Question Bank

Q1) What is social inequality?     (5)

A1) Social inequality is the unequal distribution of treasured items and opportunities. There is social inequality in all societies today. Examining social stratification calls for a macro sociological angle to look the social gadget that visualizes inequality. While people may also assist or combat inequality, social stratification is created and advocated via way of means of society as an entire via values ​​and norms, and a constant and lasting stratification gadget.

Most folks are aware of considering stratification as financial inequality. For example, you could evaluate wages with inside the United States with wages in Mexico. But social inequality is as dangerous as financial inequality. Prejudice and discrimination, whether or not in opposition to a specific race, ethnicity, religion, etc., may be due to growing and exacerbating situations of financial inequality inside and among countries.

Gender inequality is any other worldwide concern. Consider the debate surrounding lady circumcision (additionally called lady genital mutilation or FGM). Countries that assist this exercise frequently guard it as a long-status cultural culture among sure tribes, via a gadget of patriarchal authority, arguing that the West ought to now no longer interfere. But Western countries are blaming this exercise and looking to find it.

Inequality primarily based totally on sexual orientation and gender identification exists everywhere in the world. According to Amnesty International, quite a few crimes are common (even though they're culturally defined) in opposition to folks who do now no longer suit into conventional gender roles and sexual orientations. Abuse is serious, from culturally diagnosed rape to state-diagnosed executions. These legalized and culturally regularly occurring sorts of prejudice, discrimination and punishment are ubiquitous from the US to Somalia and Tibet, restricting character freedom and frequently endangering their lives. Exposed (Amnesty International 2012).

Q2) What are the causes of decreased sex ratio?  (7)

A2) Causes of decreased sex ratio are:

b.  Female Infant Killing and Abortion-Several Indian states have historically been known for female infant killing. Due to the belief that girls are a burden to their families, a large number of girls have been eliminated in Gujarat by various practices such as "drowning" (drown in milk), choking, and opium seed intake. Technology was available in the transition from killing to pesticides.

c.   Son's tastes and patriarchal values-Patriarchy reinforces certain norms from Indian religion and culture. Sons are preferred in Indian families for social, economic and non-religious reasons. He is the winner of bread and is believed to support his aging parents. His son is also believed to inherit his surname and pedigree (Vansh). Following Hindu tradition, the son needs to ignite his parents' fire in order for them to achieve salvation. These myths and beliefs expect to own at least one son in the family and have the norm of a small child or the norm of one child of an educated family in the city, the family Daughters are excluded to maintain the size and structure of the family.

d.  Dowry and Marriage Expenses-Dowry is the money or kind of gift that the bride's parents give to the groom's family. High dowry demands make girls responsible for their parents, making it a burden to marry the right groom. Increased marriage costs and dowry habits that only the bride's family has to bear. Increasingly evil is the basic cause of what a family member considers a girl to be a child-killing or fetish-side disposal product. Burden later.

e.   Poor nutrition and health of women-Biologically, a woman's foetation is strong in sustaining illness and avoiding miscarriage, but then due to cultural inequality, women at home Eat less, stop eating leftovers to the end, become less nutritious, and tend to be less nutritious. Poor health. Early unsafe pregnancies, maternity and lack of postnatal health care all result in high female mortality and, as a result, low sex ratios.

f.     Lack of strict implementation of the PCPNDT Act-In 1994, pre-pregnancy and prenatal diagnostic procedures (regulation and prevention of misuse) were passed in 1994 to stop the practice of sex-determination and sex-selective abortion. It was then modified in 2003. It banned pre-pregnancy or post-fertilization sex determination and prohibited sex promotion and exposure by any form of health care worker. Under this law, several raids were carried out, ultrasound equipment was sealed, and licenses were revoked in the last decade. However, no doctor has ever been convicted or imprisoned. The law is not strictly enforced and there are still many loopholes that are insufficient to solve the problem.

Lower sex ratios have dangerous consequences for society. It creates a major imbalance in India's gender balance and increases violence against women.

Q3) What is violence against women?  (5)

A3) Meaning of violence against women (VAW):

The 1993 UN Declaration states that violence against women is "gender-based violence that can lead to, or perhaps lead to, physical, psychological or sexual harm or distress to women. Threatening, coercion or coercion of such acts. Arbitrary arbitrary arbitrary Including voluntary deprivation. " Freedom, whether in public or private life. " This is often a comprehensive definition of VAW.

Her basic human rights violence often occurs in different ways. These include infant ignorance in the areas of certain sexual decisions and sex-selective abortions, nutritional health care, illiteracy, dropouts, domestic work, workplace inequality and harassment, dowry and related harassment. Will be. It includes many acts such as bride dowry, sexual assault, rape, religious ceremonies, cultural practices, and false statements in the media.

Q4) Write about forms of violence against women.  (8)

A4) The forms of violence against women are:

A) Domestic violence: Violence by domestic or known perpetrators is considered violence. Assault on wife, assault on wife, dowry harassment, psychological abuse by relatives, sexual abuse, marital rape (essentially unconsensual sexual intercourse), deprivation of daily necessities, discrimination within the family, financial Denial violence of rights.

B) Criminal violence: An act that is considered a crime and is punished under Indian criminal law called criminal violence. Rape, molestation, trafficking of girls, harassment at work, burning of brides, kidnapping and kidnapping, teasing of Eve, female abortion or infant murder are all part of criminal violence.

C) Social violence: The violence that women face because of social norms and religious practices is part of social violence. This includes sati, banning widows from remarriage, child marriage, Devadasi, refusal to enter religious places and worship, and atrocities against women in the name of caste and the community.

Some types of VAWs are described as follows:

Q5) What steps can be taken against the violence? (8)

A5) The steps taken against violence are:

Q6) What does the media depicts about women?  (7)

A6) Media is the unit through which messages, information, data, thoughts, and concepts are communicated or communicated. Mass media is a type of media in which transmission and communication are carried out to a large number of individuals at the same time throughout society. Media is often categorized as print media, including newspapers, magazines, journals, pamphlets, leaflets, print advertisements, etc., while audio visual or electronic media includes television, movies, radio, computers, the Internet, etc.

At the same time, these media tools communicate to the masses over a period of time, so their content and concepts have a great influence on the way of thinking of society. The media did not try to change the perception of society. Therefore, the depiction of a girl in the media definitely influences and forms the way of thinking and perception of women in society. The media can raise people's awareness and sensitivity to issues related to women. Positive images depicted in the media create a positive environment for women, and traditional stereotyped images can reduce the status of girls.

Active role of the media:

b.  Achievement Highlights-Women's achievements are often emphasized in areas such as science, technology, education, economy, industry, entertainment, arts, literature, music, welfare, and politics. For example, telling the story of Kiran Majumdar Show as a businessman and Lata Mangeshkar as an artist creates a positive image of a girl in an individual's mind.

c.   Strong female traits-Television serials and movies often show strong female traits that are ideal for viewers.

Negative role of the media:

b.  Beauty Contests and Western Standards-Rampaging Beauty Where Women Are Considered Models With Perfect Faces and Shapes Her contests often misunderstand her as a stupid personality or a brainless beauty. Thanks to the media, Western fairness and slim body standards have become enthusiastic among young Indian girls.

c.   Stereotyped images-There are stereotyped images that are portrayed as perfect buffs, fragile daughters, and savvy vamps with c c. Strengthening the traditional role of women, confined to home and personal spaces, and following customs and rituals further promotes traditional mental states and attitudes towards women in society.

Q7) What are the causes of blindness? (5)

A7) The causes of blindness are:

1) Cataracts: Despite the large awareness programs implemented and the ease of treatment of cataracts, it is one of the leading causes of blindness in India. It is related to aging and can be easily cured with simple surgery or laser treatment.

2) Glaucoma: Pressure on the cornea causes this type of disease that can cause partial or complete blindness.

3) Trachoma: A toxic conjunctivitis caused by bacteria. Can it cause the spread of illnesses such as blindness if not treated immediately?

4) Night blindness and color blindness: Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness, in which vision is lost after sunset, and nutrient deficiencies and hereditary disorders can cause color blindness.

5) Accident: The eye is one of the most delicate body organs. Any kind of damage to the cornea or retina is often dangerous to vision.

6) Other disorders: Hypertension, diabetes, or stroke often cause partial or complete blindness.

Q8) Mention the problems faced by disabled people.  (8)

A8) The problems faced by them are:

1. Accessibility – The world around us is not like walking in a park. You have to face some obstacles step by step. This is even more serious for the physically challenged. They mainly move around in wheelchairs and use crutches. Therefore, moving around freely is not a luxury they can afford. Moreover, the public places we have are rarely built with the comfort of people with disabilities in mind. There is no slope or the corridor is too narrow to move. Today, many wheelchairs are automated, and personal residential elevators are being built in the building to make it as easy as possible for people with disabilities to move.

2. Education – Education, as Gourdef Rabindranath Tagore dreamed of, in a perfect world, education will be free and available to everyone, but the reality is far from it. Children with disabilities are unable to attend school and are deprived of basic education. They can't race life like other ordinary kids. To solve this problem, several educational institutions have been set up focusing on the education of children with special needs. They will help you learn Braille systems and adaptive techniques and lead a better life.

3. Access to health care – In a country with a population of 1.3 billion, the health care system is already expanding. Poor people do not have access to adequate medical care, and the lives of people with disabilities are even worse. People with intellectual disabilities are often abused by health care workers, which exacerbates the situation. This can only be resolved with proper recognition and empathy. People with disabilities find some good points in this situation and help each other as much as possible. Therefore, everyone is required to make donations so that NGOs can better meet their medical needs.

4. Myths and stereotypes – In the last few decades some Indians have seen economic development, social uplifting and overall progress, but nonetheless in our culture, Hill's The dark orthodox nature that seems to stick to us remains. When interacting with people with disabilities, we arise from a lack of knowledge and sympathy for people with disabilities in certain myths. It will be a sacrifice.

5. Feel Ignored – When we interact with a person with a physical disability, it does not mean that the person also suffers from visual or hearing impairment. This thought process often prevents us from interacting with and communicating with such people. Barriers to these obstacles need to be demolished. This requires more awareness.

6. Lack of employment – ​​Citizen employment is based on the education and skills acquired along the way. If these people are deprived of their basic education, they will lag behind other candidates for the job. The government has introduced a system to guarantee the employment of persons with disabilities.

7. Feel Incompetent – ​​People with disabilities need more time to do a particular job than other normal people. Barriers to obstacles make it difficult for him to perform basic tasks. This allows a person with a disability to drag his companion down and feel filled with sadness and anger.

8. Teased or abused – People are often happy to discourage others. They find an advantage in bullying the vulnerable and underprivileged. People with disabilities are often subject to such violent and offensive behavior.

9. Being patronized – People with special needs often hear things like "I know what you are experiencing" or "This must be difficult". This kind of language does not fully explain the problems people are facing or the problems they are experiencing every day. An ordinary person cannot know exactly how he or she feels.

10. Relationships – Humans are complex. They judge others based on a set of parameters that may or may not apply in all situations. These prejudices are the root cause of all distrust and misunderstandings. Most people with disabilities are sought after as life partners, which often brings sadness and loneliness to their lives.

Q9) What is social stratification?  (5)

A9) Sociologists use the term social class to describe the system of social status. Social stratification refers to the classification of people into socio-economic stratification based on factors such as wealth, income, race, education, and power.

You may remember the word "hierarchy" in a geology class. The clear vertical layers found in rocks, called stratification, are a good way to visualize social structure. The layers of society are made up of people, and the resources of society are unevenly distributed throughout the layers. People with more resources represent the highest layers of a stratified social structure. A group of other people who are increasingly resource-poor represents the lower layers of our society.

Rock formations showing various layers are shown.

The rock layer represents the social hierarchy. People are categorized or stratified into social categories. Many factors determine a person's social status, including income, education, occupation, age, race, gender, and even physical fitness.

In the United States, people believe that everyone has an equal chance of success. To some extent, Aaron demonstrates the belief that diligence and talent determine social status. It is not a prejudiced treatment or social values. This emphasis on self-effort perpetuates the belief that people dominate their social status.

However, sociologists recognize that social stratification is a system of society as a whole that reveals inequality. There is always inequality between individuals, but sociologists are interested in larger social patterns. Stratification is not individual inequality, but systematic inequality based on group membership, classes, and so on. Individuals, rich or poor, cannot blame social inequality. The structure of society affects a person's social status. Individuals may support or fight inequality, but social classes are created and endorsed by society as a whole.

Q10) What is social inequality? Define it. (5)

A10)  Social inequality refers to differences in access and use of resources in different domains (health, education, occupation, etc.), resulting in gender, race / ethnicity, class, and other important social markers. There will be a disparity in. The Faculty of Psychology at Penn State University better understands why social inequality exists and uses a psychological approach to provide interventions rooted in psychological theory to reduce these disparities as much as possible. We recognize the importance of doing. Psychological approaches include social inequality in public health (differences in the proportion of illness between different populations), education (gap in achievement between students), and sustainability (different outcomes of different groups of climate change). I believe it will help you in your efforts to understand and correct. We are one of the few psychology departments that take a systematic approach to understanding and addressing social inequality. With this in mind, we leveraged the existing strengths of the departments involved in the study of social inequality and based on cross-disciplinary themes in the departments related to neuroscience and translational research. , Takes a more consistent and cohesive approach.

Definition of social inequality

Social inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for various social statuses or positions within a group or society. The United States is different from most European countries with title-granted aristocrats, but the United States is still highly stratified. There are several important aspects to social inequality. Income is income from work and investment, and wealth is the sum of money and other assets minus liabilities. Other important aspects include power, professional fame, school education, ancestors, race and ethnicity.

Q11) Explain the services available to handicapped persons in India.        (12)

A11) General qualifications

Women and children with disabilities

The government has not yet implemented any plans / notifications for this category.

1. Education

a. National Scholarship Scheme for Persons with Disabilities – Scholarships are awarded to pursue post-matric / professional / technical courses for a period of one year or longer. Students with autism / cerebral palsy / mental retardation / multiple disabilities will receive a class 9 or higher scholarship. The ad will appear in all national daily newspapers and the MSJE website in June. Applicants are eligible if they have a disability of more than 40% and their total family income does not exceed Rs. 15,000 per month.

Category Japanese Scholarship Student Hostel

Professional / Technical Rs Graduate / PG course. 700 rupees 1000

Diploma / Certificate Level Specialized Course Rs. 400 rupees Up to 700 rupees. 10,000 will be refunded each year. Funding will be provided to procure computers with editing software for visually / hearing impaired students to take specialized courses in graduate / graduate schools and to support access software for students with cerebral palsy. ..

Students with disabilities are offered 3 percent reservations for seats in government and government-sponsored educational institutions.

b. Comprehensive Educational Scheme for Children with Disabilities – This scheme provides accessible and barrier-free built-in infrastructure and transportation facilities, books, uniforms, stationery supplies, professional learning support and scholarships for students with disabilities. I will provide you with money. Other provisions of the scheme include exemption from math and painting questions for visually impaired students, use of writers / readers for visually impaired / orthopedic and learning disability students, and disability students. Extra time for exams, third language exemptions and curriculum changes to promote inclusive education.

c. Comprehensive Education for Persons with Disabilities in Secondary Education (IEDSS) – This scheme supports children aged 14 and over who complete class 9-12 secondary education in government, local governments, and government-supported schools. To do. This scheme includes identification of children with disabilities moving from primary school to junior high school, assistive devices and equipment for persons with disabilities, access to learning materials, transportation facilities, hostel facilities, scholarships, books, assistive technologies, and writers. Provide readers' offerings.

d.  Rajiv Gandhi Fellowship Scheme – This scheme provides scholarships to people with disabilities to pursue higher education such as M Phil / Ph D. The scheme offers 200 fellowships each year and covers all universities and institutions covered by the University Grants Commission. M. Phil / Ph of a university or academic institution. All students with disabilities enrolled in the D program are eligible for a fellowship if they meet the requirements of the scheme. Fellowships are awarded for up to 5 years.

Employment

Visually impaired 1%

Hearing impaired 1%

Physically disabled 1%

A 100-point roster is provided to book positions for persons with disabilities in government employment. The points on the list are reserved as follows every year.

Category list points

Visually impaired 34

Hearing impaired 67

Physically disabled 100

c.   If the vacant seats reserved for the disabled are not filled in any year, the vacant seats must be carried over for the third consecutive year until a suitable candidate is found. If after three years no suitable candidate is found, you can fill the vacancy by exchanging obstacles, after which the reservation will no longer exist.

d.  Persons with disabilities are subject to an age limit of up to 10 years to be hired for government positions. You will also be exempt from paying application and exam fees.

e.   The government stipulates that if a person with a disability is otherwise medically healthy and able to perform his or her duties adequately, he or she should not be denied employment promotion because of disability / medical aptitude. ..

f.     The government has identified various departments and departmental positions reserved for persons with disabilities based on their ability to perform their duties.

g.  The government stipulates that persons with disabilities hired for Group C and Group D employment on a regional basis may be given posts as close as possible to their place of origin in the region, subject to administrative constraints. Doing. Requests from employees with disabilities to move to their hometown or nearest office may also be prioritized.

h.   The government has established special employment exchanges for persons with disabilities in all state capitals, and special employment cells have been set up at all district headquarters to hire government positions reserved for persons with disabilities. Where no special employment exchange has been established, special employment cells are set up inside regular employment exchanges. Persons with disabilities must register on a special employment exchange / cell to qualify for reservation-based government employment. You can also register for special employment at 17 Vocational Rehabilitation Centers for Persons with Disabilities.

i.     The government regulates the employment of persons with disabilities in the private sector through incentives for employers. The government will pay the disability reserve fund and employee state insurance employer contributions for up to three years to employ persons with disabilities with a minimum wage of Rs. 25,000 per month.

j.     The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas reserves 7.5% of all types of dealerships for public sector oil companies for the physically challenged. This does not include defense personnel injured during work. Dealers are advertised daily in one English language and one regional language, which has the largest distribution in the area where the dealer is located. Applicant is an Indian citizen between the ages of 21 and 30 with admission or equivalent minimum education qualifications and a disability certificate with at least 40% disability in either or both upper and lower limbs, or both limbs. You need to create a book. People with partial hearing loss are also eligible to apply. People who are completely visually impaired are eligible to apply to retailers, kerosene / LDO dealers, but not to LPG dealers. The applicant's total household income must not exceed rupees. 50,000 a year.

k.   National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation provides self-employed loans to people with disabilities. The details of the scheme are as follows.

Businesses seeking financial assistance must be run directly by the applicant. For people with autism, cerebral palsy or mental retardation, the applicant's parent / spouse / legal guardian is authorized to enter into a contract with NHFDC on behalf of the applicant. Applicants must meet the following eligibility criteria:

Social security, health, rehabilitation and recreation

Q12) What are the causes for gender disparity?  (12)

A12) Over the years, the world has approached the achievement of gender equality. In many parts of the world, there are better expressions of women in politics, more financial opportunities, and better medical care. However, the World Economic Forum predicts that it will take another century for true gender equality to be achieved. What creates a gender gap? The 10 causes of gender inequality are:

Around the world, women still have less access to education than men. A quarter of young women between the ages of 15 and 24 do not graduate from elementary school. The group accounts for 58% of those who have not completed their basic education. Of the illiterate people in the world, two-thirds are women. If girls are not educated at the same level as boys, it will have a big impact on the future of girls and the kind of opportunities they get.

2.  Lack of employment equality

Only six countries in the world give women the same legal labor rights as men. In fact, most economies give women only 3/4 of men's rights. Studies show that as employment becomes a more equal competitive arena, it has a positive domino effect on other areas of gender inequality.

3.  Separation of work

One of the causes of gender inequality in employment is work division. In most societies, there is a unique belief that men are better equipped to handle certain tasks. Most often, they are the jobs that pay the highest wages. This discrimination reduces women's income. Women are also primarily responsible for unpaid work, so even if they participate in the paid workforce, there is extra work that is not economically recognized.

4.  Lack of legal protection

According to a World Bank survey, more than one billion women are not legally protected against domestic sexual or domestic economic violence. Both have a major impact on women's ability to thrive and live freely. Many countries also lack legal protection against harassment at work, school and public places. These places become unsafe, and without protection, women often have to make decisions to compromise and limit their goals.

5.  Lack of physical independence

Many women around the world do not have authority when they become their bodies or parents. Access to contraception is often very difficult. According to the World Health Organization, more than 200 million women who do not want to become pregnant do not use contraception. There are many reasons for this, including lack of choice, restricted access, and cultural / religious opposition. Globally, about 40% of pregnancies are unplanned, 50% of pregnancies end with an abortion, but 38% lead to childbirth. These mothers often become financially dependent on others and nations and lose their freedom.

6.  Poor medical care

In addition to restricted access to contraception, women generally receive lower quality medical care than men. This is associated with other reasons for gender inequality, such as lack of education and employment opportunities, resulting in more women in poverty. They are unlikely to be able to provide good medical care. Also, less research is being done on diseases that affect women more than men, such as autoimmune diseases and chronic pain conditions. Many women have also experienced discrimination and dismissal from doctors, widening the gender gap in quality of care.

7.  Lack of religious freedom

Women suffer the most when religious freedom is attacked. According to the World Economic Forum, gender inequality is exacerbated when extremist ideologies (such as ISIS) enter the community and limit religious freedom. In a study conducted by Georgetown University and Brigham Young University, researchers were also able to link religious intolerance with women's ability to participate in the economy. With more freedom of religion, the economy becomes more stable thanks to the participation of women.

8.  Lack of political representation

Of all parliaments in early 2019, only 24.3% were women. As of June 2019, 11 heads of state were women. Despite years of progress in this area, women are still significantly undervalued in government and political processes. This means that certain issues that female politicians tend to raise, such as parental leave, childcare, pensions, gender equality, and gender-based violence, are often ignored.

9.  Racism

It would be impossible to talk about gender inequality without talking about racism. It affects the work that colored women can get, the amount they are paid, and the view of women by law and health care system. Gender inequality and racism have long been inextricably linked. According to professor and writer Sally Kitch, Virginia European settlers have decided which jobs can be taxed based on the race of the woman in the job. African women's work was taxed because it was "labor," but British women's work was not taxed "domestic." Wage disparities between white and colored women continue the legacy of discrimination and contribute to gender inequality.

10.   Social way of thinking

Although less specific than some of the other causes on this list, the overall thinking of society has a significant impact on gender inequality. How society determines the differences and values ​​between men and women plays a leading role in all areas of employment, legal systems and medical care. Gender beliefs are deeply rooted and progress can be made through changes in law and structure, but there is often a backlash after major changes. Also, everyone (male and female) often ignores other areas of gender inequality when progress is made, such as increasing the number of women who demonstrate leadership. These types of thinking support gender inequality and slow down major changes.

Q13) Explain the problems faced by disabled persons.  (8)

A13) The problems faced by them are:

1. Accessibility – The world around us is not like walking in a park. You have to face some obstacles step by step. This is even more serious for the physically challenged. They mainly move around in wheelchairs and use crutches. Therefore, moving around freely is not a luxury they can afford. Moreover, the public places we have are rarely built with the comfort of people with disabilities in mind. There is no slope or the corridor is too narrow to move. Today, many wheelchairs are automated, and personal residential elevators are being built in the building to make it as easy as possible for people with disabilities to move.

2. Education – Education, as Gourdef Rabindranath Tagore dreamed of, in a perfect world, education will be free and available to everyone, but the reality is far from it. Children with disabilities are unable to attend school and are deprived of basic education. They can't race life like other ordinary kids. To solve this problem, several educational institutions have been set up focusing on the education of children with special needs. They will help you learn Braille systems and adaptive techniques and lead a better life.

3. Access to health care – In a country with a population of 1.3 billion, the health care system is already expanding. Poor people do not have access to adequate medical care, and the lives of people with disabilities are even worse. People with intellectual disabilities are often abused by health care workers, which exacerbates the situation. This can only be resolved with proper recognition and empathy. People with disabilities find some good points in this situation and help each other as much as possible. Therefore, everyone is required to make donations so that NGOs can better meet their medical needs.

4. Myths and stereotypes – In the last few decades some Indians have seen economic development, social uplifting and overall progress, but nonetheless in our culture, Hill's The dark orthodox nature that seems to stick to us remains. When interacting with people with disabilities, we arise from a lack of knowledge and sympathy for people with disabilities in certain myths. It will be a sacrifice.

5. Feel Ignored – When we interact with a person with a physical disability, it does not mean that the person also suffers from visual or hearing impairment. This thought process often prevents us from interacting with and communicating with such people. Barriers to these obstacles need to be demolished. This requires more awareness.

6. Lack of employment – ​​Citizen employment is based on the education and skills acquired along the way. If these people are deprived of their basic education, they will lag behind other candidates for the job. The government has introduced a system to guarantee the employment of persons with disabilities.

7. Feel Incompetent – ​​People with disabilities need more time to do a particular job than other normal people. Barriers to obstacles make it difficult for him to perform basic tasks. This allows a person with a disability to drag his companion down and feel filled with sadness and anger.

8. Teased or abused – People are often happy to discourage others. They find an advantage in bullying the vulnerable and underprivileged. People with disabilities are often subject to such violent and offensive behavior.

9. Being patronized – People with special needs often hear things like "I know what you are experiencing" or "This must be difficult". This kind of language does not fully explain the problems people are facing or the problems they are experiencing every day. An ordinary person cannot know exactly how he or she feels.

10. Relationships – Humans are complex. They judge others based on a set of parameters that may or may not apply in all situations. These prejudices are the root cause of all distrust and misunderstandings. Most people with disabilities are sought after as life partners, which often brings sadness and loneliness to their lives.

Q14) What is inequality?(5)

A14) Inequality or economic inequality is the difference between the rich and the poor, and what they have and what they don't. This is indicated by different positions of people within the economic distribution, such as wealth, wages and income. In inequality is great in a society where few people own an imbalanced amount of economic pie.

Inequality studies can also examine the differences between different socio-economic groups in society, such as working class, poor families and people with college degrees, men and women.

The term refers to the unfair situation of society in which some individuals have significantly more money, access to education, opportunities, etc. than others.

As we all remember, economists have argued whether economic growth creates equality or whether an equal society grows slower than an unequal society.

What does inequality mean? Cambridge.Dictionary.org defines the inequality as:

"The unfair situation of society where one person has more opportunities and money than another.

Economists state that one of the problems is which type of inequality is most important: agreeing on equality of income (results) or opportunity. Then there is the problem of measuring it.

Q15) Explain the role of women in politics. (12)

A15) In recent years, a new dimension of women in politics has emerged around the world. More and more women are entering politics. Women were particularly absent from politics, as traditional politics reflected men's concerns.

Welfare policies have been established to strengthen the traditional position of women as wives and mothers. Women have struggled with issues that affect them, especially property and voting rights in the 19th century, and abortion, equal pay for equal work, and daycare in the 20th century.

In India, the pre- and post-independence reform movements have allowed women to gain some political power. After independence, they achieved an unprecedented political breakthrough by reserving seats in Panchayati and other public bodies.

It is encouraging to point out that Indian women, like the United States and many Western countries, were the earliest to acquire political rights (voting rights) without political movements. They were one of the leading figures in active participation in politics, even in the pre-independence era.

There is a distinction between Indian women being UNO Secretary-General (Vijay laxmi Pandit), Prime Minister (Indira Gandhi), Prime Minister (Sucheta Kriplani, Jayalalitha, Uma Bharati, Mayawati, Vasundhara Raje) and even President (Pratibha Patil).

Being a ward member of Pradan, Gram Panchayat and other citizenships, or a member of the state legislature or parliament will increase respect, self-esteem, confidence and determination not only within the family but throughout the community. -Ability to make.

Taking women's participation in politics as one of the measures of liberation shows that the number of women is now very small compared to the state legislature and men in the legislature. That's only about 11% (26 women in the Senate-Rajya Sabha with 245 members and 59 women in the House-Lok Sabha with 543 members. 8 out of a total of 75 members of Dr. Mammohan's government. There is only one female minister. Shin).

In Sweden, women occupy 45% of the parliamentary seats. As far as administration is concerned, there are only 592 female IAS officers out of 4,671 officers. In addition to booking posts in parliament, parliament (the bill has been pending for more than a decade) and other civil institutions, special concessions and demands for privileges are several steps towards empowering Indian women.

The woman wrote and began to read what other women wrote. For the past two decades, the writings of many female writers (such as Arundhati Roy) have been highly regarded by internationally reputed institutions. There are many women in the field of journalism that was previously dominated by men. Now she uses blogs and networks to express her anxiety, anger and disapproval, and meet the need for acceptance and approval for the freedoms that have been denied so far.

Despite the many benefits, there is still much work to be done to improve the status of women in India. Women's labor force participation in India is only 26%, while in China it is 46%. About 34 out of 100 women (2011) are illiterate, compared to only 13 in China.

Women's pesticides lose an estimated 500,000 women's births each year in India, reducing the sex ratio of women to a disastrous 914: 1000 (2011). The worst since independence. India is ranked 115 out of 162 countries on gender development issues, according to UNICEF reports.

The above changes mean positive benefits from the perspective of women's equality, but in reality there are many problems and tensions. Observations on improving equality apply only to a small number of Indian educated women living in urban areas.

Many studies conducted in India and elsewhere (so-called developed countries) have shown that equal sharing of household chores remains a nightmare for women. Working wives find that housework and caring for their children are still primarily their job. On average, working wives / mothers are forced to work at least 14 hours a day, so wives shared with her husband are highly unequal. Weekends aren't time to rest, but time to catch up with unfinished and pending work in your household.

Women's status in society, as is generally believed, cannot be secured by economic power alone. It depends on the culture. Micro studies show that women's participation in the employment market is more concentrated when they come from poor or very poor families.

The above changes mean positive benefits from the perspective of women's equality, but in reality there are many problems and tensions. Observations on improving equality apply only to a small number of Indian educated women living in urban areas.

Many studies conducted in India and elsewhere (so-called developed countries) have shown that equal sharing of household chores remains a nightmare for women. Working wives find that housework and caring for their children are still primarily their job. On average, working wives / mothers are forced to work at least 14 hours a day, so wives shared with her husband are highly unequal. Weekends aren't time to rest, but time to catch up with unfinished and pending work in your household.

Women's status in society, as is generally believed, cannot be secured by economic power alone. It depends on the culture. Micro studies show that women's participation in the employment market is more concentrated when they come from poor or very poor families.

Women's income, in particular, is a means of survival for the poor. Does this important income of poor women enhance their status? The study reports further. They are empowered as far as income is concerned, but not when it comes to spending income.

The very attitude of considering what is unfavorable, which supplements women's income, causes problems for women's empowerment. "The limited empowerment we have seen has been nurtured in the socio-economic and political empowerment process of people, including women, through the Panchayati system" (Bagchi, 2000).