Question bank

Q1) Explain population growth.    (5)

A1) Population growth-

The rapid increase in population is mainly the result of increased food supply. The beginning of agriculture and therefore the domestication of animals marked the primary step for humankind to a civilized society. From the birth of Christ to 1800 AD, agricultural technology was refined and population growth was limited by the expansion of agriculture into forested lands.

Meanwhile, high mortality rates from hunger, illness and war since the 18th century have limited the population, and vaccinations, antibodies and pesticides have mitigated the existence of high mortality rates. The population has increased dramatically during.

Population growth estimates that he will have 8.2 billion in 2025 and he will exceed 10 billion by 2025.

Rapid population growth in certain countries, including India, does not mean that resources are unlimited. It is the remarkable advances in medicine and technology that have significantly reduced human mortality.

Habitats cannot support a population that exceeds certain limits. When the population exceeds its limits, limited resources adversely affect the population through increased mortality and lower fertility rates, ultimately leading to lower population densities. The maximum number of people the environment can support and maintain is called carrying capacity.

As the population grows, competition for available space and food becomes fierce, which impacts population growth.

Q2) Mention the factors that discourage settlement.   (7)

A2) Factors discouraging settlement

1. Origin of Settlements:

The exact reason why the settlement was formed is unknown. The event is a mystery because it happened before the recorded history. There is only reasonable speculation as to where and why permanent settlement began.

Before the plants were domesticated and the settlements were established, humans were nomads, wandering across the land in search of food and water. Food was obtained by collecting wild fruits and roots or by killing wild animals.

Historians and cultural anthropologists give some explanations for the development of human settlements.

The main reasons for its establishment are religious, cultural, military, political and economic. This section briefly describes these factors.

2. Religious

The first permanent settlement may have served a religious purpose, especially as a place to bury the dead. After all, what is more permanent than a grave?

Nomads may have had a memorial service for the dead, probably on the anniversary of their death.

After establishing a permanent resting place for the dead, the tribes would have placed priests there to perform proper rituals. After that, the place of worship (temple) became the center of attraction and the development of the settlement.

3. Culture:

The settlement also served as a place to house women and children, which could have allowed men to wander further in search of food. Women used materials collected by men to make household items such as pots, baskets, clothes, and other household items.

4. Politics / Military

Priests, teachers, women and children were vulnerable to attacks from other tribes. Young people (soldiers) were stationed in the village to protect them.

The settlement was also the hub of political leaders who needed a strategic place to protect the tribal land claims.

The settlements needed adequate protection because military and religious leaders lived there. How can I best protect my settlement?

The answer was to build a surrounding wall that was strong enough to withstand the attack. In this way, the settlement became the center of a military fortress.

5. Economical:

Religious, military and political leaders and their dependents needed food supplied by the tribes through hunting and gathering.

Someone finally wondered why they shouldn't bring extras during difficult times such as droughts, floods and wars, as long as the tribes are collecting surplus food for the people of the settlement.

In this way, the settlement has gained an economic role in storing excess food. People were able to bring in the goods they had collected in the village.

Villages can serve as a neutral foundation for a variety of people who can be together and engage in socio-economic activities.

6. Place of residence:

The location, growth and development of human settlements are closely influenced by available soil, water, forests and mineral resources.

Depending on the nature and quality of the resource, the settlement may be temporary or permanent and may gain status from a rural settlement to an urban settlement.

7. Unstable payments:

The physical environment that determines the location of the settlement

1. Water supply – Water is essential for human survival and agricultural activities.

2. Relief – The availability of large, flat lands such as floodplains facilitates agricultural activity.

3. Soil-Soil fertility is another consideration for agricultural activity

4. Shelter-Protected from natural elements. Highlands exposed to strong winds in harsh cold climates are suitable for settlement.

5. Defense – Threats from enemies and predatory animals have led people to live together for protection.

Villages are places where people live and interact through activities such as agriculture, trade and entertainment.

Settlement in geography helps us understand the relationship between humans and the environment.

Rural settlements are communities primarily involved in major activities such as agriculture, lumber and mining.

Urban settlements are primarily engaged in secondary and tertiary activities such as food processing and banking.

There is often a correlation between function, population size, and population density. Rural settlements tend to have a small population and a low population density. Urban settlements are often large and densely populated.

Site factors for payment

Urban growth

As the urban population grows, so does the size and number of towns and cities. Rapid urbanization in developed and developing countries has caused many urban problems due to the significant increase in the number of urban inhabitants.

The problem is

1. Housing-I don't have a house and can't afford to buy a suitable one. Pioneering illegal occupation.

2. Water supply-Insufficient water supply due to demand for water supply and poor plumbing system.

3. Transportation-Too many cars in major cities. Poor public transport

4. Pollution-Household and industrial waste is a source of soil pollution in urban areas.

8. Stable rural settlements:

The settlements where most people are engaged in agriculture, forestry, mining and fishing are known as rural settlements.

Rural settlements are often referred to as agricultural workshops. It cannot be separated from the land on which it guarantees use.

Its type, shape and pattern depend on the type of work, farming method and soil usage.

Most of the world's rural settlements are stable and permanent.

Q3) What are the factors that promote settlement? (7)

A3) Factors that promote settlement are:

One of the most basic factors influencing habitation patterns is the physical geography of the land. Climate is important. Too dry, too cold, or too hot can make it difficult for many people to settle there, especially if they make a living from agriculture. The land itself is also important, as some types of soil are more suitable for agriculture than others or support different types of crops. Modern transportation allows people to live far away from food-producing areas, but humid and warm climates are more densely populated than very dry or very cold areas.

b.  Transportation system

Settlement patterns have always been influenced by the technologies available to settlers, especially the means of transportation. In the past, when ships were the best way to carry goods and people, most of the major settlements were next to the sea or rivers. In fact, the world's largest cities today are still located by the water, but transportation technology has made them more densely populated inland. In the 1800s, settlements emerged alongside newly constructed railroads in the western United States and elsewhere in the world, and highways and roads today form an even greater element.

c.  Financial concerns

Often, the economy seeks opportunities for settlers in new locations, creating their own settlements or expanding existing settlements. Historically, pioneers came in search of a place to start a farm and later in the city in search of a job. If the local economy collapses, more people could be driven into cities. Immigrants are more likely to settle in the suburbs than in the centre of the city, as jobs may move from the city to the suburbs.

d.  Government policy

Government land policies can also have a lasting impact on settlement patterns. Today, many city governments control the expansion of settlements by enforcing zoning rules that allow people to live in only some areas. Similarly, as the United States and Canada expanded westward across North America, they each enacted rules that allowed settlers to claim land for their farms. The vast land was divided into grids of square plots on the official map, resulting in checkerboards of square fields, straight roads, county borders, and state borders in many of the Great Plains. This top-down settlement Policies often destroyed the settlement patterns and lives of Native Americans who already lived there.

Q4) What are the impacts of population explosion? (8)

A4) Impact of population explosion

The effects of the population explosion are numerous and widespread. Some of them are listed as follows:

In developing countries, the composition of the population is determined to increase capital formation. Due to the high birth rate and short life expectancy in these countries, the proportion of dependents is very high. Almost 40-50% of the population belongs to the unproductive age group, which simply consumes and produces nothing.

In developed countries, rapid population growth reduces per capita capital and reduces labor productivity. As a result, their income is reduced, their savings capacity is reduced, and their capital formation is adversely affected.

2. The higher the population ratio, the more investment is required:

In economically underdeveloped countries, investment requirements exceed their investment capacity. Rapid population growth increases the need for investment in vital statistics and at the same time reduces people's ability to save.

This creates a serious imbalance between investment requirements and the availability of investable funds. Therefore, the amount of such investment is determined by the rate of population growth in the economy. Some economists estimate that if the population grows at an annual rate of 1%, he will have to invest 2% to 5% of national income to maintain the current level of per capita income. ..

In these countries, the population is growing at an annual rate of about 2.5%, from 5% to 12.5%   of national income, so the entire investment is absorbed by vital investment, leaving nothing for economic development. Hmm. These factors are the main causes of such economic stagnation.

3.  Per capita capital availability is reduced.

Due to the large population, the availability of per capita capital is also reduced in developing countries. This is true for developing countries where capital is scarce and their supply is inelastic. As the population grows rapidly, the available capital per worker gradually diminishes. This leads to further reduced productivity and diminishing returns.

4. Adverse effects per capital income:

The rapid growth of the population has a direct impact on per capita income in the economy. Up to the "income optimization level", population growth increases per capita income, but above that it inevitably decreases as well. In a sense, as long as the rate of population growth is lower than the per capita income, the rate of economic growth will increase, but if the rate of population growth exceeds the rate of economic growth, it is usually seen in developing countries. Must fall.

5. Large population causes unemployment problems:

The rapid increase in population means that a large number of people who may not be able to provide employment come to the labor market. In fact, the number of job seekers in developing countries is growing so rapidly that despite all efforts towards planned development, it has not been possible to provide employment to all. Unemployment, underemployment and camouflaged employment are common features of these countries. Due to the rapid population growth, it is almost impossible for underdeveloped countries to solve the unemployment problem economically.

6. Rapid population growth causes food problems:

Increasing population means more mouths to eat, which puts pressure on the inventory of available food. As a result, food shortages are generally a problem in developing countries, where the population is growing rapidly. Despite all efforts to increase agricultural production, they are unable to support an increasing population.

Food shortages affect economic development in two ways. First, inadequate food supply leads to malnutrition and reduced productivity. It further reduces the productivity of workers. Second, food shortages force the import of food grains and put an unnecessary burden on their foreign currency resources.

7. Population and Agriculture:

In developing countries, the majority of the population lives and agriculture is the mainstay. Rural population growth is relatively high, which disrupts the land population ratio. In addition, the number of landless workers has increased significantly, followed by lower wages, which has exacerbated the problem of camouflaged unemployment and reduced per capita produce in such countries.

Due to the low productivity of the farm, the propensity to save and invest is declining. As a result, these economies are hit hard by the lack of improved agricultural technology and ultimately fall victim to the vicious cycle of poverty. Therefore, the process of agriculture and overall development.

8. Population and vicious circle in poverty:

The rapid increase in population is a major cause of the perpetuation of the vicious cycle of poverty in developing countries. Due to the rapid growth of the population, people need to spend most of their income on raising children.

Therefore, savings and capital formation rates remain low, per capita income declines, and rising general price levels lead to a sharp rise in living expenses. No progress in agriculture or industrial technology has been seen, such as lack of daily necessities, low standard of living, and mass unemployment. As a result, the economies of developing countries as a whole are in a vicious cycle of poverty.

9. Reduced labor efficiency:

The labor force in the economy is the ratio of the working population to the total population. Assuming that he has a life expectancy of 50 in developing countries, the workforce is equivalent to the number of people in her 15 to 50 age group. Vital transitions mean a relatively small population due to high birth rates and low mortality rates, a large proportion of the younger age group aged 1 to 15 years in the total population, and a small labor force. To do. Participate in productive employment.

In order to survive the demographic transition, it is essential for developing countries to reduce their fertility rates. In this way, we can conclude that the labor force is increasing as the population grows.

10. Rapid population decline causes social infrastructure to decline:

The welfare state of India is promised to properly meet the social needs of its people, which requires the government to spend much on providing basic facilities such as education, housing and medical assistance. However, due to the rapid population growth, the burden is getting heavier.

11. Adverse effects on the environment:

Rapid population growth leads to changes in the environment. Due to the rapid population growth, the number of unemployed men and women is growing at an alarming rate. This has pushed many to ecologically sensitive areas such as hillsides and tropical forests. It leads to deforestation for cultivation and causes some environmental changes. In addition to all of this, increasing population growth will lead to migration to many urban areas due to industrialization. This pollutes the air, water, noise and population of big cities and towns.

12. Obstacles to independence:

Excessive population growth is an obstacle to achieving independence and dependence, as it requires important and more food to meet the needs of the growing millions of people, while creating export surpluses. Significantly reduce. Due to the decrease in exports, imports could not be paid and we had to rely on foreign aid. Therefore, the goal of independence cannot be achieved without controlling the population.

13. Agricultural development decline trend:

In developing countries, most people live in rural areas, their main occupation is agriculture, and as the population grows, the land-to-population ratio is disrupted. In our country, the availability of cultivated land per capita decreased from 1.1 acres in 1911 to 0.6 acres in 1971. Due to the small amount of land owned, it is not possible to adopt the latest irrigation and mechanization technologies.

This also leads to camouflaged unemployment and underemployment in the agricultural sector. It leads to congestion and also reduces the land available for construction of agriculture, homes, factories, hospitals, shopping centers, educational institutions, roads, railroad tracks, etc. Therefore, population growth slows the development of agriculture and other Causes many problems ..

14. Population growth lowers standard of living:

The standard of living is determined by the per capita income. The factors that influence per capita income associated with population growth apply to living standards as well. Population growth leads to increased demand for food, clothing, housing, etc., but the lack of cooperating factors such as raw materials, skilled labor and capital cannot increase their supply.

Q5) Explain family welfare programme. (7)

A5) Family Welfare Programmes mainly include:

1. Family planning information, counselling and services to women for healthy reproduction.

2. Education about safe delivery and post-delivery of the mother and the baby and the treatment of women before pregnancy.

3. Health care for infant’s immunization against preventable diseases.

4. Prevention and treatment of sexually and Reproductive Tract infection.

A large number of people suffer from in-silence due to reproductive tract infection and sexually transmitted disease. RTI can cause pregnancy – related complications infertility and chronic pain. They are inflammatory disease and HIV. So an important object of the welfare program is the identification and tract infection.

Nearly 4 out of 10 currently married women in India report at least one reproductive health problem that – could be symptomatic of a more serious reproductive tract infection. The percentage of correctly married women with any reproductive health problem varies from 19 percent in Karnataka to 67 percent in Meghalaya.

Among women who report any reproductive health problem two-thirds have not seen any one for advice or treatment. Less than one third of women who seek advice or treatment for reproductive health problems go to government health professionals. So education regarding reproductive health, safe habits and syndrome treatment are the answer to create healthy mother who in turn will produce a healthy baby.

Keeping in view the issues and problems confronting reproductive and child health, various family welfare programmes have been effectively implemented in every state with a larger prospective intended for population stabilization, reduction of infant and Maternal mortality through integrated Family Welfare services, I.E.C act activities. (Information, Education and Communication activities) Immunization and prophylaxis against Anemia and Vitamin A deficiency of children and mothers with a comprehensive health strategy. It is a people centred programme. Government and community should support this programme.

The basic objective of the Family welfare programme is to stabilize the population and to provide qualitative health services including immunization to both-pregnant mother and children. Since the last 48 years, the Family welfare programme is being implemented in the State with financial assistance of the central Govt.

The family planning programme is not merely intended for population stabilization now but it has much larger perspective in holistic approach towards Reproductive and child health. Services, family planning, Immunization, training etc. comprise a comprehensive health care package. The Family welfare activities are guided as per the policies, guidelines and funding by Govt. Of India.

To ensure qualitative healthy delivery and population control the Reproductive and child Health programme has been implemented in every state with community needs assessment approach. To boost the health care delivery, each State Govt. Has formulated health reforms and implemented the same to give better autonomy to the health institutions.

Q6) What are the five stages of demographic transition theory?   (7)

A6) Demographic transition theory 5 stages-

There are multiple versions of the theory of demographic transition, also known as the population stage or population cycle. Previously there were his three stages proposed by W.S. Thomson and F.W. Notstein. However, now it is a five-step theory. You come across the very famous term "demographic bonus". It is very important to know about the mortality rate of the country and the birth rate of our economy and society. Demographic transition theory is a cycle that begins with a decline in mortality, goes through a permanent phase of population growth, and ends with a decline in fertility.

Five Stages of Demographic Theory:

Stage 1: This stage involves very high growth in mortality and fertility. The status of the country is backwards, and the majority of people live in the countryside. Society is very simple and the means of economic development are modest. People are underdeveloped, backward, and live in a dirty environment. Facilities such as banks, modern education, transportation and commerce are not even in the early stages of development. Birth rates are very high because people are not educated on how to control the population. A family with many children is considered a wealthy family. Birth rates are uncontrollable due to illiteracy, ignorance, and various misconceptions. Due to the large population but scarce resources, food availability is very low and mortality is high. Population growth is almost in equilibrium. These economic and social factors are delaying the standard of living.

Stage 2: After an isolated and economic stagnation, people enter a period of economic growth. The development of agriculture and industry will begin, leading to the development of the tertiary industry. Basic facilities such as food, clothing and shelters are becoming more and more complete. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects are considered. Modern medical technology has helped reduce mortality, but birth rates are at about the same pace. With increasing employment opportunities, people are not ready to reduce childbirth. The widespread social practices and beliefs about childbirth are deep-rooted. Therefore, at this stage, the economy is good enough, but the population is exploding.

Stage 3: After a significant increase in population, people begin to use different contraceptive methods for contraception. The more rapidly the mortality rate declines, the lower the birth rate. The public is reluctant to support the concept of a large family. Thanks to education, people living in urban areas become more active and learn the difficulty of having more children. Currently, the population is increasing, but it is decreasing.

Stage 4: Population is sluggish again. Previously, it was found that the birth rate was lower, but lower than the mortality rate. But now both concepts are equally diminished. As a result, living standards improve with economic and social development. People are rejecting superstitions, and nuclear families are now a priority. While you have a source of income, you will also increase spending on various facilities such as medical, education and transportation. Men and women are crazy about some family planning plans. Currently, the population is relatively small.

Stage 5: In Stage 5, the mortality rate exceeds the birth rate. As a result, the rate of population growth will be low. This situation is considered a concern in all developed countries.

This theory is not the only theory of the population cycle, but it is the most accepted theory. However, there are many criticisms about it. The stages are not continuous and the explanation for the decline in fertility varies from region to region. This concept cannot be generalized. This theory addresses a variety of economic and social factors, but ignores many other factors. However, this theory applies to almost all European countries.

Q7) Explain India as multiculturalism. (7)

A7) Indian multiculturalism

According to the 1961 Indian Census, the country has 1652 indigenous languages. Indian culture has been shaped by its long history, unique geography and diverse demographics. Indian languages, religions, dances, music, architecture and customs vary from place to place in the country, but they still have something in common. Indian culture is a fusion of these diverse subcultures that span the Indian subcontinent and traditions of thousands of years ago. The Indian caste system explains the social stratification and social limitations of the Indian subcontinent. I will. Thousands of endogamy genetic groups, often referred to as Jati or caste.

Religiously, Hindus make up the majority, followed by Muslims. Statistics are Hindu (80.5%), Muslim (13.4%), Christian (2.3%), Sikh (2.1%), Buddhist, Bahai, Jain, Jewish, and Parsi populations. Linguistically, her two major linguistic families in India are Indo-Aryan (a branch of the Indo-European language family) and Dravidian. In north eastern India, people who speak Sino-Tibetan languages   are common, such as Meitei (Meitei) and Austroasiatic languages, which are recognized by the Constitution of India. India follows (officially) a three-language policy. Hindi (spoken in the form of Hindustani) is the official language of the Commonwealth, English has a quasi / quasi-official federal status, and each state has its own official language (Hindi). In the linguistic sphere, this results in bilingualism). Moreover, India has no national language. The boundaries of the states of the Republic of India are drawn primarily on the basis of language groups. This decision led to the preservation and continuation of the local folk language subculture, with the exception of Hindispraum, which itself is divided into many states. As such, most states differ from each other in language, culture, cooking, clothing, style, architecture, music, and festivals.

India is religious, including the Mopra riots, the Bombay riots, the 1984 anti-seek riots, the 2002 Gujarat riots, the 2012 Assam riots, and most recently his 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots in Uttar Pradesh. I encountered motivated violence. This applies to communities that have traditionally been at a disadvantage in public employment, such as crackdowns in the same area, owners' insecurity in offering real estate for sale or rent, and social insecurity in accepting interracial marriages. It is due.

India has the largest population of some non-Indian religions, such as Baha'i Faith and Zoroastrianism.

A multidimensional society is one in which people from different origins, backgrounds, and beliefs gather to form a society and live in it. In this case, no one has any coercion or coercion to destroy the existing belief system and adapt it to the new system. Such societies are more or less based on the principle of "live and live." Even minorities are allowed to maintain their own different identities in the matter of differentiating them.

Q8) What are the problems associated with population growth?    (8)

A8) Problems associated with population growth:

Some of India's major population problems include:

1. Rapid population growth:

Despite many attempts to check population growth, birth rates remain high (annual exponential growth of 1.64% according to the 2011 census) but died due to the development and expansion of medical facilities I know the rate is being checked. ..

Family planning is not practiced on a large scale and in good faith, especially in rural areas. This situation increases the proportion of young people (15-24 years, 2%) as well as the elderly (32% in 2011) who depend on a relatively small workforce.

This majority of the young population puts great pressure on available medical, educational and other social facilities. It is estimated that 25 million people will be homeless and 171 million will not have access to safe drinking water due to rapid population growth.

2. Disproportionate gender composition:

According to the 2011 census, the national sex ratio (female per 1,000 men) is 940. In most countries of the world, there are more women than men. However, India and some South and East Asian countries are different. Women's mortality rates are high in these countries.

This results in more males than females in India, with a sex ratio of less than 1,000, with the exception of her two states, Kerala (1,084) and Pondicherry (1,083). India is one of the few countries where the sex ratio of children between the ages of 0 and 6 is declining.

Declining child sex ratios are the result of two main factors.

(1) High female infant mortality (compared to male infant mortality), and

(2) Female abortion.

Both reflect parental and social discrimination against girls and are inherently perceived as a matter of attitude. Experts cite social pressure and dowry demands as the reason for this threat, rather than lack of education and awareness.

3. Deterioration of living standards and malnutrition:

The standard of living of a country is also affected by its population. In India, there is a significant lack of nutrition, especially a balanced diet. The standard of living is low and the housing environment is often very poor, leading to health problems such as deficiency. People's ignorance, inadequate medical facilities, and lack of financial resources are hindering the improvement of housing and health.

4. Unemployment:

Unwanted population growth pressures increase the army of unemployed youth of employment age. Such desperate young people are a burden to society. They can drown in illegal activities and harm law-abiding people. In India, the majority of the population depends on agriculture, but agriculture is mainly driven by traditional methods, outdated equipment and inadequate financial resources. Therefore, the production volume per unit area is small.

The secondary and tertiary industries (industries and services, respectively) are relatively underdeveloped. Therefore, employment opportunities for both unskilled and semi-skilled workers are very limited. The agricultural sector does not provide employment to a large number of unskilled workers.

Educated and skilled people also have very limited employment opportunities. As a result, uneducated and educated people, skilled and unskilled, move to urban areas in search of work. In this way, towns and cities are overcrowded, living environments are deteriorating, causing socio-economic and environmental problems such as crime, delinquency, prostitution, pollution, transportation and violence.

Q9) What are the measures taken to control growth in population? (8)

A9) Measures to control growth of population in India

India's population is very large and growing rapidly. A 1% growth rate means that 1 million people are added each year, but in reality he is adding 20 million people each year. Therefore, effective population control measures require time. We know that fertility is a major cause of rapid population growth. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt measures that can reduce the birth rate. These measures can be categorized into three heads.

A. Social measures:

Population explosion is a social problem and is deeply rooted in society. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to eliminate the social evils of this country.

1. Minimum age of marriage:

Whether you become pregnant depends on the age of your marriage. Therefore, the minimum age for marriage should be raised. In India, the minimum age for marriage is 21 for men and 18 for women. This law should be enforced and people should be informed through public relations.

2. Improving the status of women:

Discrimination against women continues to this day. They are trapped in her four walls of the house. They are still limited to child rearing and childbirth. Therefore, women should be given the opportunity to develop socially and economically. Free education should be given to them.

3. Dissemination of education:

The spread of education changes people's perspectives. Educated men like better to delay marriage and adopt small family norms. Educated women are health conscious and help reduce fertility by avoiding frequent pregnancies.

4. Recruitment:

Some parents have no children, despite the high cost of treatment. It is advisable to adopt an orphan. It is also beneficial for orphans and couples of children.

5. Changes in social outlook:

People's views on society must change. Marriage should not be considered a social binding. Don't look down on women who have no problems.

6. Social security:

More and more people should be covered under the social security system. These facilities don't want children anymore so that they don't depend on others for old age, illness, unemployment, etc.

B. Economic measures:

The economic measures are as follows.

1. Expansion of employment opportunities:

First and foremost, the most important measure is to increase employment in rural areas as well as in urban areas. In rural areas, disguised unemployment is common. Therefore, efforts are needed to move the unemployed from rural areas to urban areas. In this step you can see the population increase.

2. Agriculture and industrial development:

If agriculture and industry develop properly, many people will find employment. As their income increases, they improve their standard of living and adopt small family norms.

3. Standard of living:

Improving living standards act as a deterrent to the norms of large families. People prefer to have a small family in order to maintain a higher standard of living. According to A.K, Das Gupta is Rs. The average reproduction rate of her 100 children a month is 3.4, and the income is more than rupees. She has 300 animals a month and has a reproduction rate of 2.8 children.

4. Urbanization:

Urban people have been recorded to have lower fertility rates than those living in rural areas. Therefore, urbanization should be encouraged.

C. Other measures:

Other measures include the following.

1. Late marriage:

Whenever possible, marriage should be solemn at the age of 30. This shortens the reproductive period of women and reduces their fertility. She has set a minimum government marriage age of 21. For men and her 18 years old. For women.

2. Self control:

According to some experts, self-control is one of his powerful ways to control the population. This is an ideal and sound approach and people should follow. Helps lower the birth rate.

3. Family planning:

This method means a family of choice, not by chance. Birth rates can be adjusted by applying precautionary measures. This method is widely used. The success of this method depends on the availability of cheap contraceptive devices for contraception. According to Chander Shekher, "Hurry up the primary child, delay the second child and avoid the third child."

4. Entertainment facilities:

Birth rates will drop if there are entertainment facilities like movies. People can use the theatre, sports, dance and more.

5. Public relations:

Communication media such as television, radio and newspapers are a good way to disseminate planned family benefits, especially to uneducated and illiterate people in rural and underdeveloped areas.

6. Incentive:

Governments can be given different types of incentives to adopt contraceptive measures. Other institutions such as financial incentives and vacations and promotions can be extended to the working class, which adopts the norms of small families.

7. Employment of women:

Another way for her to check the population is to provide employment to women. Women need to be given incentives to serve in different areas. Women are also actively participating in the competition test. As a result, their numbers in education, medical care, banking, etc. are growing rapidly. Simply put, take every possible measure to control population growth.

Q10) What are the causes of population growth?  (7)

A10) The causes of population growth are:

• Studies show that nearly 2/3rd of the women are poorly educated about their reproductive capabilities

• This causes many women to breed more children than are needed in their country or region.

2.  Religious beliefs:

• Most of the doctrines in these religions are based on the idea that the deity they worship will prevent or support the birth of a child.

• In this way, the religions act as a birth control method of belief.

3.   financial incentives:

• In certain countries with low population rates, there are financial incentives are given to the parents for educating children.

• In the united states, tax deductions were put in place to assist parents with the day-to-day costs of raising a child.

4.   Fertility treatments: Modern science has found ways to stimulate the reproductive system in many ways to better ensure a pregnancy. There are many drawbacks with this procedure, however, there are chances for increased birth rates in many women.

5.   Mortality rate:  In most third world countries the mortality rate for children is 1 in 10 according to the world health organization. Worldwide, there are roughly 9 births for every death.

6.   Industrial revolution:

• Which occurred in 19th century europe and north america, involved several scientific and technological innovations, developments and advancements, have improved the quality of life and have expanded the average life span.

7.   Food production:  Since the mid-19th century, many agricultural innovations have enabled farmers to dramatically increase and improve food production. For instance, between 1950 and 1984, the total amount of grain harvested worldwide increased from 631 million tons to 1.65 billion tons.

8.   Public health.  By 1990, technological advancements facilitating cleaner cities, efficient sewage systems, nutritional knowledge and adequate homes have also lowered death rates.

9.   Disease. Scientific discoveries and technological advancements that help prevent infections, cure illnesses and enable people to survive diseases have significantly promoted population growth. Vaccines have reduced the rate of infections such as smallpox, influenza etc.

Q11) What are the effects of population  growth?   (8)

A11) Effects:

1. Waste generation:

Due to his destructive activity, humans have dumped more and more waste into the environment. Since man-made waste is not converted, it causes deterioration and reduces the environment's ability to absorb more waste. In addition, waste leads to air pollution and water pollution.

2. Threats to biodiversity:

Due to his destructive activity, humans have extracted more and more minerals from the earth. The animals were hunted and the plants disappeared. Biodiversity is lost. These lead to ecological imbalances.

3. Forest burden:

Humans have established a new residential colony. National roads and hydropower projects were built and forests were destroyed. These destructive activities are increasing, causing ecosystem imbalances.

4. Urbanization:

Rapid population growth is causing urbanization and has a negative impact on the environment. Due to population pressure, the city's natural resources are rapidly depleting due to population pressure.

In addition, the population does not have adequate sanitation and pure drinking water. As a result, people's health is adversely affected. There is no doubt that urbanization will reduce the pressure on the rural environment, but it will cause industrial growth, emissions and waste damage to the environment.

5. Industrialization:

Developing countries are following heavy industrialization policies that are causing environmental degradation. Land, air and water quality are being polluted by the establishment of industries such as fertilizers, steel, chemicals and refineries.

6. Land degradation:

Intensive farming and overuse of fertilizers and pesticides have led to overexploitation of land and water resources. These cause land degradation in the form of soil erosion, logging and salt accumulation.

7. Transportation development:

Environmental degradation is also due to the development of transportation in different parts of the world. Automobiles emit large amounts of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Due to the development of ports, oil spills from ships are having a negative impact on fisheries, coral reefs, mangroves and landscapes.

8. Climate change:

Climate change due to greenhouse gases is irregular. The thin air layer that surrounds the Earth is more influenced by human activity than ever before. Urban people are still exposed to unacceptable levels of toxic pollutants. In addition, forests are deteriorating due to acid rain from distant industries, and greenhouse gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere.

9. Productivity:

Deterioration of the environment not only harms health, but also reduces economic productivity. Dirty water, poor sanitation, air pollution and land degradation are causing serious illness in developing countries like India.

These reduce the productivity level of the country. To give a specific example, water pollution is reducing fisheries in rivers, ponds and canals, both in urban and rural areas. Due to water shortages, the economic activity of towns, cities and villages is declining.

Soil and hazardous waste pollute groundwater resources that cannot be used for agricultural or industrial production. Soil degradation leading to soil erosion and drought has led to silt in reservoirs and blockages in river and canal transport routes. Deforestation causes soil erosion, resulting in the loss of sustainable logging potential.

The loss of biodiversity has resulted in the loss of genetic resources.

Last but not least, changes in the atmosphere have caused disruptions in the marine food chain, damage to coastal infrastructure due to rising sea levels, and regional changes in agricultural productivity due to sea hurricanes.

Thus, the deterioration of the environment reduces the economic productivity of the country.

10. Technology:

Today, environmental pollution is caused by old technologies that release gases and pollutants, creating chemical and industrial pressures on the environment.

Q12) What is   Human Development Index (HDI)?  (5)

A12) The Human Development Index (HDI) was established to focus on the individual, or more precisely, the opportunity to achieve a satisfying job and life. Assessing a country's potential for individual human development is a supplementary measure to assess a country's level of development, in addition to taking into account standard economic growth statistics such as gross domestic product (GDP).

This index can also be used to examine different policy choices in each country. For example, if two countries have about the same Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, it helps to assess why human development outcomes are so different. HDI advocates hope it can be used to stimulate such productive public policy debates.

Q13) How is Human Development Index measured? (5)

A13) The HDI is a summary measure of basic achievement in human development. Her HDI in the calculated country is an average of indicators of each aspect of the surveyed life (knowledge and understanding, long and healthy living, acceptable standard of living). Each of the four components is normalized to a scale between 0 and 1 and the geometric mean of the three components is calculated. 2

The health aspect of the HDI is measured by life expectancy calculated at birth in each country and is normalized so that this component equals 0 when life expectancy is 20 years and equals 1 when life expectancy is 85.2 years. It has been.

Education is measured at two levels. The average number of years of schooling for a resident of the country and the number of years of schooling that the child is expected to reach the average age of schooling. Each of these is normalized individually, with an average age of 15 equal to 1 and an expected age of 18 years equal to 1, and two simple averages are calculated.

The metric chosen to represent the standard of living is her GNI per capita based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), a common metric used to reflect average income. The standard of living is normalized to be 1 for a GNI per capita of $ 75,000 and 0 for a GNI per capita of $ 100. The final Human Development Index score for each country is calculated as the geometric mean of the three components by taking the cube root of the product of the normalized component scores.

Q14) Explain World Happiness Index. (7)

A14) World Happiness Index-

The 2020 World Happiness Index survey was conducted by Gallup World Poll, and six more factors were considered, giving India a lower rank than the previous survey.

Gallup World Poll is used in surveys that rank countries around the world in the World Happiness Index. It takes into account levels of GDP, life expectancy of the population, social conditions and support, levels of corruption, civil liberties, sustainable development and more. It also takes into account the well-being of people in urban and rural areas of India.

The 2020 World Happiness Report has been released by the Sustainable Development Solutions Network. It turns out that Finland has once again reached the top of the charts. Finland is the happiest country in the world. About the 2020 World Happiness Index. India is ranked near the bottom of the list, which is a disastrous result for the country. Finland beat Denmark and Switzerland. The Happiness Index was first created by the Global Happiness Council, an independent group of academic well-being experts. The group has published the World Happiness Report (WHR) annually since 2012.

The definition of the Happiness Index comes from the Bhutan Gross National Happiness Index. Bhutan began to prioritize happiness over other factors such as wealth, comfort and economic growth in her 1972. They have created an indicator of well-being based on multiple measurable factors and have been tracking this indicator ever since.

This prompted the Happiness and Happiness Council to devise its own definition of the Happiness Index, which was produced in the 2012 World Happiness Report.

The happiness index was defined as follows:

The happiness index is "not very satisfied" or "not satisfied at all" from the weighted (sampling weighted) rate of respondents who answered "very satisfied" or "quite satisfied". Is defined as the weighting factor of the respondents who answered "100". Therefore, the index range is 0 to 200.

Since then, the World Happiness Report has moved away from this definition. The term "Happy Planet Index" does not appear at all in the 2018 World Happiness Report.

The report has come to determine the same concept as the "ladder of happiness." Whenever I use the term happiness index in this article, I'm also talking about this happiness ladder.

Q15) What are the factors used to explain the Happiness Index? (8)

A15) This happiness index is already very interesting, but as we know, a single number cannot explain the underlying principles that determine happiness.

That is why the World Happiness Report is even more advanced. The authors have discovered many important factors that may explain variability in well-being.

This is important because these important factors allow us to not only observe happiness data, but also learn from it.

This is also the reason for tracking happiness in addition to happiness in happiness tracking. To learn from the data, we need more variables than just one number.

Key variables of the happiness index

The authors of the World Happiness Report have identified seven key factors that most correlate with the Happy Planet Index.

I would like to show how countries rank these factors, measuring how much these factors correlate with the actual well-being index.

Gross domestic product (GDP) is simply the value of all goods and services a country produces in a year. This number is usually calculated by the national statistics agency. Each country calculates GDP independently, but this makes sense because it requires a lot of sensitive information to calculate this number.

Dividing GDP by the country's total population gives GDP per capita.

This is arguably the most common way to determine the level of wealth in a country. And, as most of you know, the wealth of a country is highly correlated with the well-being of that country.

National wealth correlates well with the Happy Planet Index. Money buys happiness to some extent. I analyzed all my personal finances and I came to the same conclusion myself!

And this makes sense. Money enables development, growth, convenience and much more that can lead to higher levels of well-being.

An interesting outlier here is Costa Rica. Despite its relatively low GDP compared to Western standards, the population still ranks very high in the Happy Planet Index! I myself have worked twice in Costa Rica, but: You can confirm that. All Costa Ricans look very happy. Sure, the country is plagued by crime, poor infrastructure and violence, but it doesn't seem to stop people's happiness.

b.  Social support

The next important factor in the World Happiness Report is "social support".

Social support is defined by the same findings from Gallup World Poll data.

People could only answer yes or no. Yes is equal to 1 and No is equal to 0. The average of all answers is a single value that represents the amount of social support that exists in the country.

Of the 157 countries surveyed, the Central African Republic (by far) receives the lowest level of social support. This can be easily explained by the ongoing conflicts that the country has experienced. Still, the happiness index is not the lowest.

This indicates that the correlation between the happiness index and the level of social support is more exponential rather than linear. Lack of social support seems to affect the well-being index to a certain level.

c.  Healthy life expectancy

Healthy life expectancy estimates represent the estimated life expectancy "healthy" years of a child at birth. It is calculated by WHO based on over 100 different health factors.

d.  Freedom to make life choices

Freedom of choice in life is another important component of the Happy Planet Index.

Q16) “Poverty is a major problem”. Explain.  (12)

A16) Poverty means a lack of basic needs such as clothing, shelters, food and medical facilities. Poverty refers to limited resources and a low standard of living that cannot meet basic human needs. Today, poverty is a major social problem in India, Pakistan and other countries around the world. Poverty can cause and lead people to corruption, bribery, illness, lack of education, domestic violence, parental problems, unemployment and substance abuse.

Poverty as a social problem

Pakistan, India and Bangladesh are traditionally mostly agricultural and people's social life is simple in relation to their culture and resources. The resources we have discovered so far that we have at our disposal have not been mobilized to the forward stage. We used oil, gas and water sources for human well-being, as seen in developed countries.

The problem with Asian people is that some of the very expensive resources have not been found on Earth. Gold, silver, copper, iron and metals have been completely discovered and are not being used. Gas and oil reserves have not been fully discovered by experts. While living as a member of society, there are three sources of human beings. Time, money and effort are great sources at our disposal. Time is a time of life and age that is underutilized because our culture is not industrial and most of the time we are not trained in the skills to use the available resources. We have trained young men in the technical field and have been very successful.

Our medical and engineering skills are saturated in Pakistani and Indian societies due to lack of financial wealth and they are looking for jobs abroad. This gave the idea that "our society cannot absorb technical skills due to lack of technical resources with us. Our culture is traditional and technical. They need more physical labor than labor. Those who need weight-lifters, road builders, and repairers for broken things. All of this is that Pakistani society and people are poor, their foreign exchange, foreign spending. , And led to the decision that it could not cover the domestic needs of the country.

The main cause of this social problem is that most of the people have talents that are not technically trained. What a tractor, car, bus, or motorcycle mechanic wants. This is the most important requirement for technical work. Because our society needs these services.

The next resources are money and wealth, which are derived from the economic resources of land, industry, labor, technical work, business, trade, services and professional work. All of this requires the talent and training of workers with materials and equipment in their offices and buildings. They possess the wealth gained from agricultural products, the benefits and benefits of industrial production, business and trade, and the technical skills aimed at working in economic institutions as economic production expands. Production in the economy leads to the expansion of wealth and resources.

This production in the economy depends on a third factor as labor. It is the main theme of all activities in life. A man is useless without work. There are three types of labor. An unskilled worker is a worker who lifts weight in the construction of farms, roads, shopping centers and buildings. These are the cheapest servants readily available in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, etc. They are non-technical members and are mostly illiterate, so the numbers are huge. This is the poorest with the fewest resources with the family. Skilled workers are highly technical and industrial factory workers. They build high standard buildings. They are engineers, practitioners, legal advisers, mechanics, judges, police officers, and Shari'a law Mufti. These are skilled workers in the country, working in a variety of living areas where the needs of national satisfaction are met.

Causes of poverty

Solution to poverty

Q17) Describe the contemporary trends in growth and distribution of world population .                 (8)

A17)  The latest revision of world population trends was made in 1998 by the United Nations Population Sector of Economic and Social Issues.

According to this revision, based on all available demographic information, the world population in mid-1998 was 5.9 billion (1.01 billion = 100 chlores). The world's population is expected to reach 6 billion in 1999.One of the hallmarks of world population growth is that the annual growth rate settled from 2% in 1955 to 1965 to about 1.8% in the 1970s and 1.7% in the early 1980s.

Between 1995 and 2000, the world's population has grown at an annual rate of 1.3%, and the population growth rate is projected to reach an annual rate of 0.34% 2045-2050.

Annual population growth has also declined from its peak of 86 million in 1985-1990 to its current 78 million.

From 2015 to 2020, the number will drop to 64 million, and from 2045 to 2050, it will drop to 30 million. Medium variants predict that the world's population will reach 9 billion by 2054.

It is clear that the world's population is very unevenly distributed in different regions. According to 1995 estimates, the most densely populated region is Asia, followed by the euro.

The current population distribution across different regions shows the historical adjustment of population to resources over thousands of years. It also reflects the differences in population growth in these regions.

Europe and North America accounted for 28.5% of the world's population in 1950, but their share of the world's total population declined to 17.6 in 1998 and further to 11.5% in 2050.Conversely, Africa's share of the world's population is projected to increase from 8.8% in 1950 to 12.7% in 1998 and reach 19.8% in 2050.The proportion of Asian population, which was 55.6% in 1950, is expected to increase to 60.8% in 1998 and decrease slightly in 2050, which accounts for 59.1% of the world's population.

It also shows that the natural rate of population growth varies widely from region to region.For example, the populations of the African and Latin American regions are growing at an annual rate of 2.8% and 1.8%, respectively, while between 1990 and 1995, the European population recorded an annual growth rate of only 0.2%. .. Africa has the highest fertility and mortality rates, followed by Latin America and Asia.