Question Bank

Q1) What is preamble?  (5)

A1) Preamble of Indian Constitution was basically constructed in order to fulfill the dream of Mahatma Gandhi, that is, to create the India of his dreams. The Indian Constitution Preamble is used for interpreting some of the ambiguous portions of the Indian Constitution. The Preamble of Indian Constitution is considered to be a part of the Constitution of India after the orders of the Supreme Court.

The main purposes of having a Preamble of Indian Constitution are:

The Preamble is considered to be one of the most significant parts of the Constitution of India. Focusing on the main objective of the Indian Constitution, the Preamble includes the four objectives -Equality, Justice, Fraternity and Liberty. Significance of these four objectives is discussed below:
 

The Preamble, as it is presented in the Constitution of India, is quoted below:

"WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; Detailed information on various aspects of the Constitution of India can be availed from the following links:

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION."

Q2) What are the causes of caste system? (7)

A2) The causes of the caste system are as follows.

Q3) Write the effects of caste system. (7)

A3) The outcomes and influences of the caste system are mentioned below the subsequent headings.

Q4) What measures are taken to eradicate caste system? (8)

A4) The measures taken to eradicate caste system are:

1) Dissemination of education:

Education is the best way to get rid of Castesim. It helps to improve the level of thinking and eliminate misunderstandings in the mind. Therefore, necessary measures must be taken to disseminate education. Checking the caste consciousness in children's minds must be the primary duty of all institutions.

Educational institutions should be instructed to create an atmosphere in which caste emotions are suppressed, and students resist this emotion whether or not they face caste in their daily social life. At the same time, the government must also be obliged to foster a strong public sentiment towards the caste system through proper education.

2) Encouragement for heathen marriage:

Another way to fight caste is to encourage intercaste marriage. Caste-to-caste marriage generally means marriage between different castes. A caste-to-caste marriage is a lifelong unity of not only two people belonging to different castes, but their families. Marriage between castes provides an opportunity for two of her two different castes to get together and understand each other.

As a result, the casteist gap between the various castes can be minimized. To minimize aging prejudice, government policy should give some preferences to those who have followed the practice of intercaste marriage.

3) Prohibition of the word "Caste":

Caste is a word that symbolizes inequality, collapse, and incongruity. Therefore, some scholars have the opinion that the word "caste" should be used as little as possible. As a result, the new generation doesn't care about it and gradually withers.

4) Economic equality:

Inequality in the economic life of people of different castes is the root cause of casteism. It creates a sense of superiority and inferiority between members of different caste groups. Therefore, for the abolition of the caste system, economic equality should be given to all caste people. The caste system can be abolished if economic disparities are reduced and at the same time lower castes are given equal economic privileges.

5) Reservation policy abolished:

Government reservation policies in work, education, and other areas are another root cause of casteism. It creates a conflicting attitude between the members of two different castes. When well-educated high-caste people are deprived of all facilities, they revolt against low-caste people. It greatly facilitates the question of carsterism. Therefore, due to the abolition of the caste system, the reservation system should be abolished and equal facilities should be provided to all caste people.

Q5) What are the causes of communalism?  (8)

A5) The roots of communalism may be located in "Divided and Rule", "British Governance Policy in India". Britain used a divisive tactic of confronting Hindu and Muslim rulers with every different with the intention to decide colonial hegemony and extend its power. They extensively utilized radical religions. Encouraged the formation of a joint agency with a tendency.

1. Vested interests:

Certain politicians or political events circuitously assist or sponsor network companies or sports to sell their interests. Many of them have an earthly tendency of their very own proper and can make political selections that in part inspire communalism.

2. Flexibility with inside the Civil Code of Religion:

There isn't  any unified civil law. Secure your vote and go back to authorities power. Gives positive non secular groups unique provisions to comply with their very own norms, however different smaller groups say that freedom isn't always allowed to conform with their very own private legal guidelines and is discriminated against. You ought to sense it.

3. The upward thrust of network corporations:

Community corporations mounted with the pretext of selling and selling faith socially via cultural sports have rather exacerbated the trouble of network politics. SIMI, RSS, Bajrang Dal, etc.

4. Religious Fundamentalism:

Some non-secular leaders are passionate about following the hordes of fans and exerting have an impact on via incendiary speeches to deceive the masses. The ignorant masses, in particular, are obsessed on non-secular enthusiasm and are inclined to apply violence.

5. Conversion:

Religious conversion is a sensitive trouble in India. It is regularly installation with the aid of using non secular companies to vow food, blanketed with the aid of using the poor, and every person sees it with suspicion.

6. Politicization of nearby problems:

Local problems or problems concerning one-of-a-kind groups that can be resolved with the aid of using neighborhood governments are every now and then magnified and given political aspects, stimulating the ardour of the network and every now and then inflicting riots. Example Maregaon and Bhiwandi.

7. Law and order:

The management won't be capable of cope with small network disputes that may result in critical conflicts. There will also be numerous delinquent forces withinside the call of faith engaged in unlawful sports which includes drug trafficking, smuggling, trafficking, theft and murder. Their sports have been confined and that they needed to make reservations to keep social balance.

8. External threat:

There are many overseas powers that offer the ultra-modern guns for education militants and undertaking terrorist sports to gas the lack of confidence of the home network.

Q6) What are the consequences of communalism? (5)

A6) The consequences of communalism are significant and destroy the social structure of society.

1. Communism brings hatred and aggression towards others.

2. Create prejudice and build stereotypes for a particular community.

3. Promotes hostility, causes violence, and causes clashes and riots.

4. Society cannot maximize the potential of each individual in any community.

5. Riots disrupt economic and social activities and affect the smooth functioning of a company.

6. It undermines the image of a country that affects its international trade, investment and other interests.

7. Obstructions to social harmony, national unity and security goals.

8. Alienate and isolate members of a particular community, making the atmosphere suspicious and difficult.

Q7) What measures taken to regulate communism? (7)

A7) Measures to regulate communism:

Below are some important steps taken to regulate communalism.

1. Role of legal order management:

Police have an important role to play in intercepting and spreading community riots and riots before they become large. They need to act responsibly in combating violence and work with members of the Peace Commission and conflict areas to resolve tensions.

2. The role of education:

The curriculum should not include any community content or partial views on a particular religion. It should, in fact, teach secular principles, gratitude and respect for all religions. Schools and better educational institutions need to use a variety of materials that promote harmony between national values ​​and communities. Teachers should be trained to motivate students to implement her program in the community with the participation of parents, neighbors and others. Promote secularism, nationalism, cooperation and tolerance.

3. Role of religious leaders:

Religious leaders play an important role to play as their sermons are delivered by the masses. People believe in leaders, so these leaders should teach the importance of community harmony through discourse.

4. The role of media:

The media should act responsibly and avoid delivering news that further encourages violence. Instead, the media should identify and publish common elements. It needs to create a forum for discussions to disseminate information about the negative effects of joint activities.

5. Role of NGOs:

NGOs need to choose large-scale promotional campaigns in the media that promote community harmony and national unity. They must focus their people on more pressing national issues and educate people about the negative effects of religious intolerance caused by riots and destruction.

6. Prohibition of joint parties:

Political parties that are directly or indirectly associated with community forces should not be approved by the government. It is permissible to tamper with the religious sentiment of the general public or use them for political gain. It should not be. This helps to strengthen harmony between different communities.

7. General perception:

We need to raise public awareness about the harmful effects of communalism. Our Constitution, which considers India a secular state, provides provisions to protect the interests of all religions and goes beyond the norms of all religions. Therefore, we must learn to prioritize national interests over our religious views.

8. Security:

All communities must be treated equally. People in small communities should not feel isolated. Instead, they need to instil confidence so that they can rest assured that they are free to participate in the growth of the nation.

Q8) What are the causes of regionalism?  (7)

A8) Cause are as follows:

The purpose of nearby conflicts is largely the disparity among international locations, which may be in brief defined as follows.

1. There are interstate disparities in in step with capita earnings in extraordinary states. Percapita earnings are excessive in positive states together with Maharashtra, Punjab and Gujarat, whilst Bihar and Mudiya have low stages of PCI in his BIMARU states together with Pradesh and Orissa. Purchasing strength gaps create dissatisfaction.

2. The diploma of urbanization in every kingdom varies. A higher degree of urbanization way greater superior commercial improvement and, therefore, more monetary, social and political progress.

3. Agricultural manufacturing imbalances as a result of a few risky rainfall and heavy monsoons also are ok irrigation centers in different regions, with massive gaps in annual manufacturing, and Punjab farmers are greater than Rajasthan farmers are additionally wealthy.

4. The boom fee of enterprise varies significantly from kingdom to kingdom, ensuing in more employment possibilities and monetary improvement in positive states than in different states.

5. Cities and townships in advanced international locations have a ways greater state-of-the-art infrastructure than states which might be underdeveloped.

6. A kingdom with a excessive-magnificence historic historical past may also appearance down on different states that have a tendency to purpose nearby conflicts. In addition, there are prejudices and stereotypes that widen the space among states.

Q9) Write the measures taken to lessen regionalism. (5)

A9) Measures to lessen regionalism:

1. Central and kingdom governments ought to make efforts to sell country wide solidarity and solidarity.

2. States ought to be inclined to cooperate with every different to solve disputes for the more gain of the State. Cultural, sports activities and literary exchanges among international locations ought to be recommended to sell nearby cooperation.

3. Financial and different incentives should be that industrialists and agencies have a tendency to restore factories and operations in underdeveloped regions to sell their improvement. Example Subsidies and tax exemptions

4. Tribal, hilly and desolate tract regions want to put in force unique nearby improvement applications for his or her boom.

5. A coordinated plan among the middle and the kingdom is wanted for the equitable allocation of budget for nearby improvement. Natural assets ought to be dispensed pretty and equitably.

Q10) “Issues related to regionalism are integral to India”. Explain. (12)

A10) The basis of regionalism

Regional patriotism and loyalty to a region or region or state, and its language and culture, do not constitute regionalism or destroy national unity. Aspiring to develop the nation, eliminate poverty, carry out social justice, and make special efforts are not branded as regionalism. However, if there is a country that is hostile to the country beyond its national interest, it can be called regionalism.

India's language restructuring and resolution of the official language controversy have played an important role by eliminating patent causes of cultural loss and a sense of cultural dominance.

Despite such friendship and peace, there are many regional conflicts that create friction between regions, such as the sharing of river water.

Economic imbalance and regionalism

Economic inequality between different states and regions can cause potential problems. Therefore, the central government has adopted a range of policies to influence the growth rates of poorer states and regions and to reduce their economic distance from richer states.

Development of poor countries through the transfer of financial resources by the Finance Commission, a constitutional body.

The plan was also used as a powerful tool to eliminate regional inequality. The Planning Commission has allocated more planning assistance to developing countries.

Central government public investment in key industries to reduce regional inequality.

Government incentives have been provided to the private sector to invest in underdeveloped areas through subsidies, tax incentives, concessional banking, and subsidized institutional lending.

Despite the initiatives and programs mentioned above, developing countries have lower levels of infrastructure facilities such as electricity, irrigation, roads, telephones and the modern market for agricultural products.

Son of soil doctrine

The doctrine states that a particular state belongs to the majority language group in which it resides or constitutes an exclusive "motherland" for those who speak the local language.

In the struggle for the allocation of economic resources and economic opportunities, reliance often takes the form of communitarianism, casteism and nepotism.

Language loyalty and regionalism are used to systematically eliminate "outsiders."

This doctrine was deeply used in metropolitan areas such as Mumbai (Marathi), Bangalore (Kannada), and Kolkata (Bengali).

The "Morki Regulations" set out in Article 371 (D) of the Indian Constitution protected the rights of local residents in employment and education and were created after the upheaval in Andhra Pradesh.

This is an example of the Soil Son's doctrine, but it was only offered in the services of Groups C and D.

The Son of Soil Doctrine is born when there is real or potential competition for industrial and middle class work between immigrants and locally educated middle class youth.

The worst case of anti-immigrant or Sons of the Soil doctrine implementation was a movement led by Shiv Sena, who appealed to local Chauvinism and envisioned a proportion of fascists.

However, the court approved the reservation because of its place of residence, but retained the rights of the migrants and their alliance's basic rights to their movement.

Issue of J & K

Jammu and Kashmir consists of three social and political regions: Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh. The Kashmir Valley is the center of the region. The Kashmir issue is more than just a conflict between India and Pakistan. There are both outer and inner dimensions.

Internally, Article 370 of the Constitution gives greater autonomy compared to other states in the country, so disputes related to J & K's special status are still ongoing and unresolved.

Outside of J & K, there is a section of people and political parties that believe that the special status of the state does not allow full integration of the state and India. Therefore, it needs to be canceled.

And there are people who live in Jammu and Kashmir. Most Kashmiris do not believe that the autonomy given by Article 370 is sufficient. At least three major complaints have been expressed in the Kashmiri section.

The "referendum" promise has not been fulfilled.

The autonomy given by Article 370 is actually being eroded

Democracy practiced in other parts of India is not institutionalized at J & K.

By 1989, J & K was under the control of a militant movement mobilized over the causes of another Kashmir region. Armed groups receive moral, material, and military support from Puck.

Punjab problem

This agreement did not immediately promote peace. Violence against armed groups and rebellion continued, leading to human rights abuses. Akaridal fragmentation has begun. Presidential rule was imposed. Gradually the army was eradicated by security forces. Peace returned to Punjab in the 1990s. The BJP-Shiromani Akali Dal alliance has won and revived the state's democratic process.

Q11) Explain concept of disparity as inequality. (5)

A11) In any society, members always experience differences. But it is the disparities that result from those differences that cause problems. There is always stratification for social, economic and other reasons. Value judgments are made as to whether an individual belongs to the majority or minority based on factors such as gender, caste, religion, language, and place of residence. People are treated prejudiced and discriminated against because they come from a particular place or background. Due to the original urban-rural division, urban people perceive rural people as backwards, and the utilities and amenities available between cities and villages have been developed at different levels. There is a clear difference in charge.

Therefore, these inequality raises inequality in opportunities, interests, and equipment that all members of society should be ready to take advantage of. But over the years, these disparities have become more serious and have heightened inequality in our society. Example The gap between rich and poor is actually widening economically. Therefore, Indian policymakers have always had a difficult task in closing this gap and solving the problem of interstate disparities.

Q12) What is Intergroup Conflicts Caused due to Caste Division? (8)

A12) A group plays a very important role in the development of an individual’s personality. A group is formed when two or more people come together as they may possess some common characteristics, for Ex. They may speak the same language or belong to the same community. While most groups come together out of a common purpose or goal, some groups get formed coincidentally. Given that man is a social being who cannot do without Interaction and communication with his fellow human beings, it is only natural that a person belongs to several groups at any given time. Thus formations of groups make man realize not only his full potential but also achieve what is best for everyone and this leads to development of society. While some groups work towards improvement and positive change for all, others engage in destructive activities. When there are many groups, they may have conflicting Interests. It is when these groups attain extreme positions and are willing to sacrifice common and national good for fulfilling Their own selfish interests that it culminates into social chaos. Such imbalances lead to violence and aggression for.eg.

Communal tension, linguistic riots, regional strife and even terrorist activities. To mention a few causative factors for intergroup conflicts, there are the stereotypes where a person is slotted as Belonging to a certain category about which there are fixed perceptions and mistaken ideas. For.eg. An urban dweller may look at a person coming from rural areas as lacking in education. A religious person may be sceptical about ideas and practices of people belonging to other religions. Also one often distinguish between ‘in-groups’( ‘my friends’, ‘my Family’, ‘my country’) and the ‘out-groups’( ‘his friends’, ‘their Family’ ). It is when these feelings are motivated and encouraged aggressively that it affects the harmony of society. Further more groups, as a whole, may suffer from superiority or inferiority Complex and be made intensively aware of inequalities through Discrimination. For ex. Certain positions in a business organization may be held by male candidates only. There may also be differences in political and philosophical leanings of an individual. Some or all of these become reasons for inter-group conflicts.

Q13) Explain inequalities caused by caste system.    (8)

A13) Inequalities caused by caste system:

1. Casteism violates the fundamental right to equality as well as the democratic principles of our constitution.

2. It is actually a form of communalism that creates disharmony and leads to conflicts and violence.

3 It gives rise to increased corruption in politics. Selfish politicians with vested interests get voted into the parliament on false promises of promoting their loyalties to their castes.

4 Castes is responsible for promoting groupism and importance of certain castes over national interests.

5 Casteism has intensified the majority-minority caste divide. The upper caste especially in villages still enjoys certain entitlements and privileges where as the lower caste is still discriminated against.

6 The social status and education of the backward castes is still an issue due to the narrowminded approach of the upper castes.

7 Many members of the backward castes migrate to cities to escape the shackles of the inhumane caste system in villages but end up suffering for lack of opportunities.

8 There are several instances of ill treatment meted out to lower castes : marginal farmers being denied loans by upper caste loan officials, molestation and gang-rape of women, exploitation of children and social boycotting.

Q14) What is communalism? Define it.   (12)

A14) Communalism is a political philosophy that advocates that believers of a particular religion pledge their political allegiance to their religious community. In fact, a person's mere affiliation with the social, cultural, and service aspects of a religious community does not become communitarian. Communalism tells believers of a particular religion that they have hatred for believers of other religious communities. It is assumed that believers of a particular religion have a common interest that is different from other religions. In essence, communalism opposes secularism and even humanism.

But in the western world, the definition of communalism is different. According to socialist Murray Bookchin, communalism is "a government theory or system in which an independent community participates in the Commonwealth." Simply put, in the western world, communalism proposes to abolish markets and money, putting land and businesses under the control of the community. However, in the context of the Indian subcontinent, the term communalism is associated with tensions between different religious communities.

Communalism is an idealism found not only in South Asia, but also in Africa, America, Europe, Australia and other Asian regions. In fact, the development of communalism is believed to have its roots in Africa's ethnic and cultural diversity. Communalism is often viewed as a modern phenomenon that is the result of the process of modernization and nation-building. However, this concept has become a socio-economic and political issue in South Asian countries such as Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Nepal.

One of the main signs of communalism is a communalist riot. Multiple religions and beliefs are practiced in India, often leading to violence and hatred among different religious communities. In many cases, these people who spread religious violence do not consider religion as a moral order.

Various definitions of communalism

Bipan Chandra

According to Bipan Chandra, communalism is "the belief that they have common social, political and economic interests for a group of people who follow a particular religion." He further adds that religious distinctions are fundamental distinctions that invalidate all other distinctions.

In the Indian context, Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs are different religious entities, so they have different social, economic, cultural, and political interests, he says. Therefore, if one collaborative group tries to improve its social, political and economic interests, it will be a loss to the other group. According to him, the Indian people can act socially and cannot act in any other way except as members of such a homogeneous community whose interests and perspectives remain the same.

Bipan Chandra outlines three elements of communalism.

Communalism is strong among people who have a common mundane interest.

The secular interests of different religions differ from those of other religions.

The interests of different communities are different and hostile to other communities.

Harbans Mukhia

According to historian Harbans Mukhia, "Communalism is a phenomenon of religious differences between groups, often causing tensions and even riots between groups." He said that people from different religious communities came together. It details being hostile when you have to live in and share common economic, political and other scarce resources.

D.E. Smith

In a sense, communalism as a function of a religious community is generally considered to be detrimental to the interests of other groups or the country as a whole.

Gopal Christian

According to Gopal Krishnan, communism is a destructive Indian expression of religion in politics, which emphasizes the religious identity of social groups and demands that political societies be organized as a coalition of religious communities. ..

Ram Ahuja

Communalism is a belief characterized by strong hostility practiced by members of one community towards people in another community. In some cases, the competition can hurt or insult members of a particular community, and in extreme cases disgrace or kill women. Communalism is an idealism, but "communalism is a demonstration of this idealism." A community is someone who practices politics through religion. These people tend to use God and religion as a means of obtaining political support. This is similar to the old society where the king and the head of the church used religious names to live in luxury. This tendency is also seen in today's society.

Zenabbanu

"Communalism is an idealism in which minorities are treated unequally by the majority based on religious, cultural and ethnic characteristics." Communalism is a very complex phenomenon that is inevitable in multiple societies. ..

Wilfred Cantwell Smith

Communalism is an idealism that has emphasized the social, political, and economic units of each religion, and even the conflict between different community groups.

Prabadixit

According to Prabha Dixit, communalism is a political doctrine that takes advantage of religious and cultural differences to gain political interests.

Q15) What are the harmful effects of linguistics?  (5)

A14) The harmful effects of linguistics are:

1. Increasing regionalism and narrowness:

People from different language groups concentrated in one state seem to think only in terms of their own interests. This undermines the view of national issues and causes narrow sentiment.

2. Formation of a regional political party:

Linguisticism brought about regionalism and eventually led to the formation of regional parties in some states. Some of these regional parties formed governments. When such parties come to power, the relationship between the central and the state is often complicated.

3. Persecution of linguistic minorities:

The State Restructuring Commission provided for the protection of state linguistic minorities. But in reality, linguistic minorities are being harassed in various states. The result is certain complexity and disturbing tendencies that appear to threaten national unity.

4. Individual state requirements:

A politician's selfish motivation causes a language conflict. These politicians instigate linguistic minorities and demand the division of states along linguistic boundaries. The demands of independent nations cause problems not only for the nations involved, but also for the centers.

5. Erosion of national sentiment:

Nationalism is eroded by language and loyalty to the community. Erosion of national sentiment threatens national sovereignty.

6. Border dispute between nations:

Language issues are creating tensions on bilingual borders. For example, the Goans are divided based on Konkani and Marathi.

Q16) What are the causes of linguistic? (5)

A15) Some of these causes are explained below.

1. Geographical cause:

Geographical isolation and diversity promote regional identity and people's uniqueness. Regional differences are also accompanied by linguistic diversity and the development of various ideas that impede national integration.

2. Historical cause:

The Indian language gained momentum during the Indian struggle for freedom. The leaders of our country criticized the British system of dividing India across linguistic boundaries and called for the division of India into different states along linguistic boundaries. After independence, in 1956, the states were reorganized based on linguistic homogeneity. "The restructuring of the state on the line of language has created more problems than it has solved. Identity with the state has been sacrificed for identity with the language state."

3. Psychological and emotional causes:

Language is the most important social device that society has evolved into. It is not only the greatest force of socialization, but also has certain psychological and emotional characteristics that evoke ethnocentric sentiment in similar groups. As a means of communication, we can process all ideas of communication and interaction. In India, language groups are connected by a common concern. This creates a spirit of regionalism and sectarianism in the minds of the inhabitants, resulting in separatist sentiment that goes against the concept of national unity.

4. Economic cause:

Language can also develop due to financial causes. The government encourages certain languages ​​and prepares for the spread of the language through financial incentives. This raises concerns for other language groups who feel prejudiced and have a strong resentment.

5. Political cause:

Narrow and narrow-minded politicians and certain local political parties create a sense of language among the people of the region and use that feeling during elections and in various political affairs.