CHEM
Unit 06Metallic materials and Green Chemistry Q1) What are alloys?A1) It is the mixture of metallic solid solution that composed of two or more elements. E.g.: Brass, pewter, phosphor bronze, steel. Alloys typically refer to metals that are formed from the mixture of two or more elements. One of those elements must be a metallic element, but other constituents may not always be metallic. Alloys give single solid phase microstructure. The partial solutions give two or more than those phases that may or may not be the homogenous in distribution. Q2) What are ferrous alloys?A2) Ferrous alloys are metals that consist mostly of iron that is Fe. Steel is an iron-based alloy containing typically less than 1% carbon, where iron frequently contains 2% or more carbon. They are produced in larger quantities than any other metallic material. Their mechanical properties can be improved by heat treating and, in the case of steels, by working. Stainless steels were developed to resist corrosion and generally contain 12% or more chromium, and may contain nickel in any amount up to or even exceeding the chromium content based upon the mechanical properties desired and application. Q3) What are non-ferrous alloys?A3) A metal is defined as non-ferrous it means that it does not have a significant amount of iron in its chemical composition. That means nearly all metal alloys have some trace, or non-significant, amount of iron in their composition. This does not make them ferrous alloys though. Non-ferrous alloys generally have iron compositions of less than one percent as measured by weight. If iron constitutes a large percentage of a metal, such as if it is the first or second most abundant element in the metal’s chemical composition, then the metal is considered ferrous. Q4) Enlist the purposes of alloys. A4) Alloys enhance the metal hardness: The pure metal posses the property of softness. The hardness of a metal can be enhanced by alloying it with another metal or nonmetal.Alloys help in decreasing the melting point: Pure metals have a high melting point. The melting point lowers when pure metals are alloyed with other metals or nonmetals. This makes the metals easily fusible. This property is utilized to make useful alloys called solders.Alloy help in enhancing the tensile strength: Alloy formation increases the tensile strength of the parent metal.Alloy help in enhancing corrosion resistance: They are more resistant to corrosion than pure metals. Metals in pure form are chemically reactive and can be easily corroded by the surrounding atmospheric gases and moisture. Alloying a metal increases the inertness of the metal, which, in turn, increases corrosion resistance.Modify color: The color of pure metal can be modified by alloy with other metals or nonmetals containing suitable color pigments.Provide better castability: One of the most essential requirements of getting good castings is the expansion of the metal on solidification. Pure molten metals undergo contraction on solidification.Q5) Explain stainless steel.A5) Stainless steel is a family of alloy steels usually containing 10 to 30% of chromium. In conjunction with low carbon content, chromium imparts remarkable resistance to corrosion and heat. Other elements such as nickel, molybdenum, titanium, aluminium, niobium, copper, nitrogen, phosphorus or selenium, may be added to increase corrosion resistance to specific environments, enhance oxidation resistance, and impart special characteristics. Q6) Enlist the properties of stainless steel. A6) Properties of Stainless Steel:Corrosion resistant. High tensile strength. Very durable. Temperature resistant. Easy formability and fabrication. Low-maintenance Attractive appearance. Environmentally friendly Q7) What are copper alloys?A7) Copper alloys are those metal alloys that have copper as their principal component. They possess high resistivity against corrosion. The best known traditional types are bronze; where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. Both of these are imprecise terms, having both been commonly referred to as lattens in the past. Q8) Enlist the application of copper alloys. A8) Applications: Power transmission lines Architectural applications Cooking utensils Spark plugs Electrical wiring, cables and busbars High conductivity wires Electrodes Heat exchangers and refrigeration tubing Plumbing Water-cooled copper crucibles. Roofing Cladding Rainwater systems Heating systems Water pipes and fittings Q9) Write about the properties of Nichrome.A9) Nickel alloys resist high pressures and temperatures, making them well-suited for high-performance applications such as jet-engine blades. They also resist corrosion. That is why monel is used in deep-seal mining, where seawater poses a constant threat of corrosion.Nickel and nickel alloys are non-ferrous metals with high strength and toughness, excellent corrosion resistance, and superior elevated temperature properties. Pure nickel is a bright silver-white metallic element of the iron group and is hard, malleable, and ductile. Pure nickel itself is tough and corrosion resistant and provides an excellent base for developing specialized alloys. Q10) Explain Alnico and its composition.
1. Al (Aluminium)
2. Ni (Nickel)
3. Co (Cobalt)
sometimes it also includes titanium
Q11) Explain about Duralium and its applications.A11) Duralium is a metal consist of an alloy of aluminium, copper, magnesium and manganese. Duralium is a special kind of metal, it is hard made by subjecting it to heat treatment. It may be well spun, tempered, riveted, welded or machinated. The duralumin, which is effectively given heat treatment, can be effectively being resistant to corrosion. It can carry heavy loads, and is ductile. It is specially suited for aircraft construction.Composition of duralumin
1. Cu (Copper)
2. Mg (Magnesium)
3. Mn (Manganese) Q12) Enlist the principles of Green chemistry.A12) There are following 12 major principles of green chemistry:(i) Preventing Waste(ii) Maximize atom economy(iii) Less hazardous chemical syntheses(iv) Designing safer chemicals(v) Safer solvents and Auxiliaries(vi) Increases Energy efficiency(vii) Uses renewable feedstock(viii) Reduce derivatives(ix) Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagent(x) Design chemicals and products to be degraded after use(xi) Real time analysis to prevent pollution(xii) Minimize the potential for accidents
A10) Alnico is the name for an iron alloy that primarily consists of iron, aluminium, nickel & cobalt. Alnico alloys have ferromagnetic properties which makes it strong permanent magnets. These magnets also show excellent stability in a wide range temperature. There are effective in temperatures upto 1000∘F.
Composition of alnico is1. Al (Aluminium)
2. Ni (Nickel)
3. Co (Cobalt)
sometimes it also includes titanium
Q11) Explain about Duralium and its applications.A11) Duralium is a metal consist of an alloy of aluminium, copper, magnesium and manganese. Duralium is a special kind of metal, it is hard made by subjecting it to heat treatment. It may be well spun, tempered, riveted, welded or machinated. The duralumin, which is effectively given heat treatment, can be effectively being resistant to corrosion. It can carry heavy loads, and is ductile. It is specially suited for aircraft construction.Composition of duralumin
1. Cu (Copper)
2. Mg (Magnesium)
3. Mn (Manganese) Q12) Enlist the principles of Green chemistry.A12) There are following 12 major principles of green chemistry:(i) Preventing Waste(ii) Maximize atom economy(iii) Less hazardous chemical syntheses(iv) Designing safer chemicals(v) Safer solvents and Auxiliaries(vi) Increases Energy efficiency(vii) Uses renewable feedstock(viii) Reduce derivatives(ix) Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagent(x) Design chemicals and products to be degraded after use(xi) Real time analysis to prevent pollution(xii) Minimize the potential for accidents
Unit 06Metallic materials and Green Chemistry Q1) What are alloys?A1) It is the mixture of metallic solid solution that composed of two or more elements. E.g.: Brass, pewter, phosphor bronze, steel. Alloys typically refer to metals that are formed from the mixture of two or more elements. One of those elements must be a metallic element, but other constituents may not always be metallic. Alloys give single solid phase microstructure. The partial solutions give two or more than those phases that may or may not be the homogenous in distribution. Q2) What are ferrous alloys?A2) Ferrous alloys are metals that consist mostly of iron that is Fe. Steel is an iron-based alloy containing typically less than 1% carbon, where iron frequently contains 2% or more carbon. They are produced in larger quantities than any other metallic material. Their mechanical properties can be improved by heat treating and, in the case of steels, by working. Stainless steels were developed to resist corrosion and generally contain 12% or more chromium, and may contain nickel in any amount up to or even exceeding the chromium content based upon the mechanical properties desired and application. Q3) What are non-ferrous alloys?A3) A metal is defined as non-ferrous it means that it does not have a significant amount of iron in its chemical composition. That means nearly all metal alloys have some trace, or non-significant, amount of iron in their composition. This does not make them ferrous alloys though. Non-ferrous alloys generally have iron compositions of less than one percent as measured by weight. If iron constitutes a large percentage of a metal, such as if it is the first or second most abundant element in the metal’s chemical composition, then the metal is considered ferrous. Q4) Enlist the purposes of alloys. A4) Alloys enhance the metal hardness: The pure metal posses the property of softness. The hardness of a metal can be enhanced by alloying it with another metal or nonmetal.Alloys help in decreasing the melting point: Pure metals have a high melting point. The melting point lowers when pure metals are alloyed with other metals or nonmetals. This makes the metals easily fusible. This property is utilized to make useful alloys called solders.Alloy help in enhancing the tensile strength: Alloy formation increases the tensile strength of the parent metal.Alloy help in enhancing corrosion resistance: They are more resistant to corrosion than pure metals. Metals in pure form are chemically reactive and can be easily corroded by the surrounding atmospheric gases and moisture. Alloying a metal increases the inertness of the metal, which, in turn, increases corrosion resistance.Modify color: The color of pure metal can be modified by alloy with other metals or nonmetals containing suitable color pigments.Provide better castability: One of the most essential requirements of getting good castings is the expansion of the metal on solidification. Pure molten metals undergo contraction on solidification.Q5) Explain stainless steel.A5) Stainless steel is a family of alloy steels usually containing 10 to 30% of chromium. In conjunction with low carbon content, chromium imparts remarkable resistance to corrosion and heat. Other elements such as nickel, molybdenum, titanium, aluminium, niobium, copper, nitrogen, phosphorus or selenium, may be added to increase corrosion resistance to specific environments, enhance oxidation resistance, and impart special characteristics. Q6) Enlist the properties of stainless steel. A6) Properties of Stainless Steel:Corrosion resistant. High tensile strength. Very durable. Temperature resistant. Easy formability and fabrication. Low-maintenance Attractive appearance. Environmentally friendly Q7) What are copper alloys?A7) Copper alloys are those metal alloys that have copper as their principal component. They possess high resistivity against corrosion. The best known traditional types are bronze; where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. Both of these are imprecise terms, having both been commonly referred to as lattens in the past. Q8) Enlist the application of copper alloys. A8) Applications: Power transmission lines Architectural applications Cooking utensils Spark plugs Electrical wiring, cables and busbars High conductivity wires Electrodes Heat exchangers and refrigeration tubing Plumbing Water-cooled copper crucibles. Roofing Cladding Rainwater systems Heating systems Water pipes and fittings Q9) Write about the properties of Nichrome.A9) Nickel alloys resist high pressures and temperatures, making them well-suited for high-performance applications such as jet-engine blades. They also resist corrosion. That is why monel is used in deep-seal mining, where seawater poses a constant threat of corrosion.Nickel and nickel alloys are non-ferrous metals with high strength and toughness, excellent corrosion resistance, and superior elevated temperature properties. Pure nickel is a bright silver-white metallic element of the iron group and is hard, malleable, and ductile. Pure nickel itself is tough and corrosion resistant and provides an excellent base for developing specialized alloys. Q10) Explain Alnico and its composition.
1. Al (Aluminium)
2. Ni (Nickel)
3. Co (Cobalt)
sometimes it also includes titanium
Q11) Explain about Duralium and its applications.A11) Duralium is a metal consist of an alloy of aluminium, copper, magnesium and manganese. Duralium is a special kind of metal, it is hard made by subjecting it to heat treatment. It may be well spun, tempered, riveted, welded or machinated. The duralumin, which is effectively given heat treatment, can be effectively being resistant to corrosion. It can carry heavy loads, and is ductile. It is specially suited for aircraft construction.Composition of duralumin
1. Cu (Copper)
2. Mg (Magnesium)
3. Mn (Manganese) Q12) Enlist the principles of Green chemistry.A12) There are following 12 major principles of green chemistry:(i) Preventing Waste(ii) Maximize atom economy(iii) Less hazardous chemical syntheses(iv) Designing safer chemicals(v) Safer solvents and Auxiliaries(vi) Increases Energy efficiency(vii) Uses renewable feedstock(viii) Reduce derivatives(ix) Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagent(x) Design chemicals and products to be degraded after use(xi) Real time analysis to prevent pollution(xii) Minimize the potential for accidents
A10) Alnico is the name for an iron alloy that primarily consists of iron, aluminium, nickel & cobalt. Alnico alloys have ferromagnetic properties which makes it strong permanent magnets. These magnets also show excellent stability in a wide range temperature. There are effective in temperatures upto 1000∘F.
Composition of alnico is1. Al (Aluminium)
2. Ni (Nickel)
3. Co (Cobalt)
sometimes it also includes titanium
Q11) Explain about Duralium and its applications.A11) Duralium is a metal consist of an alloy of aluminium, copper, magnesium and manganese. Duralium is a special kind of metal, it is hard made by subjecting it to heat treatment. It may be well spun, tempered, riveted, welded or machinated. The duralumin, which is effectively given heat treatment, can be effectively being resistant to corrosion. It can carry heavy loads, and is ductile. It is specially suited for aircraft construction.Composition of duralumin
1. Cu (Copper)
2. Mg (Magnesium)
3. Mn (Manganese) Q12) Enlist the principles of Green chemistry.A12) There are following 12 major principles of green chemistry:(i) Preventing Waste(ii) Maximize atom economy(iii) Less hazardous chemical syntheses(iv) Designing safer chemicals(v) Safer solvents and Auxiliaries(vi) Increases Energy efficiency(vii) Uses renewable feedstock(viii) Reduce derivatives(ix) Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagent(x) Design chemicals and products to be degraded after use(xi) Real time analysis to prevent pollution(xii) Minimize the potential for accidents
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