IOT
UNIT - 3Network & Communication Aspects in IoTQ1) Write a note on Network & Communication Aspects in IoT.A1)Network & Communication Aspects in IoTA recent paradigm of communication which popularly known as Internet of Things (IoT), where all the objects of different kinds of our daily life spanning from smart phones, sensors or devices are associated with network enabled objects (like RFID) can communicate with each other and makes a part of Internet. The main aim of IoT is to make Internet more and more inspiring and pervasive. By connecting wide variety of heterogeneous devices and making easy access of the devices, several applications are being used in IoT, which deals with the large number of data generated by the attached devices and make some decisions which is very important for the industry or control the attached devices based on the generated data. There is a huge use of IoT in several domains like medical aids, home automation, industrial automation, mobile health care, electricity transmission and distribution etc. Now a day smart city is one of the emerging domains of IoT, where researchers are proposing several communication models and standards and provide some applications which facilitate the residing citizens by enhancing their everyday standard of life. Q2) Write a note on Wireless medium access issues in IoT.A2)When it comes to communication using a wireless medium there is always a concern about the interference due to other present wireless communication technologies. Wireless means communication and message transfer without the use of physical medium i.e., wires.Let us understand how communication is done between them. Different Mobile stations(MS) are attached to a transmitter/receiver which communicates via a shared channel by other nodes. In this type of communication, it makes it difficult for the MAC design rather than the wireline networks.The very important issues which are observed are: Half Duplex operation, Time-varying channel, and Burst channel errors. Q3) Write a note on Half Duplex operation.A3)Half Duplex operation:Half-duplex transmission means when the sender and receiver both are capable of sharing data but one at a time. In wireless transmission, it is difficult to receive data when the transmitter is sending the data because during transmission a large amount or a large fraction of signal energy is leaked while broadcasting. The magnitude of the transferred signal and received signal differs a lot. Due to which collision detection is even not possible by the sender as the intensity of the transferred signal is large than the received one. Hence this causes the problem of collision and the prime focus should be to minimize the collision. Q4) Write a note on Burst channel errors.A4)Burst channel errors:Burst channel errors are called as a contiguous sequence of symbols, which are received in a communication channel, in which the first and last symbols has an error and there is no evidence of contiguous sub-sequence of corrected received symbols. When time-varying channels are used then signals strengths are introduced due to which errors are observed in transmission. For these channels in wireline networks, the Bit rate is high as 10 -3. Q5) Write a note on MAC protocol survey.A5)In UIoT, a medium access control (MAC) protocol is essential because it manages the coordination among different IoT devices during data transmission. However, several challenges need to be addressed at the MAC layer to provide high network throughput, low energy consumption, and low latency. The high mobility of UAVs is one of the most important challenges, resulting in a highly dynamic network topology. The IoT devices can only get access to a UAV when the UAV is within their communication range. The UAV is usually equipped with directional antennas for energy-efficient transmission. In this case, the IoT devices located in different areas can communicate with the UAV at different times. This causes unfair access opportunities in the network. On the other hand, reducing the energy consumption of the devices is very important in the UIoT network. In UIoT, three types of energy consumption should be considered: the energy consumption of battery-powered UAVs, energy consumption of onboard sensors, cameras, and other IoT devices, and energy consumption of ground IoT devices and sensor nodes. Therefore, how to select or design an appropriate MAC protocol for the uplink channel by handling these issues is a challenging problem. Q6) What are proactive protocols in IoT?A6) Routing protocol are of two types in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), which are Proactive and Reactive. In forward routing protocols, it gives the routes even before it is even needed by node or any data. Hence these proactive protocols from time to time exchange its control messages to find routes inside the network as they start the transmission. Q7) What are reactive protocols in IoT?A7)Routing protocol are of two types in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), which are Proactive and Reactive. Reactive protocol which provides routes only needed to do. So hence it decides that if a route is needed for data to transmit and also so that the network is not flooded by its queries. Q8) Write a note on Sensor deployment & Node discovery.A8)
Sensor deployment & Node discovery Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technological paradigm where the things can be connected from different fields through the Internet. The rapid advancement in communication technologies, actuators and low-cost sensing devices leads to extensive deployment of IoT devices. Such devices can be deployed in any public spaces provide detailed information about the behaviour of individuals such as personalization, behavior change and personal health monitoring. IoT technology which is being deployed is specially designed to make it invisible, such that the technology does not manifest its presence to the users it is monitoring. For the IoT based healthcare applications, the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is gaining much popularity as wearable devices spring into the marketplace. Multiple sensor nodes can be deployed on different locations of the human body to measure the heartbeat, body temperature distribution, and detect falls. In addition to medical signals, the sensor nodes can be placed to track environmental conditions around the human body as well. Hence, wearable sensor systems afford valuable information about the impact of human health. These systems are not only limited for personal use, can be fitted on animal, car, etc. to construct a wireless sensor network. According to previous estimation, healthcare IoT solutions lay down the platform for extremely accessible, personalized and on-time services that will attain $1 trillion by 2025 hopefully. Wearable systems have emerged as a prominent area in healthcare for managing cardiovascular, neurological diseases etc. These sensors are used on the body surface or inside the human body non-invasively, however it is distinct from invasive implantable devices. This system will be particularly helpful for sensing information inside the human body as the sensors are designed and supported by flexible technologies. The sensing device collects data which is transmitted through wireless communication protocols to a server that is responsible to gather the datasets available for further analysis. WBAN comprised of heterogeneous nodes fixed in and around the human body which is connected to the network. It is characterized by IEEE 802.15 communication standard; generating huge volume of data and gathering it play a vital role in electronic healthcare. Data residing in multiple wireless devices need to be collected and analyzed effectively. Within WBAN datasets may be fragmented across many nodes and if practitioner’s node does not have the correct information then the quality of healthcare processing would be degraded. This chapter presents the overview of wearable sensors for tracking physiological and physical changes in daily life, their basics and applications. Wearable sensor based systems have enormous potentials to be completely explored and it is anticipated that advancement in technologies will afford the transformation how healthcare will be in future. It highlights the significance of localization in on-body area network and it gives an overview about evaluating the performance of localization systems. It also presents the several types of sensors and methodologies to fuse the data generated by sensors. Since we foreseen a future where the existence of miniature devices communicating through packet radio in both indoor and outdoor environments. Q9) Write a note on Data aggregation.A9)Data aggregation is any process in which information is gathered and expressed in a summary form for purposes such as statistical analysis. A common aggregation purpose is to get more information about particular groups based on specific variables such as age, profession, or income. Q10) Write a note on Data dissemination.A10) Data dissemination is the distribution or transmitting of statistical, or other, data to end users. There are many ways organisations can release data to the public, i.e. electronic format, CD-ROM and paper publications such as PDF files based on aggregated data. The most popular dissemination method today is the ‘non-proprietary’ open systems using internet protocols. “They are used in data dissemination through various communication infrastructures across any set of interconnected networks.” Data is made available in common open formats.
UNIT - 3Network & Communication Aspects in IoTQ1) Write a note on Network & Communication Aspects in IoT.A1)Network & Communication Aspects in IoTA recent paradigm of communication which popularly known as Internet of Things (IoT), where all the objects of different kinds of our daily life spanning from smart phones, sensors or devices are associated with network enabled objects (like RFID) can communicate with each other and makes a part of Internet. The main aim of IoT is to make Internet more and more inspiring and pervasive. By connecting wide variety of heterogeneous devices and making easy access of the devices, several applications are being used in IoT, which deals with the large number of data generated by the attached devices and make some decisions which is very important for the industry or control the attached devices based on the generated data. There is a huge use of IoT in several domains like medical aids, home automation, industrial automation, mobile health care, electricity transmission and distribution etc. Now a day smart city is one of the emerging domains of IoT, where researchers are proposing several communication models and standards and provide some applications which facilitate the residing citizens by enhancing their everyday standard of life. Q2) Write a note on Wireless medium access issues in IoT.A2)When it comes to communication using a wireless medium there is always a concern about the interference due to other present wireless communication technologies. Wireless means communication and message transfer without the use of physical medium i.e., wires.Let us understand how communication is done between them. Different Mobile stations(MS) are attached to a transmitter/receiver which communicates via a shared channel by other nodes. In this type of communication, it makes it difficult for the MAC design rather than the wireline networks.The very important issues which are observed are: Half Duplex operation, Time-varying channel, and Burst channel errors. Q3) Write a note on Half Duplex operation.A3)Half Duplex operation:Half-duplex transmission means when the sender and receiver both are capable of sharing data but one at a time. In wireless transmission, it is difficult to receive data when the transmitter is sending the data because during transmission a large amount or a large fraction of signal energy is leaked while broadcasting. The magnitude of the transferred signal and received signal differs a lot. Due to which collision detection is even not possible by the sender as the intensity of the transferred signal is large than the received one. Hence this causes the problem of collision and the prime focus should be to minimize the collision. Q4) Write a note on Burst channel errors.A4)Burst channel errors:Burst channel errors are called as a contiguous sequence of symbols, which are received in a communication channel, in which the first and last symbols has an error and there is no evidence of contiguous sub-sequence of corrected received symbols. When time-varying channels are used then signals strengths are introduced due to which errors are observed in transmission. For these channels in wireline networks, the Bit rate is high as 10 -3. Q5) Write a note on MAC protocol survey.A5)In UIoT, a medium access control (MAC) protocol is essential because it manages the coordination among different IoT devices during data transmission. However, several challenges need to be addressed at the MAC layer to provide high network throughput, low energy consumption, and low latency. The high mobility of UAVs is one of the most important challenges, resulting in a highly dynamic network topology. The IoT devices can only get access to a UAV when the UAV is within their communication range. The UAV is usually equipped with directional antennas for energy-efficient transmission. In this case, the IoT devices located in different areas can communicate with the UAV at different times. This causes unfair access opportunities in the network. On the other hand, reducing the energy consumption of the devices is very important in the UIoT network. In UIoT, three types of energy consumption should be considered: the energy consumption of battery-powered UAVs, energy consumption of onboard sensors, cameras, and other IoT devices, and energy consumption of ground IoT devices and sensor nodes. Therefore, how to select or design an appropriate MAC protocol for the uplink channel by handling these issues is a challenging problem. Q6) What are proactive protocols in IoT?A6) Routing protocol are of two types in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), which are Proactive and Reactive. In forward routing protocols, it gives the routes even before it is even needed by node or any data. Hence these proactive protocols from time to time exchange its control messages to find routes inside the network as they start the transmission. Q7) What are reactive protocols in IoT?A7)Routing protocol are of two types in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), which are Proactive and Reactive. Reactive protocol which provides routes only needed to do. So hence it decides that if a route is needed for data to transmit and also so that the network is not flooded by its queries. Q8) Write a note on Sensor deployment & Node discovery.A8)
Sensor deployment & Node discovery Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technological paradigm where the things can be connected from different fields through the Internet. The rapid advancement in communication technologies, actuators and low-cost sensing devices leads to extensive deployment of IoT devices. Such devices can be deployed in any public spaces provide detailed information about the behaviour of individuals such as personalization, behavior change and personal health monitoring. IoT technology which is being deployed is specially designed to make it invisible, such that the technology does not manifest its presence to the users it is monitoring. For the IoT based healthcare applications, the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is gaining much popularity as wearable devices spring into the marketplace. Multiple sensor nodes can be deployed on different locations of the human body to measure the heartbeat, body temperature distribution, and detect falls. In addition to medical signals, the sensor nodes can be placed to track environmental conditions around the human body as well. Hence, wearable sensor systems afford valuable information about the impact of human health. These systems are not only limited for personal use, can be fitted on animal, car, etc. to construct a wireless sensor network. According to previous estimation, healthcare IoT solutions lay down the platform for extremely accessible, personalized and on-time services that will attain $1 trillion by 2025 hopefully. Wearable systems have emerged as a prominent area in healthcare for managing cardiovascular, neurological diseases etc. These sensors are used on the body surface or inside the human body non-invasively, however it is distinct from invasive implantable devices. This system will be particularly helpful for sensing information inside the human body as the sensors are designed and supported by flexible technologies. The sensing device collects data which is transmitted through wireless communication protocols to a server that is responsible to gather the datasets available for further analysis. WBAN comprised of heterogeneous nodes fixed in and around the human body which is connected to the network. It is characterized by IEEE 802.15 communication standard; generating huge volume of data and gathering it play a vital role in electronic healthcare. Data residing in multiple wireless devices need to be collected and analyzed effectively. Within WBAN datasets may be fragmented across many nodes and if practitioner’s node does not have the correct information then the quality of healthcare processing would be degraded. This chapter presents the overview of wearable sensors for tracking physiological and physical changes in daily life, their basics and applications. Wearable sensor based systems have enormous potentials to be completely explored and it is anticipated that advancement in technologies will afford the transformation how healthcare will be in future. It highlights the significance of localization in on-body area network and it gives an overview about evaluating the performance of localization systems. It also presents the several types of sensors and methodologies to fuse the data generated by sensors. Since we foreseen a future where the existence of miniature devices communicating through packet radio in both indoor and outdoor environments. Q9) Write a note on Data aggregation.A9)Data aggregation is any process in which information is gathered and expressed in a summary form for purposes such as statistical analysis. A common aggregation purpose is to get more information about particular groups based on specific variables such as age, profession, or income. Q10) Write a note on Data dissemination.A10) Data dissemination is the distribution or transmitting of statistical, or other, data to end users. There are many ways organisations can release data to the public, i.e. electronic format, CD-ROM and paper publications such as PDF files based on aggregated data. The most popular dissemination method today is the ‘non-proprietary’ open systems using internet protocols. “They are used in data dissemination through various communication infrastructures across any set of interconnected networks.” Data is made available in common open formats.
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