Question Bank

Q1) What commercial term is used in Business Communication? (12)

A1) Commercial Terms is the great fact of every type of business so we are mention here some commercial terms used in Business Communication. And we arrange it in alphabetical order.

Abandoned

This term is used in marine insurance in connection with the total constructive loss of a ship due to any of the dangers. This means that the insured will waive all benefits of the wreckage for the agreed compensation.

Accommodation fee

Accommodation costs are created and accepted solely for the purpose of obtaining temporary financial accommodation during the discount process. The addressee is not actually in debt to the withdrawal, as such invoices are withdrawn and accepted by the person without any consideration. Accommodation costs are also known as "fictitious invoices." "Kite" and "windmill".

Account sales

This is a statement provided by an agent or consignee who sells the goods on behalf of the shipper. Details of the goods sold, total revenue realized, costs incurred by the consignee, including fees, and net revenue are displayed.

Advertising

This is an art that makes the general public aware of a particular product or service and encourages them to purchase it. Printed salesmanship.

Affidavit

This is a statement in the affidavit in front of an authority such as a justice of the peace, a notary public, or a lawyer appointed to the swearing committee.

Allocation

Proportional division means division into parts and is used in accounting and insurance businesses.When used in accounting, it means a split of income and expenses, but in insurance, it means a split of total loss borne by the various parties involved.

Articles of Incorporation

This is a document that contains the rules and regulations governing the internal controls, organization, and behavior of a corporation. It clearly states the qualifications, remuneration, authority and obligations of directors and other officers. He also described the relationships between shareholders, their authority and claims.

Audit

Auditing is the verification (search inspection) of all accounting books, vouchers, etc. by auditors and experts. This is done to ensure that they are properly stored and that they have not been scammed by the party managing these books. This check is typically performed at regular intervals, such as semi-annually or annually.

Bad debt

Debt that should be paid to the trader (debtor) for the sale of credit and is not realized at all is called bad debt. This is considered a loss of business and will be debited to the income statement.

Trade balance

This is the difference in monetary value between exports and imports of a country. This balance is considered advantageous when the value of the exported goods exceeds the value of the imported goods. It is disadvantageous if the value of the exported goods exceeds the value of the imported goods. It is disadvantageous if the value of the imported goods is higher than the value of the exported goods.

Balance sheet

This is a financial statement that shows the assets and liabilities of trading concerns. Usually created at the end of the year.

Bankruptcy

A bankrupt is a debtor who cannot pay the creditor in full. He was found bankrupt by the court and gave all of his property to the official transferee to make it possible to pay his debt.

Entry invoice

This is an important document used in import trade. Upon arrival of the imported goods at the port, the importer must declare the goods description, quantity and value to customs in writing. This declaration is made in a format called the Bill of Entry.

Bill of exchange

Credit items such as checks and banknotes. This includes an unconditional written order from one person to another, signed by the person who created it, and demanding an amount for a particular person or for a particular person's order. Require payment according to or after a period of time. Or the owner of the instrument.

Check for blanks

A check with an amount not listed on the withdrawal. Leave blank for the recipient to fill in.

Bonus share

Bonus shares are free shares issued to shareholders from the cumulative reserve. These reserves are created by the company from profits and then capitalized by bonuses and issuance of shares. This is also known as capitalized profit.

C.O.D: The abbreviation stands for cash on delivery. This means that the goods will be paid for at the time of delivery.

C2C: Business is conducted between consumers without the involvement of an intermediary. If you buy an old cell phone from a consumer and resell it to another consumer, this transaction is known as C26.

Cause Proxima: This Latin phrase is used in the case of Marine Corps loss. It is the place where the loss was caused by several causes, and the closest or closest cause should be considered.

Chamber of Commerce: The Chamber of Commerce is a voluntary non-trading organization of people engaged in the actual commerce and industry of the country. Its purpose is to promote the country's trade and industry, and to protect and protect the interests of its members. It performs several functions, such as gathering information, issuing trade reports, acting as an arbitrator in resolving disputes between businessmen, and providing expertise to the government.

Check: A check is an order made by a depositor withdrawn to a designated bank to pay the amount from his or her account. It is paid either to the drawer itself or to a third party or the owner of the instrument.

Computer: A computer is a machine that consists of two parts: a machine and human-provided logic. Computer machines are called hardware, and human-provided logic is called computer software. The symbol is a set of programs offered by the user or manufacturer. As a result, the computer runs the program that it is instructed to run. This machine is very fast. Its operating speed is measured in nanoseconds, millions of seconds. There are different types of computers

Mainframe (big and expensive)

Microcomputer, also known as a personal computer (small, one-user computer, relatively inexpensive)

Minicomputer (between mainframe and personal computer, mainly used in medium-sized business and academic situations)

Each of these types has the potential again, by classifying it as analog or digital, and as a special purpose and general purpose computer.

Customs duty: A type of tax levied on goods imported or exported. These tariffs are levied by the government at various rates. When it is levied on imported goods, it is called import duty, and when it is levied on export goods, it is called export tax.

Bonds: Depreciation: A gradual and permanent reduction in the value of an asset due to use or work depletion of the asset, expiration of time, etc. Losses resulting from depreciation are debited to the income statement. .. Equipment issued by a company that accepts debt to its holders. Since the bondholder is the creditor of the company, he has the right to pay interest with or without profit.

Deflation: It means a deliberate reduction in the amount of money in circulation to cause a sudden drop in price.

Documentary Bill: A bill that includes shipping documents such as bills of lading, insurance policies, and invoices is called a "documentary bill." These documents are required to deliver goods from shipping companies and customs, regardless of import from any country.

E-commerce

It stands for e-commerce, the process of buying and selling goods and services online. Thanks to the internal equipment, those who currently live in the house can choose, buy and pay for any product based on this system (online). In other words, buying and selling is done electronically.

The basic difference between e-commerce and commerce is that for e-commerce, shipping costs are completely ignored. This is the latest technological development in the commercial field. The main methods of e-commerce are also widespread. There are three types of commerce:

Business-to-business (b2b)

Business to Commerce (b2c)

From consumer to consumer (c2c).

Electronic database

An electronic database (or simply a database) is a collection of electronically stored information. This is a computer-searchable collection of information on common subject areas such as business, education, and psychology.

These databases are more up-to-date than the printed databases. Electronic databases are very fast. You can collect more data electronically in less time (for example, an hour) than a day of traditional library research.

There are three types of databases: bibliography, numbers, and full text. A full-text database containing the complete contents of the information is available online or as a CD-ROM database.

Recommendation (or recommendation)

Endorsement is the act of allowing another person to receive a negotiable bill payment. Endorsement is done by writing your name on the back of the instrument. This can be done by the beneficiary or all subsequent financial instrument holders.

Entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is someone who starts, organizes, or implements a business, especially with financial risks.

Foreign exchange

It is the mechanism or method and means by which payments for international trade are made. Exchange rates are prices in the currencies of different countries, expressed in the currencies of other countries.

Gambling

Gambling is an operation that is done blindly and unknowingly in the hope that speculators will get a wealth of rewards there. From. The transactions handled include intentional manipulation of the market.

Goodwill

Goodwill is a good name for any business that stems from a company's reputation, connections, or other benefits. This intangible asset allows an organization to benefit more than normally expected from a capital-invested intangible asset.

Hire purchasing system

This refers to a purchasing system in which the purchase price is paid in regular instalments. All money paid by the final instalment payment is considered an employment payment. The goods are the property of the purchaser only if all instalments have been paid.

Joint-stock company

It is an organization united to run a business that constitutes capital with stocks. The percentage of capital contributed to a joint-stock company is called a stock. All shares are responsible for the unpaid amount. Shares are transferable and can be sold at any time.

Journal

A journal literally means a daily record of news, events, activities, and so on. In commerce, it refers to the book in which any of the business records are written first. This is a daily record of the transaction being first debited and credited. .. Here, transactions are recorded in chronological order. In another sense, a journal is a scholarly publication published regularly by an association of experts.

Memorandum of association

This is the most important document of a corporation. This is the main internal and internal constitution that a company must function. It forms the underlying charter on which the company is established and defines its power and purpose. The company cannot do anything beyond the forces stated there, it controls the company's external relations.

Preferred stock

Preferred stock is a shareholder who enjoys special privileges in paying a fixed dividend before paying dividends to other types of shareholders and / or in returning capital.

Stock

Stocks are a fraction of the company's consolidated capital. Since there is no characteristic number, you can purchase in any quantity. It also means the store's merchandise for sale or the raw materials from which something is made.

Q2) What would be a good paragraph?  (12)

A2) Appropriate paragraphs consist of topic sentences (or key sentences), associated support sentences, and closing (or transition) sentences. This structure is the key to focusing paragraphs on key ideas and creating clear, concise images.

Creative writing does not necessarily have to follow the traditional paragraph structure, but it is about building the scene and continuing the story. Efficient and well-written paragraphs are a staple of good flash fiction and short story writing, as short stories need to focus more on core ideas. As long as your writing forms a cohesive idea and connects with each other, you can write good paragraphs.

It may seem difficult to write, but it's not! These suggestions will help you quickly put together the A + paragraph.

Part 1 Paragraph planning

1. Decide what the main topic of the paragraph will be.

Before you start writing a paragraph, you need to have a clear understanding of what the paragraph is about. This is because paragraphs are essentially a collection of sentences that are all related to one central topic. Without a clear idea of what the main topic is, your paragraph will lack focus and unity. You need to ask yourself a few questions to determine the exact topic of the paragraph.

a. What is the prompt I was given? If you're writing a paragraph as a response or answer to a particular prompt, such as "I've decided to donate money to a charity. What charity do you choose and why?" Or, if you say "Please explain your favourite day of the week," you should carefully consider the prompt and make sure you're dealing directly with it, rather than off the topic.

b. What are the main ideas and issues I need to tackle? Think about the topic you are being asked or decided to write, and what are the most relevant ideas and issues related to that topic. Paragraphs are usually relatively short, so it's important to stay on top of the topic and come up with all the key ideas.

c. Who am I writing for? Think about who the intended reader of this paragraph or treatise will be. What is their prior knowledge? Are they familiar with the topic at hand or do they need a lot of descriptive text?

d. If a paragraph is part of a larger essay, writing an essay summary will help define the main ideas and goals for each paragraph.

2. Write down information and ideas related to the topic.

Once the paragraphs make it clear what you want to deal with, you can write down your ideas in a notepad or Word document and start organizing your thoughts. You don't have to write the full text yet. Make a note of the phrases and keywords. When you display everything on paper, you may be able to clearly see what you need to include in a paragraph and what you don't.

a. At this point, you may find that there is a gap in your knowledge and that you need to look up some facts and numbers to support your argument.

b. We encourage you to do this research now. That way, when it comes to writing, you can easily have all the relevant information at hand.

3. Think about how to organize the paragraph.

With all your thoughts, ideas, facts and numbers clearly placed in front of you, you can start thinking about how you want to organize your paragraph. Consider each point you want to deal with and try to arrange them in a logical order. This makes paragraphs more consistent and easier to read.

a. This new order may be in chronological order, or it may put the most important information first. Alternatively, you may want to make the paragraph easier to read and more interesting. It all depends on the topic and style of the paragraph you want to write.

b. Once you have decided where to move everything, you can rewrite the points according to this new structure. This makes the writing process much faster and easier.

Q3) How do we write a paragraph? (12)

A3)

1. Write a topic statement.

The first sentence of the paragraph must be a topic sentence. Topic sentences are introductory lines that explain what happens to the main idea or treatise of a paragraph. You need to summarize the entire paragraph, including the most important and relevant points about the topic. [1] Prohibitions: Use obvious facts as topical statements.

Action: If you feel stuck, start with a vague idea and improve when the paragraph is over.

a. Every other sentence you write should support the topical sentence and provide details and discussion of the issues and ideas it raises. If the text you write cannot be directly related to the text of the topic, it should not be included in this particular paragraph.

b. More experienced writers can include topic sentences at any point in the paragraph. It does not necessarily have to be the first line. However, writers who are new to or less familiar with paragraph creation should stick to using topical sentences first, as they can help guide the entire rest of the paragraph.

c. Topic sentences should not be too wide or too narrow. If the topic text is too wide, you will not be able to properly discuss the idea in the paragraph. If it's too narrow, it's not enough to discuss.

2. Enter your support details.

Once you've written a topic statement and are happy with it, you can start filling in the rest of the paragraph. This is where the detailed, well-structured notes I wrote earlier come in handy. Make sure the paragraphs are consistent. That is, it is easy to read and understand, and each sentence connects to the next, making everything flow well as a whole. To achieve this, try to write clear, simple sentences that accurately describe what you want to say.

a. Link each sentence to a transition word that forms a bridge between one sentence and the next. Transition words help you compare and contrast, show order, show cause and effect, highlight important ideas, and move smoothly from one idea to the next. Such transition words include "more," "actually," and "in addition." You can also use time series transitions such as "firstly", "secondly", and "thirdly".

b. Supplementary text is the cornerstone of a paragraph, so you should provide as much evidence as possible to support the topic text. Depending on the topic, you can use facts, diagrams, statistics, examples, or stories, anecdotes, and citations. Anything is fine as long as it is relevant.

c. In terms of length, 3-5 sentences usually cover the point and provide good support for topic sentences, but this depends greatly on the topic and the length of the treatise you are writing. Paragraph length is not set. It should be as long as it needs to properly cover the key ideas.

3. Write a conclusion.

The last sentence of a paragraph must connect everything. A good conclusion reinforces the idea outlined in your topical statement, but now it has all the weight of the evidence or argument contained in your supporting statement behind it. After reading the conclusion, the reader should have no doubt about the accuracy and relevance of the entire paragraph. Do not challenge your own evidence: Despite these comments, the report was unsuccessful.

Limit your conclusions when moving to the next paragraph. These citations prove that the report has gained a lot of support, but this does not mean that it has led to major changes.

a. Don't just paraphrase the topic statement. The conclusion should acknowledge the previous discussion and remind the reader of the relevance of this discussion.

b. For example, in a paragraph dealing with the topic "Why Canada is the best place to live". The conclusion is, "Canada's excellent medical care, first-class education system, clean and safe city, etc., all of the above evidence can conclude that Canada is really the best place to live."

4. Know when to move to a new paragraph.

It can be difficult to determine where to end one paragraph and where to start another. Fortunately, there are some guidelines you can follow that can make the decision to move on to a new paragraph clear. The most basic guideline to follow is that every time you discuss a new idea, you need to go to a new paragraph. A paragraph cannot contain more than one core idea. If a particular idea has multiple points or facets, you should give each aspect of the idea its own paragraph.

a. A new paragraph is also used each time you contrast two points or present both sides of an argument. For example, if your topic is "Should civil servants receive lower salaries?" One paragraph deals with the argument in favor of low wages for civil servants, and the other paragraph provides an argument against it.

b. Paragraphs provide a "break" between new ideas to make the text easier to understand and to digest what the reader has just read. If you feel that the paragraph you're writing is too complex or contains a series of complex points, it's a good idea to consider splitting it into individual paragraphs.

c. When writing a treatise, the prolegomenon and conclusions should always be given their own paragraphs. The introductory paragraph should define the purpose of the treatise and what you want to achieve, as well as outline the ideas and issues you will discuss in the future. The conclusion paragraph provides a summary of the information and discussion contained in the treatise and clearly states what the treatise has shown and / or proved. It may also introduce new ideas. It opens the reader's mind to the questions posed by the paper.

d. If you're writing fiction, you need to start a new paragraph in the conversation to see the new speaker.

Part 3. Paragraph confirmation

1. Check the spelling and grammar of the paragraph.

When you're done, it's important to reread the paragraph a couple of times to see if there are any misspellings or grammatical mistakes. Misspelling and grammatical mistakes can have a significant impact on the perceived quality of a paragraph, even if the ideas and discussions contained in the paragraph are of high quality. It's very easy to overlook small mistakes when writing, so don't skip this step, even if you're in a hurry.

a. Make sure each sentence has a subject and all proper nouns are capitalized. Also, make sure that all subjects and verbs match each other, and that the same tense is used throughout the paragraph.

b. Use the dictionary to double-check the spelling of unknown words. Don't just assume its right.

c. Check the paragraph to see if punctuation is used properly and make sure you use marks such as commas, colons, semicolons, and ellipsis in the correct context.

2. Check paragraph consistency and style.

In addition to highlighting the technical aspects of your writing, you should also strive to achieve clarity and stylistic flow of your writing. To do this, change the length and form of the sentence, or use transient words and different vocabularies. Do not use. Use long words or "discover the thesaurus" for yourself.

a. Implementation: Instead of repeating the same word over and over, use well-known synonyms to change sentences.

b. Your writing perspective should be consistent throughout the paragraph, and in fact, throughout the paper. For example, if you are writing in the first person (for example, "I believe it ..."), you should not switch to the passive voice ("It is believed") in the middle.

c. However, avoid starting every sentence with "I think ..." or "I continue that ...". This makes the paragraph more interesting and useful to the reader, so try to change the sentence format. To flow more naturally.

d. For novice writers, it's better to stick to concise and accurate sentences that clearly express your claim. Avoid long, rambling sentences until you gain experience as a writer, as they can quickly become inconsistent and at the expense of grammatical errors.

3. Determine if the paragraph is complete.

Once you've reread the paragraph and corrected any grammatical or stylistic mistakes, you'll need to take another glance to determine if it's complete. Look at the paragraph objectively to determine if you are fully supporting and developing the topic statement, or if you need some more detail or additional evidence to support your claim.

If you feel that the main claim of the topic sentence is well supported and well developed by the content of the rest of the paragraph, then the paragraph is probably complete. However, if an important aspect of the topic is unexplored or unexplained, or if the paragraph is shorter than three sentences, you probably need a little more work.

On the other hand, you may think that the paragraph is too long and contains extra content or tangent content. In this case, you need to edit the paragraph to include only the most relevant information.

If you feel you need all the content, but the paragraphs are too long, you should consider splitting them into several smaller, more specific paragraphs.

Q4) What are linking words and what are they used for? (5)

A4) Cohesion and clarity are essential parts of academic writing. Make clear the links between your visible and ideas. They canhelp us to achieve clear communication as it will be much easier for the person reading to follow who you are say and understand your argument or premise. In order to clarify the links, you can use linking words between sentences, between paragraphs or between parts of a sentence. Searching for the appropriate linking word prompts you to think about how you are trying to connect your ideas and if the connections make sense.

Types of words to link

Take a look at two short sentences that can be connected via the appropriate links and find out which words to link

Word:

This theory can be applied in many situations. This theory is most useful when analyzing real-world situations.

You can use linking words to connect these sentences in different ways to specifically indicate what kind of word.

The connection we are making. Here are some examples of how you can combine them into a single statement in different ways:

All of these examples have the same two ideas, but by linking or connecting between the ideas

Meaning in each case.

There are four main categories of connected devices that are widely used in academic writing.

General notes – Connection or link device:

• Don't overuse the words or phrases you want to link. Not every statement needs to start with a linked device. This makes the text look mechanical or stylized.

• If you think you are overusing linked devices, take them out and read the sentences / paragraphs / sections. Without them. Is your idea still effectively organized? Is your message clear without a clear connection?

Avoid repeating the same linked words or phrases while writing. "But" and "further"

Q5) What is a speaking skill?  (8)

A5) People believe that effective speaking is a natural talent. You either have it or you don't. But this is not true. You can learn and improve your speaking skills of all kinds.

No matter how talented you are, speaking skills cannot be underestimated. If you speak with conviction and passion, it will help the audience relate to you, believe in you, and remember you.

The question is what is speaking skill. It is a technology that enables speakers to effectively convey a message.

Speaking skills don't just use the right words. Your body language also plays a major role in communicating your message.

There are three main aspects to effective speaking.

Word

Language is an integral part of speaking skills. The words you use must match your opportunity and your audience. For example, the language you use when talking to friends is different from the language you use for formal presentations.

Effective speakers customize their messages to suit their audience. The audience is familiar with certain types of words. It is important to react to them using such words. For example, you can use industry terminology in a client meeting to evoke the desired response.

As a general rule, short and simple sentences work well. They are easy to process and understand and create a sense of urgency. For example, in the movie The Avengers series, when Captain America says "Avengers get together!" Instead of "Avengers, get together around me," the message is impressive and impactful.

Similarly, the striking lines of the August 1947 Jawaharlal Nehru Independence Day speech, "In the Stroke of Midnight Time," may not be in lines like "12:00 am ...". Communicated the importance of no opportunity.

Voice

Another aspect of communication speaking skills that is often ignored is your voice. Includes pitch, tone and strength. The way you speak shows your emotional state.

A low voice and too many pauses can indicate hesitation. Clarity and volume can show confidence. A strong and confident tone represents belief. When you say it in a strong voice, people believe what you say.

It takes practice to speak in public. Talking in small groups or in informal environments can be very comfortable. But that's not the same as dealing with a large number of people. Therefore, practice and rehearsal are important.

Read the message slowly and aloud and try to pause at the appropriate place. This will help you improve your speaking style. Good speakers have the tone and style they own. What makes Morgan Freeman one of Hollywood's favorite narrators is his unique voice.

Nonverbal

The last aspect of speaking skills is not speaking. Nonverbal communication consists of body language. This includes facial expressions, postures, eye contact, and hand gestures. Your body language must match your words for your address to be effective.

Your body language tells the audience how much you are investing in what you are talking about. It shows the passion behind your words and helps to emotionally attract your audience to your message and make them feel involved.

Q6) State the importance of speaking skills. (8)

A6) You may think that you will never lead an army or lead a cricket team. So why do you need to practice your speaking skills? In fact, such skills are useful not only in the workplace but also in personal life. Method is as follows.

a. Make them say "yes"

One of the purposes of speaking effectively is persuasiveness. You need to back up your ideas with your manager, you want to work for a team for a long time, or you need to convince your spouse to watch your favorite movie. These are all instances that require effective speaking.

The point of speaking skills is to be able to shake people's opinions. It's about getting them to act according to your goals.

b. Career edge development

Being an effective speaker separates you from the crowd of companies and sells you as a valuable resource for your company. Of course, it can give you an edge over your colleagues.

Effective communicators are often asked to represent the company and therefore receive special treatment. They meet important clients, negotiate deals, close deals and build the company's reputation.

For example, if you need to impress a new client, send the best sales person. We do not send in new or inexperienced people. The best sales people are almost always the best speakers.

When it's time for promotions and bonuses, the speakers will be rewarded first. Companies are investing heavily in training. They are the ones who are groomed for the leadership post.

c. Development of holistic communication

Speaking skills are a place of special value. A good speaker is also a good writer because he wrote several drafts of each speech.

A good speaker is also someone who can connect and empathize with people. This makes it friendly and authentic.

People are often drawn to them for support and advice.

They are also readers, as reading helps to increase their vocabulary and develop their talent for using words that are suitable for different situations.

Therefore, practicing speaking skills also leads to the development of writing, listening and reading skills.

d. Become an expert

Effective speeches show expertise in the area of interest, as they include research to make good speeches. As a result, good speakers are considered leaders and influential people.

Popular intellectuals such as Richard Dawkins and Barack Obama are all excellent speakers. We believe in them when they speak. We believe we all know what they're talking about. Having effective speaking skills is essential to gaining fame and influential status.

e. Feel like a boss

Establishing a true connection with your audience gives you a sense of accomplishment. Listening to the applause of the audience is a great boost to your self-esteem. Being grateful to the audience is like receiving a gift for all the efforts the speaker has made.

Q7) Write note on Speaking skills and framework types. (5)

A7) Speaking effectively is rewarding, but it's also challenging. Different speaking skills and frameworks can help you overcome challenges.

1. Aristotle's appeal

One of the most useful frameworks used by speakers is the Aristotle appeal. They help you find different ways to appeal to your audience. Your appeal are often supported logic, authority, and emotion.

The audience may listen to you because your argument makes sense. They may listen because you have appealed to their anger, sadness, or other emotions. Because you are an expert, they can also listen to you.

These differing types of appeals also are referred to as logos, ethos, and pathos.

2. PAM framework

Another useful framework is PAM (Purpose, Audience, and Message). You convey the purpose or purpose of your speech to the audience through verbal messages.

With the PAM framework, you need to know your audience, their triggers, their likes and dislikes.

3. Three Ws

You can also use the introspection framework. This is where the three Ws of speaking help you.

The first "W" is "Why do you make this speech?", The second is "Who is listening?", And the third is "What are you talking about?" By combining these questions, you can define your purpose and your audience. The third question will help you compose your speech.

The importance of speaking effectively can be its tremendous potential to induce change. Good speech can inspire employees and even save the company.

Their words may disappear over time, but the feelings they have left for us never diminish. In the words of the American poet Maya Angelou, "People will forget what you said, people will forget what you probably did , but people will never skills you made them feel. I will never forget. "

Q8) Define Writing skills.

A8) Writing is an art that expresses our thoughts and views. And we can't write anything in an unorganized way. Language is a medium that conveys our thoughts, thoughts, or feelings in the form of speech or writing.

The chef knows different techniques and procedures, or cooking procedures. Similarly, we also need to know writing techniques and formats, as well as writing skills. We develop our writing skills since we were children. For example, as a kid, we first learned to write the alphabet and then to write words. After that, you will gradually acquire the knowledge to write sentences.

Also in content writing, there are certain levels or writing skills that we need to be familiar with. Creating content is not an easy task as it requires correct grammar usage, fine vocabulary, sentence structure, and other writing skills.

Q9) What is Development of writing skills? (5)

A9) It's easy to come up with ideas and opinions. Currently, the main task is to present those ideas and ideas in a systematic and logical way. Also, the writer's main job is to make the reader enjoy his writing. Below are some of the writing skills you can use to improve your writing.

a. Learn to write good sentences/

b. Try adding flavour to your text, such as using attractive words instead of bland phrases.

c. Make your writing more conversational. For example, add some questions to it.

d. Make the reader feel they are in some situation/

e. Use paragraph-style text, as writing the entire content in a paragraph can be boring to the reader.

f. A transition or shift from one paragraph to another, or from one line to another, should be a smooth ride. So that the connection is made between the lines/

g. Learn how to use voice and speech for effective writing.

h. Use proper punctuation, correct spelling and develop good vocabulary.

i. Avoid slang, jargon, flashy words and abbreviations/

j. Practice daily, read other people's writings, improve yourself, and try to find the charisma you lack.

k. Apply structured processes – planning, drafting, editing, and formatting.

l. Find the audience for your article and try to attract them using simple, clear empathic language.

m. Never lose the essence of your claim/

n. Familiarize yourself with the relevant software and platforms.

Q10) What are the steps to write in writing skills? (8)

A10) You can't make your content look good just by using fine vocabulary and developing your writing skills. Therefore, there are some rules and formats for writing content. There are several steps to writing a sentence that we need to follow to improve your sentence.

The first step in writing content is to select and decide on the topic you want to write. Now, topics can be anything from burning issues to delicate points or official issues. So you need to have a clear understanding of the topic you want to write.

b.  Survey and collection of information

After knowing the topic, the next step is to investigate as much as possible and collect relevant information. Gather and note all the random thoughts, ideas and information associated with it. Most importantly, it's about investigating the audience involved and trying to find what they want. Identify the main theme of your content.

c.  Organize content

After writing down the information, the next step is to organize them in the proper order. Creating an article summary can help you organize your content properly. This is because if the article is long enough, the outline can help you identify the order and split the paragraphs to get meaningful information.

d.  Writing

This is the writer's main job. Always use simple, direct language in your articles. Word selection, paragraph breaks, heading or subtitle use, facts,and diagrams have a huge impact on the reader's mind. Also, try to include the cause and effect, comparison and contrast, or how to write the problem and solution.

e.  Revised

Do not assume that the first write is the last write, as the content needs to be modified. Add or remove issues, reorganize, etc.

f.    Editing and proofreading

After writing, edit, format, and proofread. For example, check for spelling, grammar, punctuation, speech, speech, sentence formation, and other errors.

Also, look for commonly misused words such as "emotion" and "effect", "you" and "you", "it" or "it", plural or possessive words.

g.  Publishing and Printing

It is the immediate step one needs to undertake once they’re ready with the final draft of their writing. Once, the document is ready it is the time for printing or publishing or putting it on a website for readers.

Q11) Write short note on Remedial grammar.  (8)

A11) The correct grammar may vary by region and language. However, in general, most civilizations have structural rules that govern proper grammar usage. Grammatic considerations may include syntax, punctuation, spelling, phonology, morphology, part of speech, and uppercase and lowercase rules. More specifically, proper grammar involves using the right words and grammar symbols in the right order. Each language has its own specific rules and customs, but English is an example of the main language for explanation.

Grammar considers how an individual uses a language. Therefore, the effects of correct grammar are most apparent when speaking or composing written texts and compositions. Proper use of the language is an important aspect of both education and professional progress.

One of the most important aspects of grammar is syntax. This principle considers how words, phrases, and clauses can be combined to form thoughts. In most languages, words are usually structured into sentences consisting of phrases and phrases, and in some languages   they are paragraphs. Paragraphs usually make up the construction of a single idea. When that idea changes, so does the paragraph. However, the particular order of words in a phrase can vary widely from language to language.

At the basic level of most languages, most of the words fall into either a person, place, object description or action description. In English, the former is known as a noun and the latter is classified as a verb. Words that describe a person, place, or thing may be assigned a gender distinction in a particular language, such as French. Action words, on the other hand, refer to what happened in the past, present, or future, or link two other words instead of performing the actual action, depending on the rules of spelling and structure. May be different.

Many languages   also have words that enhance and complement either words that describe people, places, things, or actions. In English, these words are called adjectives and adverbs, respectively. The spelling and placement of these words is governed by different rules for each language, but they are usually immediately before or after the words they complement.

The basic correct grammatical layout of a sentence in many languages   is the person or object that performs the action. For example, people and things are known as the subject of English. The action word may come before or after the subject, depending on the language. English usually puts an action word (or verb) after the subject.

The rest of the statement may contain another person or object on which the action is being performed. Alternatively, it may include an indication of factors such as time and place. This latter part of the sentence has different names in different languages, such as English predicates and French complement objects direct or the complement circumstance. In some languages, such as Chinese and Spanish, the object of a sentence may precede the action word or even before the subject.

Sentences are further distinguished by various forms of punctuation. This is another consideration for correct grammar usage. For example, most languages   have symbols that indicate the end of a sentence or thought, such as an English period or a Spanish punto. In contrast, other symbols indicate sentence pauses. These symbols (such as English commas) are typically used when a sentence contains a series of similar words, when the sentence is trying to combine multiple ideas, or when additional information lengthens the sentence. Will be done. Other punctuation types, such as parentheses and accents, may be used to indicate irrelevant information or to emphasize certain parts of a word.

Different languages   also have different types of statements that perform different functions. Some statements simply issue a statement, while others issue a command. In most cases, these types of word clusters have traditional punctuation in their respective languages. Some languages   use different forms of punctuation marks, such as question marks, to distinguish sentences that indicate excitement, ask questions, or cite people or sources.

Case sensitivity and proper spelling are even more important factors in writing correct grammar in most languages. Uppercase rules are usually used for the first letter of a sentence. People's names and certain places are also usually capitalized in the first letter of English and other languages, but more common word descriptions are also capitalized in some languages, such as German. Spelling includes how the individual letters in a word are ordered and structured. Acceptable spelling usually comes from the origin of the word and the usage that is inherited over time. Most words, regardless of language, have a particular form and phonology, or meaning and pronunciation, and should be used in the appropriate context.

Q12) Define Soft skills with examples. (5)

A12) Soft skills are interpersonal skills used to describe an approach to life, work, and relationships. Unlike hard skills, these are not professional work-specific skills such as accounting, graphic design, etc. Soft skills are a unique point that provides you with a competitive edge in your workplace and life.

Other names given to soft skills are human skills, interpersonal skills, and social skills.

Examples of soft skills

Soft skills consist of personal attributes, communication skills and talents, and personality traits that distinguish people with similar hard skill sets from each other.

Here is a sample soft skill:

Meaning and definition

Soft skills are often defined as "personal attributes that allow someone to interact effectively and harmoniously with others." This skill is certainly one of the rare intangible abilities that makes the difference between success and failure. This article discusses the importance of soft skills and how they can help you succeed.

We are well aware that we need to hone our technical skills to encourage employment. Professional and technical skills may give you a job and open up opportunities, but if you really want to achieve this competitive world, soft skills provide the icing you need for cakes. I will. Your work ethic, your attitude, your emotional intelligence, your communication skills and other personal attributes are many soft skills that are essential to the success of your career.

Having soft skills increases your chances of becoming a leader. Motivating, solving problems, delegating, and building teams is easy in the corporate world. You need to know that how to get along and be positive with people is important to success.

Q13) State the importance of soft skills.     (8) 

A13) Most interactions with people require some soft skill. Companies may negotiate to win new contracts, present new ideas to colleagues, or network for new jobs. We use soft skills every day at work, and developing these soft skills can help us win more businesses and accelerate our career progress.

On the contrary, lack of soft skills can limit your potential and lead to business failure. Develop strong leadership, delegation, teamwork, and communication skills to run projects more smoothly, deliver pleasing results to everyone, and improve interaction with others, personally. It can have a positive impact on your life.

Outside the office, use soft skills such as communication to build friendship groups and meet potential partners. You may be negotiating the value of a new home remodelling, or you may be teaching your neighbour’s children over the weekend. Soft skills are useful in both our professional and personal life.

Importance of soft skills

1. Career advancement and promotion

According to iCIMS Hiring Insights (2017), "94% of hiring professionals believe that employees with strong soft skills are more likely to be promoted to leadership positions than employees with more years of experience but weaker soft skills. I am. "

You are trying to separate you from others in interviews and jobs, so developing these skills is essential if you want to advance your career.

2. Modern workplaces are interpersonal

Skills such as active listening, collaboration, idea presentation, and communication with colleagues are all highly valued in the modern workplace. Strong soft skills ensure a productive, collaborative and healthy working environment, all of which are important attributes for organizations in a highly competitive world.

3. Customers and clients demand soft skills

Consumers these days have many choices about where to buy from the internet or smartphones. For these consumers, convenience and low prices are easy to return, so it is usually customer service that influences the choice to use a particular business.

Therefore, the ability to speak with customers at the individual level is an important idea for an organization's success.

4. Long-term workplace believes in soft skills

Automation and artificial intelligence will increase the proportion of work that relies on soft skills. Advances in technology have made tasks that require hard skills say no, and soft skills have become an important differentiation in the workplace.

As robot costs go down and AI performance improves, tasks such as production line workers are automated. Traditional skills such as teamwork, communication and important thinking are more important than ever.

5. Soft skills are difficult to automate

Continuing from the previous point, soft skills like emotional intelligence are difficult to automate and are unlikely to be automated soon. This suggests that they are expected to become more desirable in the near future.

However, soft skills are often difficult to show and track for improvement. Companies like Virtual Speech are working on this by using VR as a way to enhance their soft skills.

6. Soft skills are in high demand from recruiters

Soft skills are in high demand for the workforce. Consistent with a 2017 paper by Harvard students on the importance of social skills in the labor market, jobs that require a high level of social interaction have increased by almost 12% in the U.S. Workforce share. Did. Most Demanded Soft Skills

The conclusion of the treatise is that computers are so poor at simulating human interactions that social skills are still considered important. Therefore, individuals need to look to improve their social and soft skills through activities such as volunteering, team leadership, or conducting open-source projects with people.

Q14) How can you explain the importance of sentimental skills for businesses?                            (5)

A14) For example, nurses, beauticians, mechanics, etc. need soft skills in every industry. The development of each soft skill has its own advantages, such as improved communication. Employees can interact more effectively and be more productive by improving time management.

There are also general benefits for employees with soft skills.

Increase Productivity-Improves the efficiency of employee tasks and responsibilities, helping your company reach its goals.

Improving Teamwork-For a business to function effectively, people need to work together to achieve common goals. By using your personal strengths and skills together, you can improve the quality of your work.

Improving Retention Rate-People want to think of a company that is investing in employee career development. In fact, 63% of UK employees change employers when offered a job at a company with a lot of training opportunities. Also, as employee retention increases, so does the cost of hiring the company.

Improving Employee Satisfaction-Investing in employees shows that they are valued. Being grateful and having a positive outlook for the company increases work satisfaction.

Improving Leadership-Soft skills require specific skills such as active listening and empathy to help employees prepare for leadership positions. This is often important because 50% of employees quit their jobs because of poor managers.

Attract new clients-If clients are proud of your company's services, they are more likely to recommend you to other clients. This offers your company new business opportunities.

Q15) How would you rate a candidate's soft skills? (5)

A15) Rating of soft skills of a candidate:

1. Know in advance what you are looking for in a candidate and ask all candidates the same question.

Before you begin the open role interview process, consider what soft skills are important in this role and prepare specific questions to evaluate those skills. This step is important for objectively assessing all candidates. For example, good communication is important in the sales role. By preparing specific questions that assess how candidates are using their communication skills at work, rather than hiring someone who looks like that (because of being extroverted, etc.), in fact You are more likely to find someone who can communicate effectively with your clients.

2. Ask behavioral questions to learn how you used your soft skills in your previous job.

Past behaviors show how candidates behave in a business environment and can also be used as a soft skill assessment. For example, you can ask targeted questions to find out how candidates resolved conflicts, managed time-sensitive tasks, and worked on group projects. ..

Here are some ideas:

How do you prioritize your work when multiple projects are in progress at the same time?

What if I didn't agree with my colleagues on how to approach the project or how to deal with problems at work?

3. Use fictitious scenarios, games, and activities to test specific abilities.

It is often useful to simulate a job and test how a candidate tackles a normal task or task. Because each job, team, and company is different, we want to find a candidate that suits our unique environment. For example, role-playing activities can help assess whether salespeople have the bargaining skills they specifically want. Alternatively, you can use game-based exercises to identify candidates who will creatively solve your problem.

Here are some examples.

How do you prioritize tasks when two important deadlines are approaching?

How do you provide feedback if one of your team members suffers from poor performance?

4. Pay attention to the answers and reactions of the candidates during the interview

You can learn a lot about a candidate's soft skills through job-specific questions and assignments. Even if you mainly want to test your knowledge and hard skills, you can still notice the strengths and weaknesses of soft skills. For example, one candidate might argue that he pays close attention to the details, but if there are many typos or errors in their written task, it's a danger signal. Similarly, if candidates provide clear and structured answers, it suggests that they are good communicators.

To form an objective opinion about a candidate's soft skills and abilities, take everything into account, from the interview method at the time of the interview to the performance of work-related tasks. In this way, you can be confident in choosing the right employees for your work environment, not just the most talented ones.

Q16) What benefits does soft skill have?  (12)

A16) By the end of 2020, 44% of the employers surveyed believed that candidates looking for a job lacked the critical soft skills needed to succeed in their job. .. The most competitive companies know that hiring new talent with a strong history of highly developed soft skills can help organizations thrive in the coming years.

However, employers do not have to hire an entire wave of new individuals to stay successful and competitive. It is equally beneficial to implement a skill-up program for current employees that teaches soft skills and structures the continuous development of soft skills into the employee's normal routine. In fact, soft skill training can improve your return on investment by 256%. Investing in effective employee skills development allows you to:

After the trauma and uncertainty brought about by 2020, it is most desirable for certain soft skills to take leadership over other skills as they move forward in 2021. Given that the business world is facing an unprecedented cataclysm these days, here are the biggest benefits of implementing routine and comprehensive soft skills training right now.

1. Increased adaptability – Much of what we hear about highly competitive organizations these days is that employees are adaptable. After the crisis caused by the pandemic, we have seen first-hand how the most adaptable organizations can survive while other organizations close their doors forever. This isn't new to the business, but it's becoming more and more important this year.

Adaptability means that employees are flexible, work well in collaboration, have amazing critical thinking skills in critical situations, can conduct in-depth and meaningful research, and have highly developed observations and. It means that you have problem-solving skills.

Home Depot, for example, is a company that has been working to expand its e-commerce options over the past few years. However, when a pandemic broke out, they quickly turned to adaptability, expanding efforts to strengthen store connections in various locations and improving customer pick-up capabilities. Many Americans decided to make home improvements during the pandemic in response to being stuck at home, and the Home Depot was able to immediately answer that call-their inventory It increased by 27 percent in 2020.

2. Increased sense of belonging thanks to leadership figures who can practice active listening – It is undeniable that working from home has led to a greater sense of isolation and loneliness for many workers. Listening skills are becoming increasingly important on both sides of both employees and management as countless employees are unable to safely return to work until the vaccine becomes more widely available and months prolong. .. We all want to hear and feel understood. Workers have expressed a clear need for their leadership to listen and understand them in these difficult times.

Managers, on the other hand, need employees who can actively listen to and understand communication about work procedures, company needs, updates, and so on.

Those with surprisingly active listening skills can be careful, pay attention to details, and connect with others easily and naturally. This makes them an asset for any team, as they are influential and people are drawn to them.

In an organization where active listening exists and is valued for the highest leadership, communication and efficiency are not an issue and productivity is improved at all levels. If the organization does not prioritize active listening training, especially for managers and leaders, when employees struggle with a year of pandemic life, their needs are not met and their productivity levels are reduced. There is a possibility. And if they don't understand their needs, your organization can't help.

3. Good organization-wide communication – this is big and involves different types of communication. How we communicate includes the words we speak, nonverbal clues, styles of written language, and even online behavior (think zoom meetings).

As important as communication is working, 57% of employees report lack of clear instructions on allocations, and 69% of managers generally communicate with employees. I admit I'm not used to it. This is a major problem that leads to burnout, and organizations that aren't working on it face serious problems as they are forced to focus more on technology to help them interact and communicate about their work.

Effective communication in the workplace avoids confusion, serves purpose, contributes to a positive and healthy workplace culture, is accountable at all levels, and increases flexibility.

4. Enhanced Teamwork-In response to a pandemic, the organization may have sent an internal communication to the effect that "we are all together." Why send such a communication? The answer is simple. It helps promote a sense of belonging and a sense of unity in the workplace.

With so much social and political unrest in the United States in 2020, the promotion of teamwork is centered around the healing of wounds that have emerged in society by promoting unity in the workplace. This positive mindset helps improve the culture of the workplace. This is more important than ever, as millennial and Gen Z workers are three times more likely to quit their jobs in a toxic culture than their predecessors. The truth is clear. Employers must rely on a culture of trust and teamwork to retain talented people in the future.

While the retail industry definitely struggled in 2020, REI is an example of an organization that prioritizes teamwork and has a reputation for good culture. Employees of all levels are encouraged to attend town hall meetings to help management understand the needs of diverse employees. The real kicker is that leadership actually hears and implements strategic changes and improves the employee experience when needed. So they don't just talk. REI is known as a rewarding place to work, so you can keep your business running smoothly.

5. Leaders can develop high emotional intelligence – this is now huge, thanks to the pandemic. Emotional intelligence includes being able to understand and name the emotions of others, understanding one's emotions, inferring and responding to emotions, and managing emotions. All of this contributes to how individuals give and receive feedback, how to handle stress, and how. They interact with colleagues and others.

When workers are burned out by pandemic stressors, it is essential to keep in mind human needs and work-life balance. These things cannot be properly monitored and improved without a leader with high EQ.

6. Build a strong network of critical thinkers – this can be seen as a kind of umbrella for many other soft skills, including problem solving. The ability to think critically about a problem and find creative solutions comes from strong critical thinking skills. A critically thought-provoking workforce can improve customer service, increase productivity, contribute to stronger teams, and more.

All of these benefits combine to create a healthy and productive workforce. It's no secret that organizations that value their employees and invest in health are more successful in certain industries. Soft skills make up 90% of what enables people to succeed in their role and grow in their careers, so that teams stay competitive, organizations stay competitive, and even organizations. It is important to incorporate soft skill training. Prosper in difficult markets.

Q17) Define Conflict management with its features.  (12)

A17) Conflict management is an approach and strategy aimed at achieving positive outcomes and resolutions between the parties involved in conflict-related issues. These strategies and approaches depend on the type of conflict that exists, the organizations or institutions involved. It can be a task-specific, research-oriented, systematic or unordered method that requires proper attention. Conflicts can be the result of workplace incivility. I wrote in detail in the article. "What are the causes of workplace misconduct? (Results, precautions, and administrative responsibilities)."

Note that while all methods applied to manage disputes are aimed at fair judgment resolution, it is not all approaches to resolve disputes that lead to decisions or positive outcomes.

Conflict management concept:

“Dispute management is the principle that not all disputes can be resolved, but learning how to manage disputes can reduce the chances of unproductive escalation. Includes acquisition of conflict resolution skills, self-awareness of conflict modes, conflict communication skills, and establishment of structures for conflict management within the environment. ”All members of all organizations minimize conflicts. You need to have a way to keep it down. And solve the problems caused by the conflict before it becomes a major obstacle to your work.

Features of management:

1. Conflict is a process:

Conflicts occur in "layers". The first layer is always misunderstood. The other layers are different values, different perspectives, different interests, and different interpersonal relationships. This is also called a process because one party recognizes that it opposes or adversely affects the other and ends up in competition, cooperation, compromise, or avoidance.

2. Conflicts are inevitable:

Conflicts are everywhere. The two are not the same. Therefore, there may be individual differences. And the difference may be due to values, or it may lead to conflict. Inevitably, conflicts can be minimized, circumvented, and / or resolved. Conflicts arise because we deal with people's lives, work, children, pride, self-concept, ego, and sense of mission. Conflicts are inevitable and often good. For example, a good team always goes through a period of "form, storm, norm, performance".

3. Conflict is part of everyday life:

Individuals, groups, and organizations have unlimited needs and varying values, but resources are limited. Therefore, this incompatibility leads to conflicts. Conflicts are not a problem, but they are a problem if they are poorly managed.

4. Perception:

It must be recognized by the parties to it, otherwise it does not exist. In interpersonal relationships, perception is more important than reality. What we perceive and think influences our behavior, attitudes and communication.

5. Opposition:

One party to the dispute must be aware or doing what the other party does not like or want.

6. Interdependence and interaction:

There must be some kind of perceived or real interdependence. Without interdependence, there can be no interaction. Conflicts only occur when some interaction occurs.

7. Everyone is suffering from conflict:

Conflicts can occur within an individual, between two or more individuals, between groups, or between organizations.

8. Conflicts are not one-dimensional:

It occurs in different ways, depending on the severity and degree of competence. At times, it may improve even in difficult situations.

Q18) What are the type of conflicts?  (8)

A18) Conflicts can be of different types, as described below.

a. Based on involvement:

Conflicts can be within an individual (conflict with oneself), interpersonal (between two people), and organized. There are two types of organizational conflict, both within and between organizations, whether real or perceived. Conflicts between organizations occur between two or more organizations.

The various companies that compete with each other are good examples of conflicts between organizations. Conflicts within an organization are conflicts within an organization that can be examined based on level (department, work team, individual, etc.) and can be categorized as interpersonal relationships, within groups, and between groups.

b. Interpersonal Conflict-

Again-Whether it is substantive or emotional, two or more individuals in the same or different groups at the same or different levels within the organization (does not represent the group to which they belong) ) Refers to the conflict.

Interpersonal conflicts can be divided into intergroup conflicts and intergroup conflicts. The former (within a group) occurs between members of a group (or between subgroups within a group), while between groups-occurs between groups or units within an organization.

c. Based on scope:

Conflicts can be substantive and emotional. Substantial conflicts are related to work, not individuals, but emotional conflicts are derived from emotions. Substantial conflicts can arise over the facts of the situation, the methods or means, objectives or goals, and values for achieving a solution to a problem. Therefore, its scope includes task conflicts and process conflicts.

Procedural discrepancies can include discrepancies in factors such as the date and time of meetings, assignment of individual tasks, group formation and leadership, and how to resolve discrepancies. Unresolved procedural inconsistencies can hinder work in collaborative projects. Substantial conflicts can strengthen collaborative decision-making. Substantial conflicts are also known as performance, tasks, issues, or active conflicts.

Emotional conflicts (also known as the opposite of relationships or pleasant conflicts), on the other hand, deal with interpersonal relationships or incompatibilities and focus on emotions and frustration between the parties.

Emotional conflicts can be very destructive to an organization if left unresolved. Relationship conflicts fall within the scope of emotional conflicts. Emotional conflicts often disrupt collaborative decision making. Due to the conflict, the members are negative, frustrated, suspicious and resentful.

For example, because of personal prejudice (eg, prejudice due to strong social, political, economic, racial, religious, ethnic, philosophical, or interpersonal prejudice), collaborators task Tasks that they rarely can focus on if they disagree with the awareness and solution of the problem.

The two concepts are related to each other. If you can distinguish between good and bad conflicts, then substantive conflicts are good and emotional conflicts are bad. Substantial conflicts deal with discrepancies between group members regarding the content of the task being performed or the performance itself.

d. Based on the results:

Conflicts can be constructive or destructive, creative or restrictive, and positive or negative. Destructive conflicts are also known as dysfunctional conflicts. Such conflicts prevent the group from achieving its goals.

Conflicts distract attention from other important activities, undermine morale and self-concept, polarize people and groups, reduce cooperation, increase or sharpen differences, and are irresponsible and harmful, such as fighting and calling for names. It is destructive when it leads to morale.

Constructive competition, on the other hand, is also called functional competition because it supports group goals and helps improve performance. Conflicts help clarify important problems and problems, solve problems, solve people's important problems, promote genuine communication, release emotions, anxieties and stress, and build cooperation between people. It's constructive. Each other; participate in conflict resolution and help individuals develop their understanding and skills.

e. Based on sharing by groups:

Conflicts can be distributed and integrated. Distributive conflicts are approached as a positive result or distribution of resources, with one winning and the other losing.

Groups that utilize the integrated – integrated model, on the other hand, see conflict as an opportunity to integrate the needs and concerns of both groups and achieve the best possible results. This type of conflict focuses more on compromise than on distributional conflict. Turned out to be integrated

Groups that utilize the integrated – integrated model, on the other hand, see conflict as an opportunity to integrate the needs and concerns of both groups and achieve the best possible results. This type of conflict focuses more on compromise than on distributional conflict. Integrative competition has been found to produce consistently better task-related results than distributed competition.

f. Based on strategy:

Conflicts may be competitive and supportive. Competitive conflicts are cumulative. The original issue that started the conflict becomes irrelevant. The original problem is an excuse rather than a cause of conflict. Conflicts of competition are characterized by a desire to win a fight or debate, even if winning causes more cost and more pain than not fighting at all.

Irrationality remains a major mark, as cost is not an issue in competitive conflicts. Competitive conflict is characterized by fear, which is one of the key elements of irrational conflict. This also leads to unreasonable conclusions when investing in results personally, especially when the issue of self-esteem is involved, whether personal or national.

Competitive conflicts can begin or be rationalized by conflicts of idealism or principles. Moreover, the desire to win overtakes certain reasons for the conflict and develops irrationally.

Importantly, historically, competitive and irrational conflicts almost always occur when powers are nearly equal, as in World War I alliances. In economic competition, customers are the winners and businesses can be at risk. However, it is encouraged in sports competitions.

In a cooperative situation, the goals are so relevant that everyone "sinks or swims" together, whereas in a competitive situation, if one swims, the other must sink. A collaborative approach is consistent with a process of interest-based or integrated negotiations that guides parties to seek solutions that are mutually beneficial. Controversies who work together to negotiate a solution are more likely to build trust and come up with mutually beneficial options for reconciliation.

g. Based on rights and interests:

Conflict of rights means that a person is granted a particular right by law, contract, previous agreement, or established practice. If such a right is denied, it leads to a dispute. Such disputes are settled by legal decision or arbitration rather than negotiation.

A conflict of interest, on the other hand, means that an individual or group demands certain privileges, but no law or right exists. Such disputes can only be resolved through negotiation or collective bargaining.

Q19) Explain the different Stage of conflict.(5)

A19) The administrator needs to be aware of the various stages of the conflict in order to handle it. If he knows the real problems behind the conflict and how the conflict has evolved, it will be easier to resolve the conflict before it becomes serious. Conflicts usually go through the next stage.

a. People are aware of resource shortages and linguistic and cultural diversity. Sensitivity may lead to conflict.

b. If there are serious differences between two groups or three or more groups, potential conflicts in a competitive situation can lead to conflicts.

c. Incidents can cause potential conflicts and open conflicts

d. Even after the issue has been resolved, the possibility of conflict remains. In fact, if one party realizes that the resolution is in a winning or losing situation, the chances are greater than before.

Is the conflict bad and undesirable?

There are three perspectives. Traditionalists consider conflict to be bad and avoid it. This is what most cultures teach. "If you can't speak well, keep a mom", "Don't fight anyone" and so on.

Relationship school followers believe that conflicts are natural and can function at one time and become dysfunctional at another time. According to them, conflict provides a means of understanding and an opportunity for creativity and persuasion. Therefore, it requires an open approach to conflict.

Integralists consider conflict to be inevitable, and it is beneficial to stimulate some conflict. Conflict is considered a positive force unless it is misdiagnosed, mismanaged, or improperly avoided.

We believe that conflict is inevitable and not necessarily the same as bad or discomfort, but the key to conflict is proper diagnosis and resolution. Conflicts are often needed as such-

a. Helps raise and address issues,

b. Rejuvenate your work to tackle the most appropriate issues

c. For example, help people "become real" and motivate them to participate.

d. Help people recognize their differences and learn how to make a profit.

Conflicts are an issue when:

a. Inhibits productivity and

b. Lower morals,

c. Causes more ongoing conflicts,

d. Causes inappropriate behavior.

Conflict indicator:

a. Body language,

b. Colleagues are not talking to or ignoring each other,

c. Deliberately weaken or do not cooperate with each other towards the collapse of the team,

d. Contradictory to each other and bad mouth,

e. Disagreement regardless of problem,

f. Withhold bad news,

g. Surprise,

h. Strong official statement,

I. Broadcast disagreements through the media,

j. Conflict of values,

k. Desire for power,

l. Increased lack of respect,

m. Open disagreement,

n. Lack of candidness for budget issues and other delicate issues,

o. Lack of clear goals,

p. There is no discussion of progress, failure to achieve goals, supervisory fairness, thorough, or no evaluation failure,

q. Faction meetings to discuss issues individually when affecting the entire organization,

r. One group that is excluded from holding events that need to include everyone,

s. A group that uses threatening slogans and symbols to show that their group is right and the others are wrong.

Q20) What could be the Reason / Cause of Conflict?  (12)

A20) Conflicts can be caused by one or more of the following reasons:

Cognition (recognition and understanding) Dissonance (difference of opinion):

This is a conflict between convergence (the ability to narrow the number of possible solutions to a problem by applying logic and knowledge) and divergent thinking (thinking outward rather than inward).

Status:

The status is a state, state, or status. When a status is required and the "wrong" person is promoted.

Mismatch:

Parties need to engage in activities that do not meet their needs and interests.

Incompatibility:

Parties retain behavioral preferences such as attitudes, values, skills, goals, and perceptions, but their satisfaction is incompatible with the implementation of others' preferences. Economics: Inadequate compensation for employees.

Stress:

Conflict due to stress from external sources. That is, a functional or dysfunctional situation.

Inadequate or inadequate organizational structure and lack of teamwork.

Seeking power:

Conflicts over power struggles often occur when everyone wants to be a leader and no one wants to be a follower.

Weak leadership:

Conflicts will inevitably occur if a short person leads a more qualified and experienced worker.

Arbitrary Interpretation and Application of Rules and Policies: Lack of transparency and openness creates dissatisfaction among affected people.

Conflict management style:

Conflict management must aim to minimize emotional disputes at all levels, achieve and maintain a modest amount of substantive disputes, and align the circumstances and concerns of the two parties in conflict.

Many styles of conflict management behavior have been studied in the last century. Mary Parker Follett described them as dominance, compromise, integration (including openness, information exchange, search for alternatives, and investigation of differences to solve problems in a way that is acceptable to both parties).

She also mentioned avoidance and restraint as another form of dealing with conflict. Next, Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton presented five styles: coercion, withdrawal, smoothing, compromise, and problem-solving.

1. Avoid (Leave-lose / win):

It is non-assertive and uncooperative. Administrators may think that there is no conflict, pretend to be, or simply ignore it. This strategy is employed when the trouble to resolve isn't well worth the salt. However, this approach makes things worse over time.

Avoidance can take the form of diplomatically deferring resolution in time, avoiding the problem or simply withdrawing from the situation. Turtles are a symbol of avoidance because you can avoid everything by pulling your head and legs to the shell to turn everything off.

2. Containment (Yield-Loss / Win):

Adaptation is non-assertive, supportive and the opposite of competition. If, in order to resolve a conflict, someone puts their interests last to meet the concerns of others by succumbing to, sacrificing, accepting, or giving up to others' perspectives, it is accommodation. It is called a facility.

However, adapting too often can weaken your position until you can no longer hear your voice. I have a high relationship orientation. This style is also used when the new approach is used in the very near future. It may resolve the opponent's conflict, but the conflict begins with the manager. This style is not objective.

Chameleons are a symbol of containment style, as they change color to match the color of the environment. Chameleon blends quietly into the environment by changing its color according to its surroundings.

3. Competition (win / lose):

The style is assertive and uncooperative. People prioritize their own interests over the interests of others. It is also known as the dominant style. People defend their rights and use all their strength to win their position. The direction of human relations is low. The manager wants others to follow his instructions or follow his path using this style.

This style can only be used if leadership is established. Poor Relationships Lions Poor relationships can be a symbol of competitive style. The lion's roar helps the lion meet its benefits.

4. Compromise (Mini Win / Mini Loss):

It's some assertive and some supportive. Compromise is on the road to collaboration somewhere between competition and accommodation. This style means mutual give and take to satisfy both parties. Or both may say "something is best than nothing". The distance between competition and containment is the same.

There is a direction for the negotiated relationship. Managers may compromise if the goal is to move forward rather than stop the journey. Zebras can be a symbol of a compromised style. The unique appearance of zebras seems to indicate that they don't care whether it's a black horse or a white horse. So I "split the difference" and chose white and black stripes.

5. Collaboration (Win / Win):

It's the opposite of avoiding it, it's positive and supportive. Sometimes called an integrated style. This style focuses on meeting the underlying concerns of both parties and working together to meet many of today's needs. Through this style, employees develop ownership and commitment. From time to time, this style creates new mutual needs.

How to minimize (manage) conflicts between individuals? -Management behaviour:

Managers should not avoid conflicts in the hope that they will disappear. It's a good idea to ask participants to explain the specific actions they want the other person to take. It is beneficial to involve a third party (meaning an indirect boss who has access to the situation). Finally, it is advisable not to meet with conflicting people separately.

The manager should take the following actions to minimize conflicts:

1. Regular review of job description:

Job descriptions also need to change at the pace of change. However, this is only possible if the job description is reviewed regularly.

2. Establish relationships of trust and build relationships with all subordinates.

That's why I meet them on a regular basis. Ask about their problems, challenges and achievement.

3. Regular report:

Managers should regularly obtain progress reports on their subordinates to show their performance, current needs, and future scenarios.

4. Training:

All managers must be provided with training in interpersonal communication, dispute management, and delegation of authority.

5. Mutual development of procedures:

For day-to-day operations, procedures should be developed with the inputs received from employees in mind. I encourage you to write if possible. Such written procedures should be distributed to all involved. If necessary, the employees involved will be trained in those procedures.

6. Holding regular meetings:

Administrators should hold regular management meetings to inform their subordinates of new initiatives to be taken and the progress of the current program.

7. Anonymous suggestion box:

Consider a box where employees can provide suggestions.

Factors Affecting Conflict Style:

1. Gender:

Some of us use categorical confrontation modes for gender and certain types of socialization. Because some men are men, they were taught to "always face someone and fight if they have to fight." When socialized in this way, he is more likely to use the assertive confrontation mode than to use the cooperative mode.

2. Self-concept:

The way we think and feel about ourselves and our opinions about others influence how we approach conflicts with others.

3. Expectations:

If we believe that our team or others want to resolve the conflict, are we willing to resolve the conflict?

4. Position / force:

Where is the power relationship with the person we are in conflict with? That means whether other men are equal to, better than, or less than us.

5. Life experience:

Through knowledge and experience, we may have acquired skills in conflict and "understanding conflict management." This allows you to decide which conflict mode to use with a particular person in conflict.

6. Communication skills:

The basis of dispute resolution and dispute management is how effectively we communicate. People who use effective communication will be able to resolve conflicts more easily and successfully.

Q21) What is time management?  (8)

A21) Time management is the effective management of time so that the right time is assigned to the right activity.

Effective time management allows individuals to assign specific time slots to activities according to their importance.

Time management is about getting the most out of your time, as time is always limited.

Ask yourself which activities are more important and how much time you need to allocate to the same activity. Know which tasks need to be done early and which tasks can be done a little later.

Time management plays a very important role not only in the organization but also in private life.

Time management includes:

a. Effective planning,

b. Setting goals and objectives,

c. Deadline setting,

d. Delegation of responsibility,

e. Prioritize activities according to importance,

f. Spend the proper amount of your time on the proper activities.

a. Effective planning

Plan your day well in advance. Prepare a to-do list or "task plan". Make a note of the important activities you need to perform in a day for the time you need to assign to each activity. High-priority work is given top priority, followed by less important work at this time. Complete the pending tasks one by one. Do not start new work unless you have completed the previous task. Check the ones that have already been completed. Make sure to complete the task within the specified time frame.

b. Setting goals and objectives

Working within an organization with or without goals is similar to a ship captain getting lost in the ocean. Yes you will be lost. Set your own goals and make sure they are realistic and achievable.

c. Deadline setting

Set your own deadline and strive to complete the task before the deadline. Don't wait for your boss to ask you every time. Learn to take ownership of your work. It's up to you to set the deadline. Ask yourself how much time you need to spend on a particular task and how many days you need. Use the planner to mark important dates for the set deadline.

d. Delegation of responsibility

Learn to say "no" at work. Don't do everything yourself. There are other people. You should not accept what he knows is difficult for him. In order for an employee to complete a task on time, he or she must delegate roles and responsibilities depending on the employee's interests and areas of expertise. People who don't know anything take longer than people who know the job well.

e. Task prioritization

Prioritize tasks according to their importance and urgency. Know the difference between urgent work and important work. Identify tasks that need to be done within a day, tasks that need to be done within a month, and so on. The most important tasks need to be done faster.

f. Spend the proper amount of your time on the proper activities

Get within the habit of doing the proper thing at the proper time. Work done at the wrong time is not very useful. Don't waste your entire day doing what you can do in an hour or so. Also, leave some time for personal calls and checking for updates on Facebook and Twitter. After all, humans are not machines.

Q22) “Time management plays an extremely important role not only in personal life but also in professional life”. Explain.

A22) Let's take a look at some of the benefits of time management.

a. Time management makes individuals punctual and disciplined.

Learn to work when you really need it as a result of effective time management. To use your time wisely, individuals create a "task plan" or "to-do" list at the beginning of the day and write down the activities that need to be done on a particular day, depending on their importance and urgency. Is needed. A specific time slot assigned to each activity. Task plans give individuals a sense of direction in the workplace. Individuals know what their day will look like and will eventually work accordingly, leading to increased production.

b. As a result of effective time management, one is more organized.

Keeping things in the right place minimizes the time it takes to search for documents, important files, folders, stationery, and more. For better time management, individuals keep their workstations, study zones, cubicles, and meeting areas clean and tidy. People learn to manage things well as a result of time management.

c. Effective time management boosts individual morale and builds self-confidence.

As a result of time management, individuals perform tasks within a defined time frame and are popular not only within the organization but also among colleagues. Those who understand the value of time can stand away from the crowd. People who finish their work on time are respected by others and are always in the spotlight everywhere.

d. Individuals who stick to time plans achieve their goals and objectives in the shortest possible time.

Effective time management allows employees to reach their goals much faster than their deadlines and complete tasks when they need them.

e. Effective time management helps employees quickly reach the pinnacle of success and stay firmly on top for longer periods of time. Employees who work solely for work cannot make an impression and are not taken seriously. Effective time management plays a vital role in improving personal productivity. When people manage their time well, production increases significantly.

f. Better time management helps with better planning and ultimately better prediction.

Individuals learn to plan things well and know exactly where they will be five years from now.

g. Studies show that individuals who perform tasks on time are less likely to be stressed or anxious.

Remember that it doesn't make sense to waste time and crib later. When you finish the pending work on time, you have enough time for your friends, relatives, and family.

h. Time management allows individuals to prioritize tasks and activities in the workplace.

It is foolish to continue to overburden. Don't accept everything that comes your way.

i. Time management helps individuals adopt a planned approach in their lives.

Time management technology

Time management refers to the wise use of time to be successful in life. Time management helps individuals make the most of their time. It is imperative that individuals value their time and allocate the right time to the right activities.