Unit - 6

Water Treatment Plant for Infrastructure

Q1) Give advantages of Packaged WTP.

A1)

• Plant’s three-level remedy procedure: Chemical Conditioning, Clarification, and Filtration produces relatively natural water that meets or exceeds all regulatory water first-rate requirements whilst minimizing capital and running costs.
• Highly solid procedure produces potable water even at some stage in height glide conditions, very low influent water temperature, or fluctuations in uncooked water features like turbidity and temperature.
• Custom designed and fabricated to match the procedure and format requirements.
• Highly green and strong fast mixers, flocculators, and clarifiers.
• No transferring or rotating elements in clarifier with tube-settlers.
• Depending upon application, the clear out mobileular is supplied with twin media, multi-media, GAC, greensand, or MD-80 (for Fe, Mn and H2S removal).
• High price gravity filtration cells with a green underdrain machine that flippantly collects the filtered water and distributes the backwash water.
• Air scour machine blanketed to decorate backwash efficiency.
• Easy to put in and start-up.
• High diploma of automation furnished for least operator attention.
• The package deal plant may be effortlessly transported to project’s site.
• Material of construction: Marine grade aluminum alloys, stainless steel, or epoxy lined carbon steel.

Q2) Enlist units of packaged water treatment plant.

A2)

Stage 1. Chemical Conditioning

• In the primary level of the package deal water remedy plant, the uncooked water is fed right into a fast-blending area wherein neutralizing and coagulating chemical substances are brought. Coagulants neutralize the fee and sell collisions among the small suspended particulates, referred to as colloids, allowing them to shape flocs.

Stage 2. Clarification

• The coagulated and flocculated water is frivolously allotted throughout the clarifier the usage of properly designed distribution laterals beneathneath the tube settlers. Tube settlers are used to sell speedy clarification.
• The tube settler includes rectangular tubes, typically willing at 60 degrees, which reasons the “captured” floc debris to settle through gravity to the lowest of the clarifier and shape sludge.
• The sludge accumulates withinside the backside of the clarifier’s hopper and is withdrawn thru a desludge valve at everyday intervals.
• A series device at the floor collects and directs the clarified water to the filters. Dissolved air flotation clarifiers also can be supplied for excessive fee clarification.

Stage 3. Filtration

• Clarified water enters the excessive price gravity clear out for elimination of the final finer strong particles. Based at the application, the clear out media may be twin media, multi-media, GAC, greensand, or MD-80.
• The water passes thru the layers of the media and is amassed with the aid of using the beneath Neath drain device. This filtered water is then dispatched for disinfection or similarly processing.
• Optional Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection expands the safety provided with the aid of using Napier-Reid’s flora, making sure entire inactivation of waterborne pathogens which includes Cryptosporidium and Giardia.

Q3) Why Water Treatment is necessary?

A3)

The reason behind water treatment for daily use is as follows:

• Package flora arrive on web website online simply geared up to perform, and are constructed to decrease the daily interest required to perform the equipment. Other essential blessings are their compact size, fee effectiveness, relative ease of operation, and layout for unattended operation.
• The fundamental blessings of a packaged factory-completed device are financial savings in engineering, layout and set up costs, and operation and maintenance. These functions make bundle flora appealing to groups that should perform on a good budget.
• These floras can efficiently cast-off turbidity and microorganism from floor water of pretty regular quality, supplied that they may be run with the aid of using capable operators and are well maintained.
• Package flora additionally may be designed to cast off dissolved materials from the uncooked water, which includes color -inflicting materials and trihalomethane precursors (which can be natural substances frequently located in supply water which could react with chlorine to shape what are referred to as disinfection with the aid of using-merchandise or DBPs).

Q4) What is selection criteria for selection of Packaged WTP?

A4)

• Package flowers can vary broadly in regards to layout criteria, and running and protection considerations.
• Package plant structures are maximum suitable for plant sizes that deal with from 25,000 to 6,000,000 gallons in step with day (gpd) (approx. 95.6 to 22, seven hundred cubic meters in step with day).
• Influent water exceptional is the maximum critical attention in figuring out the suitability of a bundle plant application.
• Complete influent water exceptional facts want to be tested to set up turbidity levels, seasonal temperature fluctuations, and satiation degree expectations.
• Both excessive turbidity and satiation may also require coagulant dosages past many bundle flowers layout specifications.
• Pilot checks (checks that compare remedy techniques and operations on a small scale to achieve overall performance criteria) can be essential to pick out a bundle plant for extra modern designs the use of excessive glide quotes and shorter detention time unit techniques.
• Package remedy device producers frequently carry out those checks.

Q5) What are the limitations of packaged WTP?

A5)

• Highly variable influent water fine calls for an excessive degree of operational ability and attention, and that has a tendency to negate the bundle plant benefits of low price and automation.
• Despite the fantastically massive wide variety of bundle flowers in use, many states are reluctant to advise them completely.
• The necessities of the Safe Drinking Water Act and its amendments may assignment bundle capability.
• Challenges consist of the viable incapacity of those structures to deal with a couple of varieties of contaminants.
• Many groups are presently the usage of bundle flowers to deal with water supplies, however little records have been accrued to illustrate long-time period overall performance and operations of those structures.
• State corporations accountable for reviewing plans for the setup of bundle structures have to assessment every capability plan on a case-by-case basis, with simplest their very own revel in to decide the capability for achievement or failure. Presently there's no countrywide verification manner for bundle flowers.

Q6) Give features for WTP of swimming pools.

A6)

• Multiple fashions to be had
• Easy to install
• User-pleasant operation

• A nicely maintained pool is one this is visually and biologically cleaning. If the chlorine and PH stages are maintained, microorganism and algae may be killed and the pool may be biologically safe. Filtration is mechanical system of eliminating insoluble remember from swimming pool water.
• Pool water wearing particulate remember, solids and particles is exceeded thru filtering media that permit clean water to go back to the pool. Water readability is crucial for appearance, hygiene and safety.
• The water obviously includes dissolved and undissolved impurities. Undissolved impurities of water and precipitate sludge may be eliminated with the basically famous and simple remedy of filtration.
• Various forms of AST filtration flowers are to be had for distinct sort of impurities to be eliminated with distinct float rate. AST filters are crafted from moderate steel/FRP closed vessel incorporating frontal piping geared up with valves and are operated below pressure.
• The water is exceeded thru the clear out from distinct grade of clear out media, wherein undesirable impurities are left at the back of on the clear out mattress.

Q7) Describe Building Plumbing.

A7)

Building Plumbing:

• Numerous requirements and certification our bodies exist nationally and internationally, so it can now no longer be important for a rustic to broaden a completely unique set of requirements. It may want to determine to undertake one of the current structures and require that merchandise is licensed to satisfy that system’s requirements.
• In judging a product or cloth, the regulating authority (or certifier) ought to bear in mind elements together with the following:
• Is the product or cloth below attention appropriate for the utility or purpose?
• Will it's dangerous to the fitness of the network in its everyday use?
• Is there a threat of those substances being launched into the surroundings (e.g., the water) with inside the first example or after the operating lifestyles of the product or cloth has expired?

Materials used for building plumbing:

1. Metallic and non-metal substances utilized in pipework
2. Galvanized metallic or iron
3. Copper tubing
4. Polybutylene
5. Chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC)
6. Unplasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC)
7. Polyethylene (PE)

Q8) What are pressure reducing valves?

A8)

• This valve reduces the strain of the water that is going thru it, and is used to acquire a regulated and consistent fee at its outlet. It is hooked up on the water mains (for a bungalow as for a flat).
• It protects the complete set up from troubles because of extra strain: noises withinside the pipes, water hammer, splashes, untimely put on of family electric home equipment and taps. The strain decreasing valves are absolutely automatic.

Fig: Pressure Reducing Valves

Types of Pressure Reducing Valves

• A stress-decreasing valve in a steam device works through balancing the steam stress with a spring. Most of the contemporary-day stress-decreasing valves are synthetic the use of this simple concept. Based at the mechanism of controlling the valve establishing, stress decreasing valves are categorized into types:

1. Direct appearing stress decreasing valve and
2. Pilot-operated stress decreasing valve.

1. Direct-appearing stress decreasing valve:

• Direct-appearing stress decreasing valves are best for small masses wherein specific stress manage isn't always required. They are synthetic in a compact length, cheap, and really smooth to install.
• It does now no longer want an outside sensing line downstream to function as its miles self-contained.

• The accuracy of direct-appearing PRVs is typically (+/-) 10% of the downstream set point.
• In direct appearing stress decreasing valves, the motion of the adjustment spring aids with inside the valve establishing directly.
• The spring compression creates a gap pressure at the stress-decreasing valve which will increase the float.
• As stress builds downstream, equalizing happens through feeding the downstream stress to the bottom of the adjustment spring wherein its upward pressure counter-balances towards the spring compression.
• The spring compressive pressure is confined to permit enough spring sensitivity to equalize with downstream stress changes.

2.     Pilot Operated stress decreasing valve:

• Pilot-operated stress decreasing valves are commonly used for large masses requiring near stress manage. They offer a quicker reaction to load version and appropriate for a much broader variety of float prices in comparison to the direct-appearing types. They are large in length and costly.
• A pilot-operated stress decreasing valve makes use of a pilot valve to load a piston or diaphragm that will increase the downward pressure used to open a bigger principal valve.
• This pilot valve purposely gives you stress to the primary valve piston or diaphragm.

Q9) What are the applications of pressure reducing valves?

A9)

1. Air or fuel line offerings:

• Both direct-performing and pilot-operated strain decreasing valves for air and fuel line offerings are utilized in compressed air structures, strength tools, pneumatic manipulate structures, and manipulate valves for the commercial fuel line garage and distribution structures. The choice of the form of strain-decreasing valve for those offerings is primarily based totally at the accuracy of manipulate required.

2.Water offerings:

• Pressure-decreasing valves discover huge utility in home and business water distribution offerings and hearth place safety structures. In general, direct-performing strain-decreasing valves are desired for those offerings.
• During excessive-call for scenarios, retaining gadget pressures will become very difficult. Pressure decreasing valves are utilized in the ones strains which could successfully manipulate the strain downstream to a suitable limit.

3.Steam offerings:

• The majority of the strain-decreasing valves are utilized in steam packages related to direct steam deliver, steam engines, and turbines. Other Services: Pressure decreasing valves discover their packages with inside the following:
• Bearing lubrication structures in heavy business device and rolling mills.
• In hydraulic presses to manipulate ram strain.
• To manipulate the strain in fuel-oil structures.
• To lessen strain in sterilizers, humidifiers, unit heaters, and small technique device

Q10) Define storage tank and list out its types.

A10)

Storage Tanks

• Storage tanks containing natural drinks, non-natural drinks, vapors and may be determined in lots of industries. Most garage tanks are designed and constructed to the American Petroleum Institute API-650 specification.
• These tanks could have extraordinary sizes, starting from 2 to 60 m diameter or more. They are typically set up internal containment basins as a way to incorporate spills in case of rupture of the tank. Industries wherein garage tanks may be determined are: petroleum generating and refining,
• Petrochemical and chemical manufacturing, bulk garage and switch operations, different industries ingesting or generating drinks and vapors.

Types of storage tanks

Basically, there are eight types of tanks used to store liquids:

1. Fixed-roof tanks
2. External floating roof tanks
3. Internal floating roof tanks
4. Domed external floating roof tanks
5. Horizontal tanks
6. Pressure tanks
7. Variable vapor space tanks
8. LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) tanks

Q11) Explain fixtures and fitting used in plumbing.

A11)

Fixtures and fittings:

• Plumbing fittings & furnishings are the manner for competently the use of water with inside the home. These are the valves, faucets, toilets, bathe heads, drain stoppers and basins of your plumbing machine.
• Over time, fittings & furnishings can put on out so they may be generally made to be replaceable. They aren't buried with inside the shape so they may be lots simpler to get entry to for repairs, servicing and replacement. This additionally makes them simpler to change, tinker-with and tweak to satisfy diverse adjustments in fashion, wishes and budgets.

Fixture types

• Types of furnishings encompass toilets, sinks, bathtubs, showers and bidets. Fixtures are supposed for lengthy, long-lasting use uncovered to water on a steady basis, in order that they have a tendency to be product of substances that withstand rust, erosion and water staining.
• Porcelain is such a fabric as is plastic, fiberglass, tile, marble, glass and chrome steel or copper. Fixtures have drains with inside the backside for the water to evacuate and stoppers to maintain the water in region if favored.

Sinks

• Plumbing sinks are bowls or basins used to maintain water to be used in washing, shaving or something. Like maximum furnishings, sinks are generally product of porcelain, however I actually have additionally visible them in copper, glass, ceramic, stainless, or maybe fiberglass

Traps

• All sinks and different furnishings have drains geared up with a few shapes of P-entice. The P-entice is a curved piece of drain pipe immediately below the sink that keeps a small quantity of water in it whilst the water is became off.
• This small quantity of water is sufficient to entice and block air the drain pipe in order that foul smelling air from the drain machine can't come again up via sink and into the home.

Bathtubs

• Bathtubs had been rounded a protracted time. The Romans virtually preferred them and spent a lot time indulging in them that their empire in the end fell apart. So, bathtubs had been one motive for the autumn of the Roman Empire. I can recognize that. Bathtubs are so vital that when lengthy farm animals drive, cowboys could without a doubt forestall drinking, line up, and pay exorbitant prices to apply the most effective bath in something determined little city become close by to the stockyards. (Smart cowboys could usually hold their pistol reachable at some stage in the bath.

T Bidets

• I actually have now no longer showed this, however it's miles generally agreed that the French got here up with this tool and gave it the call Bidet, that's said b’day and in French manner “butt washer” or something like that.

The Washlet

• The employer Toto has cleverly created a bidet seat and mated it to a rest room developing a single, all in one, Swiss military knife, fixture known as a “washlet”.
• Caulking and sealants are ordinary phrases for any cloth used to fill the inevitable joints among different substances. Certainly, use caulking may be for beauty purposes, however it's miles especially vital for leak-proofing a joint in which water may want to motive a variety of damage.

Q12) Describe SMART City Mission.

A12)

SMART City Mission:

• The reason of the Smart Cities Mission is to power financial boom and enhance the exceptional of existence of human beings through allowing nearby region improvement and harnessing generation, specifically generation that results in Smart outcomes.

Selection Process

• The choice procedure of Smart Cities is primarily based totally at the concept of Competitive and Co-operative Federalism and follows a Challenge procedure to pick towns in stages.

• In January 2016, primarily based totally at the All India Competition, 20 clever towns have been decided on in Round 1 (Annexure-I). Thirteen greater Smart Cities have been decided on in May 2016 in speedy tune round (Annexure-II).

• In Round 2, sixty-three capability clever towns participated of which, 27 Smart Cities had been decided on in September 2016 (Annexure-III).

• In Round 3, forty-five capability clever towns participated of which, 30 Smart Cities had been decided on in June 2017 (Annexure-IV).

• In Round 4, 15 capability clever towns participated of which, 9 Smart Cities had been decided on in January 2018 (Annexure-V).

• An overall funding of Rs.2,01,981crore has been proposed through the ninety-nine towns below their clever metropolis plans. Projects specializing in revamping a recognized region (Area Based Projects) are envisioned to fee Rs. 1, sixty-three,138 crore. Smart projects throughout the metropolis (Pan City Initiatives) account for the final Rs. 38,841 crores of investments.

• The implementation of the Smart Cities Mission is executed through a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to be installation at metropolis degree withinside the shape of a constrained corporation below the Companies Act, 2013 and could be promoted through the State/UT and the Urban Local Body (ULB) at the same time each having 50:50 fairness shareholding. After choice, every decided on Smart Cities should installation SPVs and begin implementation in their Smart City Proposal, instruction of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs), tenders etc.

• The SPV will convert the Smart City Proposal into initiatives thru Project Management Consultants (PMCs) and implementation thereafter.

Q13) Describe objective AMRUT Mission.

A13)

The AMRUT Mission includes the subsequent foremost additives:

• Capacity building
• Reform implementation
• Water delivers and control of sewerage and septage
• Drainage of stormwater
• Improvement in city shipping facilities
• Development of inexperienced areas and parks.

The following are the objectives of AMRUT Mission:

• The AMRUT Scheme specializes in organizing an infrastructure for making sure good enough sewage networks and water deliver with inside the city regions via the implementation of the city revival projects. The first kingdom to put up State Annual Action Plan below the AMRUT scheme became Rajasthan.
• Various different schemes like Swachh Bharat Mission, Housing for All 2022 and the nearby kingdom schemes associated with water deliver, sewerage and infrastructure also can be connected to the AMRUT scheme.
• About ₹1 lakh crore funding on city improvement below Smart Cities Mission and the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation of 500 towns has already been permitted through the government The most important goals of the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) are referred to below:
• To make sure a right deliver of water and a sewage connection in each family.
• To expand inexperienced and properly maintained open areas and parks to boom the amenity fee of the towns.
• To lessen pollutants through switching to public delivery or via the development of non-motorized delivery centers including on foot and cycling.
• Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) pursuits in protecting round 500 towns which might be having a populace of over one lakh with notified municipalities.

Q14) Explain Service Level benchmark.

A14)

• The city zone is being an increasing number of acknowledged as a vital increase driving force for the Indian economy.
• The proportion of populace living in city regions is likewise witnessing fast increase—from 28 in keeping with cent in 2001, its miles projected to upward push to 38 in keeping with cent through 2026. Basic provider levels, however, continue to be properly beneath preferred levels. Investment in infrastructure has now no longer continually led to commensurate outcomes.
• This has additionally turn out to be the cornerstone of the city reform time table being applied as a part of numerous centrally backed schemes which include the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) and the Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT). It foresees a shift in awareness from infrastructure introduction to the transport of provider outcomes.
• Benchmarking is now properly identified as a vital mechanism for overall performance control and responsibility in provider transport. It includes the measuring and tracking of provider issuer overall performance on a scientific and non-stop basis.
• Sustained benchmarking can assist utilities to become aware of overall performance gaps and introduce enhancements via the sharing of facts and fine practices, in the end ensuing in higher offerings to people.

Q15) Explain Jal Jeevan Mission.

A15)

• Jal Jeevan Mission, is estimated to offer secure and ok consuming water via character family faucet connections with the aid of using 2024 to all families in rural India.
• The program may also put in force supply sustainability measures as obligatory elements, together with recharge and reuse via gray water management, water conservation, rain water harvesting.
• The Jal Jeevan Mission could be primarily based totally on a network method to water and could encompass considerable Information, Education and communique as a key aspect of the mission. JJM seems to create a janandolan for water, thereby making it everyone’s priority.

Vision

• Every rural family has consuming water deliver in ok amount of prescribed excellent on every day and lengthy-time period foundation at lower priced provider transport costs main to development in dwelling requirements of rural groups.

Importance of JJL in Rural Area:

The large targets of the Mission are:

• To offer FHTC to each rural family.
• To prioritize provision of FHTCs in quality affected areas, villages in drought inclined and barren region areas, Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) villages, etc.
• To offer practical faucet connection to Schools, Anganwadi centres, GP buildings, Health centres, well-being centres and network buildings
• To screen capability of faucet connections.
• To sell and make certain voluntary possession amongst neighborhood network with the aid of using manner of contribution in cash, type and/ or labour and voluntary labor (shramdaan)
• To help in making sure sustainability of water deliver system, i.e., water supply, water deliver infrastructure, and finances for everyday O&M
• To empower and broaden human aid with inside the zone such that the needs of construction, plumbing, electrical, water excellent management, water remedy, catchment protection, O&M, etc. are looked after in brief and lengthy time period
• To deliver consciousness on diverse components and importance of secure consuming water and involvement of stakeholders in way that make water everyone's business