right)
A6)
Q7) Enlist the list of documents to be submitted to local authority.
A7) Documents to Be Submitted:
Q8) Explain RERA act.
A8)
Q9) Explain Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning (MRTP) Act.
A9)
Q10) What is fire load?
A10)
Fire load = ((combustibles in kg) x (calorific value in kcal/kg))/ Floor area in square meters
Q11) What is Evacuation time?
A11)
Q12) What are the fire escaping elements?
A12) Fire Alarms
Emergency Lights and Exit Signs
Fire Extinguishers
Fire Sprinkler/Standpipe Systems
Q13) What are the Acoustical defect?
A13) Following may be the possible defects due to reflected sound:
1. Deflection time of reverberation
2. Echo formation
3. Sound foci
4. Dead spots
5. Loudness of sound
Q14) What is Reverberation time?
A14)
Q15) What is Sabine’s Formula?
A15)
Q16) Explain planning for good acoustics?
A16) The following are the conditions which will affect acoustic properties in an auditorium.
1. The sound should be clear and distinct
2. The sound should be evenly distributed
3. The sound should reach the audience in the same pitch and tone as it is produced
Q17) What is the necessity of ventilation?
A17)
Q18) What are the sound absorbents?
A18) Porous Absorber-
Membrane (Panel) Absorber-
Resonance Absorbers-
Q19) What are the advantages of Height Zoning?
A19)
Q20) What is the importance of zoning?
A20)
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