Unit - 1

Flow Over Notches and Weirs

Q1) What is Classification of notches and weirs?

A1)

A notch is an opening in the vertical side of a tank such that the liquid in the tank is below the edge of the opening.

It is used to measure discharge through an open channel.

Classification of notches

1. Depending upon shapes

1. Rectangular notch
2. Triangular notches or V- notch
3. Trapezoidal notches
4. Stepped notches

B.     Based on the effect of slides

1. Notch with end contraction
2. Notch without end contraction or suppressed notch

A weir is concrete or masonary dam built across an open channel (i.e., river, canal etc.) over which overflow

It is used to overflow the excess flood water entering a reservoir

When the water overflows over the dam, the weir behaves exactly like a notch

Classification of weirs

1. According to shape

1. Rectangular weir
2. Triangular weir
3. Trapezoidal weir
4. Cipolletti weir
5. Stepped channel

B.     According to nature of discharge

1. Ordinary of free weir
2. Submerged or drowned weir

C.    According to the width of crest

1. Narrow crested weir (b<0.5 h)
2. Broad crested weir (b>0.5 h)

D.    According to nature of crest

1. Sharp crested weir
2. Ogee weir

Q2) Explain Flow over sharp crested rectangular weir/notch and Francis formula?

A2)

Consider a rectangular channel provided in a channel carrying water

Let H== head of water over crest

L= length of the notch

Cd = coefficient of discharge

Now consider a horizontal strip of water thickness dh at a depth h from free surface as shown in fig.

Theoretical velocity

Discharge through the strip

The total discharge over the notch is obtained by integrating equation

The Francis (1883) equation is handy for weirs working beneath favorable prescribed conditions. The Francis equation is:

Q3) What is Ventilation of weirs?

A3)

Rectangular weirs are used to extract water so that you can emulate the impact of off take discharges in actual irrigation canals. It is feasible to reap the waft fee extracted with the aid of using measuring the water degree upstream of the weir

In a suppressed square weir, the nappe stretches from channel wall to channel wall. On the downstream facet of the weir, the air beneath the nappe becomes entrained within side the nappe because it passes over it because it spills into the downstream channel.

As the air turns into entrained, there may be much less and much less air beneath the nappe. This discount of air beneath the nappe creates a strain gradient. Ultimately the nappe collapses in opposition to the downstream face of the weir until new air is permitted to top off the entrained air.

Aeration and Weir Accuracy: Insufficient aeration, whether or not with the aid of using negative sidewall geometry or inadequate vertical drop from the weir crest to the downstream water floor can boom discharge with the aid of using as tons as 25%, ensuing in float readings which can be dramatically exceptional than could in any other case be received with the aid of using an aerated weir nappe.

Keeping the Nappe Aerated: To keep away from the nappe collapses in opposition to the face of the weir, air need to be allowed to top off that that's entrained with the aid of using the nappe The simplest manner to do that is to region vents on each aspect of the weir beneath the nappe.

Q4) What is Flow over triangular weir/notch?

A4)

A triangular notch is also called as V notch

Consider a triangular notch on the one side of tank

Let

H = height of water above the notch

= Angle of notch

Cd = coefficient of discharge

Now, consider a horizontal strip of water of thickness dh at a depth of h from free surface

From triangle

Width of strip AB = 2 AC = 2

Area of strip = ABdh =

We know that the theoretical velocity of water through the strip=

Discharge through the strip

From total discharge integrate the above Equation

If V notch is right angle = 90degree and Cd= 0.6

= 1 put in above equation

Q5) Explain Flow over trapezoidal weir/notch?

A5)

A trapezoidal notch is combination of triangular notch and rectangular notch

Let

H = Height of water over the notch

L= Length of rectangular portion of the notch

Cd = coefficient of discharge

Discharge through central of rectangular portion

Discharge through central of triangular portion

Discharge through trapezoidal portion

Q6) What is Cipolletti weir?

A6)

It is a trapezoidal weir which has side slope of 1 horizontal to 4 verticals

It has an advantage over a rectangular weir that is decrease in discharge due to end contraction is balanced by the discharge through the triangular portion

Discharge through Cipolletti weir is calculated by using formula of discharge rectangular wire by using

Discharge through rectangular weir dur to end contraction is

The discharge due to end contraction is decrease by

This decrease in discharge is balance by discharge through triangular portion which is obtained by giving side slope

Discharge through triangular weir of vertex angle

Equating equation above

Discharge through Cipolletti weir = Discharge through rectangular portion of weir

1. Narrow crested weir

When the width of the weir is less than half of the height of water above the crest the weir is known as narrow crest weir

b < 0.5 H

Discharge through narrow crested weir

L = length of weir

H = Height of water above the crest

2.     Ogee weir

Ogee weir used as a spillway for the concrete dams

The water level near the crest a point a rise slight and reaches maximum at point B and then falls down parabolic ally down

h= 0.511 H

Discharge over the ogee weir is given by the same equation used for sharp crested weir

3.     Submerged weir

When the water level on the downstream side of the weir is rise above the level of the crest the weir is said to be submerged weir

H1 is the height of water level at upstream and H2 is the height of water level on downstream side

The discharge Q over the upper portion as free discharge under the head of (H1-H2)

Q1 is the discharge over the upper portion as free discharge under the head of (H1-H2)

Q2 is the discharge over the lower portion which is submerged under head H2

Total discharge

Q7) Explain Effect on discharge due to error in measurement of head, broad crested weir, submerged weir, proportional weir or sutro weir?

A7)

A Notch is a tool used for measuring the charge of float of a liquid thru a small channel or a tank. It can be described as a gap within side the aspect of a tank or vessel inclusive of liquid floor within side the tank is underneath the extent of opening. Notches may be of various shapes inclusive of triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal, stepped notch, etc. the lowest of the notch over which the water flows are referred to as crest or sill and the skinny sheet of water flowing thru the notch is referred to as nappe or vein. The edges of the notch are bevelled at the downstream aspect a good way to have a sharp-edged aspects and crest ensuing in minimal touch with the flowing fluid.

A broad-crested weir is an overflow shape with a horizontal crest above which the deviation from a hydrostatic stress distribution due to centripetal acceleration can be neglected. In different words, the streamlines are nearly straight and parallel. To reap this example the duration of the weir crest within side the direction of flow (L) must be associated with the overall electricity head over the weir crest as u7 < H> 0.50, so that only light curvature-l G s occur T above the crest and a hydrostatic stress distribution can be assumed. If the measuring shape is so designed that there aren't any tremendous electricity losses within side the sector of acceleration upstream of the manage section

Q8) Explain Hydraulic Jump: Assumptions in the theory of hydraulic jump?

A8)

Whenever an obstruction is occurred in the path of flow the depth of flow at first less than the critical depth yc and then the depth of water increases rapid ally over a short length towards the downstream as shown in fig

Thus, there is a sudden change of flow from super critical flow to sub critical flow. The increase in depth occurs in a short length in channel is known as hydraulic jump or standing wave. The flow at the jump is steady but non uniform

The jump converts the kinetic energy of the rapidly flowing stream into potential energy

During the jump in a flow there is a loss of kinetic energy

Hydraulic jump is utilized in dissipating the surplus energy of water flowing through an open channel. After the jump water flows with a greater height and small velocity. The dissipation of energy during hydraulic jump is a desirable phenomena as it prevents the scoring of the bottom of the back side of the dam.

A hydraulic jump occurs in the following situation:

1. On the downstream of sluice gate
2. At the foot of spillways
3. When the gradient is suddenly change from a steep slope to a flat slope
4. When a rapid flow meets a streaming flow having a larger depth

Advantages:

1. It helps in dissipating excess energy of water flowing over the spillway of hydraulic dams
2. When y2>y1 in case of hydraulic jump it helps for better irrigation.
3. It helps to increase the weight on an apron of hydraulic structure due to increase in depth of flow and hence the uplift pressure acting an apron is considerably counterbalanced
4. It is used to remove air pockets from water supply pipes
5. It is used for aeration and dechlorination of waste water

Assumptions:

1. The slope of channel is very small hence the corresponding weight component in the direction of flow is negligible.
2. No friction at the sides and channel bed
3. The flow is uniform
4. Pressure distribution is hydrostatic before and after the jump
5. Hydraulic jump occurs abruptly.

Q9) What is Application of momentum equation to hydraulic jump in rectangular channel?

A9)

Consider two section 1-1 on the upstream and 2-2 on the downstream of the hydraulic jump

Let y1 and y2 are depth of flow at section 1-1 and 2-2

V1 and v2 are velocity at section

1-1 and at section 2-2

A1 and A2 are area of flow at section 1-1 and at a section 2-2

Discharge per unit width of channel q= Q/b

Pressure force at section 1-1= Area of pressure diagram at section 1-1 =

Pressure force at section 2-2= Area of pressure diagram at section 2-2 =

Net force acting on the mass of water between section 1-1 and 2-2

Where = Specific weight of water but net force must be equals to rate of change of momentum

Net force = (mass of water/sec) x change in velocity

From equating above equation

But v1 = q/y1 and v2 = q/y2 put in equation

Multiplying both side by y2 we get

Solving equation by quadratic equation

If the upstream depth y1 and velocity v1 are known the downstream depth y2 can be found out from equation then hydraulic jump = y2-y1

Q10) Explain Conjugate depths and relations between conjugate depths and Energy dissipation in hydraulic jump?

A10)

Conjugate depth:

The two depth y1 and y2 between which specific energy E1 and E2 is conserved this depth is called an alternate depth. Alternate depth valid over energy conserving devices e.g., sluice gate

When the hydraulic jump occurs some energy of flowing water is lost due to formation of eddy current and turbulent flow

Let

E1 = specific energy occurs at section 1-1

E2 = specific energy at section 2-2

Loss of energy

Substitute

Substituting value of q^2 we get,

Q11) What is Classification of hydraulic jump and its applications?

A11)

Hydraulic jump based on Froude’s number are classified into five categories

1. Undular jump
2. Weak jump
3. Oscillating jump
4. Steady jump
5. Strong jump

1. Undular jump

Froude number lies between 1 to1.7

The water surface is undulating with a very slight ripple on the surface

Energy loss is practically zero

2.     Weak jump

Froude number lies between 1.7 to 2.5. Small rollers are developed on the water surface

Water surface is smooth after the jump

Energy loss is very small is about 5 to 18%

3.     Oscillating jump

Froude number lies between 2.5 to 4.5

Formation of large waves of irregular periods

Waves are transmitted downstream which cause damage to embankment

4.     Steady jump

Froude number lies between 4.5 to 9

A clear distinct steady hydraulic jump is formed

The energy loss ranges from 40 to 70%

5.     Strong jump

Froude number is greater than 9

The water surface is very rough and chopy and continues for long distance on downstream

Energy dissipation can be upto 70%

Q12) Find the discharge of water flowing over a rectangular notch of 2 m length when the constant head over the notch is 300 mm take Cd = 0.60

A12)

Given:

Length of notch L= 2m

Head over notch H= 300 mm = 0.3 m

Cd = 0.6

Discharge for rectangular

The discharge through rectangular notch is 0,5822 m^3/sec

Q13) Determine the height of a rectangular weir of length 5 m to be built across a rectangular channel. The maximum depth of water on the upstream side of the weir is 1.5 m and discharge is 1.5 m^3/sec. Take Cd= 0.6 and neglect end contractions.

A13)

Given:

Width of channel: Width of weir = L= 5 m

Depth of channel = b= 1.5 m

Discharge Q = 1.5 m^3/sec

Discharge through suppressed weir neglecting velocity of approach

The maximum height of o.o697 m

Q14) The maximum flow through a rectangular channel 1.8 m wide and 1.2 m deep is 1.65 m^3/sec it is proposed install a sharp crested suppressed weir across the channel to measures the flow Find the maximum height of at which the weir crest can be placed in order that water may be not overflow the side crest can be placed in order that water may not overflow the side of the channel, neglect the velocity of approach.

A14)

Width of channel = width of weir = L= 1.8 m

Depth of channel = b= 1.2 m

Discharge = Q= 1.65 m^3/sec

Discharge through suppressed weir neglecting velocity of approach

The maximum height is 0.3535m