Question bank:

Q1) Explain development of science in ancient culture? (5)

A1) 1. Development of science in ancient culture:

The ancient history of mankind dates back more than a million years. The ancients were completely dependent on nature to survive. He observed nature and devised an easy way to explain it. He tried several experiments based on his observations.

a. Stone Age:

In the early Stone Age, humans were completely dependent on what was available in nature. He experimented with food, housing and clothing resources. Simple stone tools, fire discoveries, and animal leather clothing are some of the discoveries he made using his knowledge of nature. He also formed a simple social and religious system. His writing is unknown, but the various cave paintings of this era found around the world show his devotion to culture. These paintings may have also been a means of communication.

The Neolithic began when one attempted to create his own resources by manipulating nature. This shows that he had accumulated a lot of knowledge about nature by this time. In the absence of writing, this knowledge was passed on verbally across generations. He invented agriculture about 9,000 years ago by understanding the cycle of the seasons and the use of water. He also tamed the animals. At this stage, the relationship between humans and nature has changed. He has become less dependent on nature.

b. Stage of civilization:

Around 3500 BC, mankind developed civilization. A new urban society where agriculture has developed, writing has been invented, and trade and commerce have flourished. The development of writing is one of the greatest milestones in human history. It allowed people to accumulate knowledge. The initial writing style was symbols. Some inscriptions from Egyptian and Mesopotamian (ancient Iraqi) civilizations give us knowledge of life during that period. Art and science developed between these civilizations.

The Sumerians of Iraq have contributed to modern science with numerical data. For e. g. The 60-based number system is the basis of a 360-degree circle. The astronomical periods identified by them are still widely used in the lunar calendar. Babylonian astronomy was the first attempt at a sophisticated mathematical description of astronomical phenomena. Ancient Egypt has made significant developments in astronomy, medicine and mathematics.

Q2) What do you mean by Renaissance?  (5)

A2) The term "Renaissance" means rebirth or resurrection. The 14th and 15th centuries were Renaissance periods when many educated men turned from religious speculation to the study of ancient Greek and Roman writers and challenged the religious and philosophical teachings of medieval churches.

Unsatisfied with the study of medieval translations by famous ancient Greek writers, they set out to study original Greek works such as Platons and Aristotle.

They also searched for old Latin manuscripts in the monastery and translated many previously unknown works from ancient Greek to Latin. In short, these writers sought to induce classical learning into the mainstream of Western thought. During this period, it may be observed that interest in classical architecture and sculpture, as well as Greek literature, revived.

They are also known as humanists because Renaissance scholars had a keen interest in individuals. They emphasized human values   and sought to project individuals as free agents. The spirit of the Renaissance can best be summarized in the words of Leon Battista Alberti.

It may be observed that the Renaissance was more than just a revival of ancient learning. The spirit of inquiry has developed and the spirit of freedom of thought and action has spread everywhere. Men no longer wanted to accept past teachings, customs, and superstitions without doubt. In short, people have shown a critical attitude towards the medieval system.

It is worth noting that the Renaissance did not begin at the same time in all parts of Europe, and not all medieval customs and institutions soon disappeared in all parts of Europe. On the contrary, the majority of the common people have long adhered to old systems and customs.

The Renaissance began with a small group of Italian-educated people and spread to France, Germany and the United Kingdom. The Renaissance is a turning point in the history of Western civilization and is often described as a bridge between the Middle Ages and modern times in Europe.

Q3) Explain Renaissance development. (8)

A3) The modern era of European history began with the Renaissance in the 15th century. The term Renaissance means reproduction in Italian. It was a cultural movement that brought new ideas and discoveries. After the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-15th century, Turkish scholars emigrated to Europe with ancient and medieval classics. The rediscovery of classics by Europeans led to the reintroduction of reason and the emphasis on human emotions and ideas. The printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1436, and the idea spread rapidly. The Renaissance gradually spread to Northern Europe by the 16th century, centering on Italy.

Scholars and philosophers of this era denied the medieval idea that God was the central idea of   nature and art. They have developed a new theory that rejects the classical theory.

Nicolaus Copernicus has developed a more detailed and accurate heliocentric theory of the planetary system. Explaining the revolution of other celestial bodies that orbit the Earth and the Sun, he was banned by the church because he believed in the Ptolemaic theory. He also conducted theoretical studies of mathematics.

Johannes Kepler was a strong supporter of Copernicus's theory. He studied it and added the fact that the planet rotates around the sun in an ellipse rather than a perfect circle. His contributions are the three well-known laws of planetary motion.

Galileo Galileo was a man of true Renaissance spirit. Not only was he an astronomer, he was also a physicist, mathematician and philosopher. His first scientific discovery was the law of the pendulum. He later succeeded in developing several devices such as magnets, compasses, thermometers and microscopes. But his breakthrough discovery was the use of telescopes to observe the universe. He is known as the father of modern physics because he developed the law of falling objects.

Francis Bacon argued that the truth needed evidence from The modern era of European history began with the Renaissance in the 15th century.

Scholars and philosophers of this era denied the medieval idea that God was the central idea of   nature and art.

Francis Bacon argued that the truth needed evidence from

The real world. He devised an inductive method for the study of nature. He said scientists need to formulate axioms or brief statements and prove them through the process of experimentation and analysis.

Apart from astronomy and mathematics, the study of human anatomy has also evolved very differently from the classics. While Andreas Vesalius laid the foundation for modern medicine and anatomical research, William Harvey explained blood circulation.

Leonardo Da Vinci is known as the Renaissance man. He was a scientist, mathematician, philosopher, architect and painter. He wrote and wrote on subjects such as geology, anatomy, flight, gravity, and optics, often jumping from subject to subject on a single page, writing in left-handed mirror writing. He prototyped bicycles, planes, helicopters and parachutes. Therefore, the Renaissance was an era of growth of new ideas and scientific knowledge.4. Renaissance development (1450-1650).

The modern era of European history began with the Renaissance in the 15th century. The term Renaissance means reproduction in Italian. It was a cultural movement that brought new ideas and discoveries. After the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-15th century, Turkish scholars emigrated to Europe with ancient and medieval classics. The rediscovery of classics by Europeans led to the reintroduction of reason and the emphasis on human emotions and ideas. The printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in 1436, and the idea spread rapidly. The Renaissance gradually spread to Northern Europe by the 16th century, centering on Italy.

Scholars and philosophers of this era denied the medieval idea that God was the central idea of   nature and art. They have developed a new theory that rejects the classical theory.

Nicolaus Copernicus has developed a more detailed and accurate heliocentric theory of the planetary system. Explaining the revolution of other celestial bodies that orbit the Earth and the Sun, he was banned by the church because he believed in the Ptolemaic theory. He also conducted theoretical studies of mathematics.

Johannes Kepler was a strong supporter of Copernicus's theory. He studied it and added the fact that the planet rotates around the sun in an ellipse rather than a perfect circle. His contributions are the three well-known laws of planetary motion.

Galileo Galileo was a man of true Renaissance spirit. Not only was he an astronomer, he was also a physicist, mathematician and philosopher. His first scientific discovery was the law of the pendulum. He later succeeded in developing several devices such as magnets, compasses, thermometers and microscopes. But his breakthrough discovery was the use of telescopes to observe the universe. He is known as the father of modern physics because he developed the law of falling objects.

Francis Bacon argued that the truth needed evidence from the real world. He devised an inductive method for the study of nature. He said scientists need to formulate axioms or brief statements and prove them through the process of experimentation and analysis.

Apart from astronomy and mathematics, the study of human anatomy has also evolved very differently from the classics. While Andreas Vesalius laid the foundation for modern medicine and anatomical research, William Harvey explained blood circulation.

Leonardo da Vinci is known as the Renaissance man. He was a scientist, mathematician, philosopher, architect and painter. He wrote and wrote on subjects such as geology, anatomy, flight, gravity, and optics, often jumping from subject to subject on a single page, writing in left-handed mirror writing. He prototyped bicycles, planes, helicopters and parachutes. Therefore, the Renaissance was an era of growth of new ideas and scientific knowledge.

Q4) What do you mean by science?  (5)

A4) Science has provided solutions to several human problems. It's the method of understanding natural phenomena. Knowledge domain is consistently increasing. To understand what certifies a specific study as science, you would like to know the meaning and characteristics of science.

Meaning:

The word science comes from the word science, which suggests knowledge. Therefore, anybody of data are often called science. This is often a scientific study of data supported reasoning, observation, and experimentation. It is often defined as organized knowledge, especially when obtained by observing and verifying facts about the physical world, the laws of nature, and society.

Science may be a thanks to discover what's within the universe, how they work today, how they worked within the past, and the way they could add the longer term . The above definition states that science aims to get factual information and present it during a structural form. Therefore, the littlest atoms, the universe, the anatomy of living things, and even their social life become a part of research project .

Q5) State the principle of nature of science. (8)

A5) Principles

There are certain basic principles that make science unique.

2.   Observation and reasoning-Scientific data is collected through observation and studied through reasoning. Observations are made through five senses that are often supported by technology. Supported the observations, a logical interpretation springs . For instance , the earliest models of planetary systems were created supported continuous observations of the sky over an extended period of your time using simple tools.

3.   Objectivity-Science is factual. It depends on observation and logic. It's nothing to try to to with the private beliefs, opinions or prejudices of the people conducting the survey. Therefore, the facts of science and their consequences are objective. They are doing not change from person to person. It's fair and true.

4.   Universal Basic Ideas-Science assumes that the universe may be a system during which basic rules apply everywhere. Therefore, the laws developed by science are often universally applied, like the laws of motion and magnetism. Therefore, scientific experiments are often introduced into any a part of the universe to know the behavior of the whole system.

5.   Tentative-New hypotheses may challenge established facts. Even with strong evidence, it's impossible to prove that a specific law is true under all conditions. From time to time, new experiments improve previous facts and theories. Therefore, knowledge domain is tentative. For instance , the previous theory that the world is that the center of the system was later proved wrong by Copernicus, who showed that the Sun is that the center and therefore the Earth rotates around it. Therefore, science is continuously improvising.

6.   Accurate and protracted Knowledge-Scientific knowledge is predicated on rigorous experimentation, so it's accurate and reliable. Knowledge domain is expressed in clear language to avoid ambiguity. Once scientific ideas are established as facts, they are doing not change for an extended time. Some ideas are consistent facts, like facts associated with gravity, energy and matter.

7.   Creative Thinking-Creativity and imagination are the roots of scientific ideas. Scientists perform experiments using creative methods that haven't been used before. They push the boundaries of their imagination and are encouraged to try to to so.

8.   Laws and theories are different-Scientific laws and theories are associated with one another , but not an equivalent . Both are hypothetical and supported by empirical data. Law is a long time incontrovertible fact that explains the relationships between various factors and explains the patterns of the system under certain conditions. They're descriptive and mathematical.

Theory, on the opposite hand, explains established facts. They're non-mathematical and supply a solution on how a specific system works. Theory is an interpretation of the law. Some theories become laws, but some cause the invention of latest facts. For instance , Ptolemy's theory of planetary systems has led to near-accurate predictions of planetary positions.

9.  Science has its limits-Science predicts and explains phenomena. However, not all problems are often solved completely and accurately. For instance , there are some illnesses that can't be cured today. Therefore, science is that the subject of explaining natural phenomena, finding solutions, preparing models, and providing explanations. It's based on empirical data.

Q6) What are the features of nature of science? (5)

A6) Characteristics of the nature of science

Science education has defined the doctrines (characteristics) of important scientific properties that students should understand and that all citizens should know. William McComas and Joanne Olson analyzed recent science education curriculum documentation around the world and identified 14 statements about the nature of science that are common to most curriculums.

For centuries, science has been built in both evolutionary and revolutionary ways.

Science is part of social and cultural traditions. Science and technology influence each other. Scientific ideas are influenced by the social and historical environment. Law and theory play different roles in science. Therefore, students should be aware that the theory does not become a law, even with additional evidence.

Q7) Explain briefly,’Science as a validated knowledge’. (5)

A7)  Science as a validated knowledge;

The issue of the interface between science and faith may investigate how science relates to our faith. Science is a means of leading us to knowledge of nature in various disciplines. Knowledge of physics, biology, and earth / space science has expanded exponentially in our lifetime. Back about 400 years ago, the Scientific Revolution has greatly expanded our knowledge of the universe. Has science increased our divine knowledge about the interface between science and faith? Or is our science an area of   self-contained knowledge that enhances or undermines our divine awareness and divine knowledge?

Is God's existence affirmed or weakened by scientific knowledge? We believe that the existence of God is strongly confirmed by the discovery of science. Therefore, knowledge of the discovery of science and knowledge of the mechanics of science verify the knowledge of God's existence and the fact that God created everything. Not only is God created, we have knowledge of how God was created. For example, we have the knowledge that there was the beginning of our universe with infinitely small spots. We have knowledge of how the universe has evolved since its inception. Our knowledge confirms the order of the created universe. Atoms, which are the particles that make up the visible matter of the universe, are, in turn, composed of an orderly array of subatomic particles. Particles have fundamental forces called strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravity. We do not fully understand these forces beyond the truth that they are needed to organize our universe in order.

Some information about our universe is still unknown. The discoveries of the last two decades have advanced our knowledge. For example, there is a mysterious and invisible "dark energy" that makes up most of the mass / density of the universe (68.3%). But to allow life to exist through the expansion of the universe, in addition to dark (26.8%) and visible (4.9%) matter, the amount of dark energy needs to be fine-tuned with incredible precision.

Q8) What are the four purposes of science?  (8)

A8) The four purposes of science are:

Empirical –

Empirical knowledge means the knowledge gathered through sensory experience. e. Through the sense of touch, sight, sound, taste or smell. In science, all hypotheses and theories are tested against natural observations. Importance is given with the experience of reasoning. The evidence obtained from the experiment is the basis of knowledge. For example, one of the earliest philosophers, Aristotle, said that knowledge in nature is based on that perception and empirical thinking.

Empirical data can be exposed to scientist bias. Validating scientific data helps to avoid researcher bias. Therefore, scientific knowledge is verified.

Theoretically-

Building useful theories is a major goal of science. When a scientist makes a hypothesis, it means a calculated conclusion that he wants to prove correct. To do this, he conducts experiments and observes the facts. The result of this process is theory. Scientific theory can be proved wrong by testing under various conditions. As new ideas develop and new evidence is found, the theory improves accordingly. With the exception of mathematics, there is no completely proven theory at any given time. Wrong theories are either corrected or completely abandoned. Ptolemy's planetary theory, for example, was true for about 1000 years before Copernicus published the heliocentric theory. However, Newton's theory of gravity and Darwin's theory of evolution are self-consistent. Scientists test theories, validate them, and sometimes do research to improve them.

The theory should be predictable. New discoveries and experiments need to be made based on existing theories.

Practical-

Practical knowledge of science refers to the application of scientific knowledge. Further technical research requires basic theoretical research. Through the application of scientific knowledge, humans have found solutions to some problems, increased the efficiency of human life, and created many useful ones. The application of research in molecular biology, genetics, and anatomy has opened up many new fields of medicine. Knowledge of space and astronomy encouraged people to dream of using resources from other planets for use on Earth. Sciences such as psychology and neuroscience aim to understand human thinking, but have practical motivations such as the treatment of mental illness.

Science as a validated knowledge

The issue of the interface between science and faith may investigate how science relates to our faith. Science is a means of leading us to knowledge of nature in various disciplines. Knowledge of physics, biology, and earth / space science has expanded exponentially in our lifetime. Back about 400 years ago, the Scientific Revolution has greatly expanded our knowledge of the universe. Has science increased our divine knowledge about the interface between science and faith? Or is our science an area of   self-contained knowledge that enhances or undermines our divine awareness and divine knowledge?

Is God's existence affirmed or weakened by scientific knowledge? We believe that the existence of God is strongly confirmed by the discovery of science. Therefore, knowledge of the discovery of science and knowledge of the mechanics of science verify the knowledge of God's existence and the fact that God created everything. Not only is God created, we have knowledge of how God was created. For example, we have the knowledge that there was the beginning of our universe with infinitely small spots. We have knowledge of how the universe has evolved since its inception. Our knowledge confirms the order of the created universe. Atoms, which are the particles that make up the visible matter of the universe, are, in turn, composed of an orderly array of subatomic particles. Particles have fundamental forces called strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravity. We do not fully understand these forces beyond the truth that they are needed to organize our universe in order.

Some information about our universe is still unknown. The discoveries of the last two decades have advanced our knowledge. For example, there is a mysterious and invisible "dark energy" that makes up most of the mass / density of the universe (68.3%). But to allow life to exist through the expansion of the universe, in addition to dark (26.8%) and visible (4.9%) matter, the amount of dark energy needs to be fine-tuned with incredible precision.

Q9) Explain the role of science in exploding myths and blind belief. (8)

A9) The role of science within the explosion of myths, blind beliefs

Superstition:

Superstitions have long been a part of human society. It's known to develop because humans are scared of being unexplained. By making some beliefs about it, they struggle to avoid or overcome this fear. It's such a belief that's not supported reason. Superstitions are tied to tradition, often with good and bad signs. Many have come down as a practice . But not all traditions are superstitious.

Superstitions often cause irrational behavior in men. For instance , when a cat crosses the road, superstition worsens, and lots of people become indignant and lose confidence when such an event occurs. Some people believe that they're unlucky lately , in order that they avoid taking new jobs or things on certain days of the week, and sometimes miss good opportunities in life. Superstitions also are a explanation for social problems. The assumption that a son's belief is required to hold a family heritage has led to the murder of girls in society. Animal and human sacrifices are carried within the name of bringing wealth, prosperity, and repeated rains.

Science plays a really important role within the eradication of superstition. Science needs proof and empirical data to draw conclusions. Superstitions are challenged by a totally unsuccessful methodology . Inquisitiveness can provide answers to several unexplained phenomena and eliminate the fears related to them. Scientific experiments have proven that a lot of banned activities, like the superstition of Nagpanchami, where snakes drink milk, or the bad omen of owl visibility, and not cooking on a eclipse day, are unfounded.

In a country of belief like India, the entire eradication of superstition has not yet been achieved. But as knowledge domain becomes more widespread, it's not a foreign dream.

Mythology:

Myths are stories which will or might not be true. It's supported traditions and legends. They need a deep symbolic meaning in it. They're often wont to explain the start of supernatural beings. It's generally believed that myths were formed to elucidate some natural phenomena. They're passed down from generation to generation. Myths often convey misleading or false knowledge. Therefore, scientists are performing on various experiments and theories to prove that these myths are wrong. Myths are important in history, but they're mixed with lies. They tell a stimulating story, but I cannot believe it completely.

Almost every culture within the world has its own myth. Some myths are a part of religious explanations. For instance , the earliest known myth supported by the Bible was that the world rotated round the sun and therefore the earth was flat. Scientists since the 13th century have found evidence and tried to elucidate that the world is round. The sun is stationery, but the world and other planets orbit around it. It had been not until the 17th century that the church accepted this fact.

There are various theories that specify the creation of the universe. Many of those , including Greek and Hindu myths, explain that the creation of the universe may be a step-by-step process, which supernatural forces have brought some order to the planet . Many could also be unrealistic, but their essence could also be an equivalent because the explosion theory given by scientists. Many other such myths were gradually broken as new knowledge domain was gained. Therefore, there's an opposite relationship between myth and science. Science is progressive, but mythology is fake knowledge disguised as truth.

Q10) What can you say about the role of science as prejudice?  (5)

A10) The role of science as prejudice:

Preudice is the disadvantage or negative opinion of those who do not know or examine the facts. Prejudice is created in people's minds because of a particular stereotype related to a person's religion, caste, region, sexuality, or nationality. There may be some negative experience behind the development of such attitudes. Such an attitude is passed down from generation to generation. The colloquial Kanjus Marwari phrase, for example, evolved because of Marwari's strict business attitude. There is a general prejudice among urban people that rural people are uneducated, backward and poor.

Such a negative attitude has become a social problem. They lead to the collapse of social peace. Such prejudices also lead to divisions among people and thus hinder national unity. Minority communities are particularly afflicted with inequality and injustice due to prejudice.

Science has helped establish among humans the fact that all humans are the same. It focuses on knowledge. It accepts the fact that social progress is based on new theories and laws that are based on facts rather than beliefs. Science proves that everyone of all regions and cultural backgrounds has equal rights to exist and respect in society. Therefore, scientific knowledge and scientific temper are necessary for the harmony and development of society. Scientific temperament helps to develop harmonious relationships between people. This spirit of scientific temper can spread throughout education, the media, and the medium of youth.

Q11) What is technology? (5)

A11) Simply put, technology is an application of scientific knowledge. This means the manufacture of such machines, arrangements, and procedures aimed at achieving specific goals or performing functions. Technology may be a body of data dedicated to making tools, processing actions, and extracting materials. The term "technology" is broad and everybody features thanks to understand what it means. Simply put, we use technology to perform various tasks in our daily lives. Technology can be described as products and processes used to simplify everyday life. We use technology to extend our capabilities and make people the most important part of our technology system.

Technology is also an application of science used to solve problems. However, it is important to know that technology and science are different subjects that work together to accomplish a particular task or solve a problem.

We apply technology to almost everything in our daily lives. We use technology in the workplace to communicate, transport, learn, manufacture, protect data, grow our business, and more. Technology is human knowledge, including tools, materials, and systems. The application of technology is usually a product. When technology is applied successfully, it benefits humans, but when used for malicious reasons, the opposite is true.

Many companies use technology to stay competitive, use technology to create new products and services, and use technology to deliver those products and services to their customers on time and on time. I am. A good example is a mobile operator like Apple or Samsung. These mobile empires are using high-end technology to create new smart phones and other electronic devices to stay competitive. This competitiveness is gained by adopting advanced technology. Today, all areas of human work, from industry to medicine, are influenced and improved by technology. The first stone tools made by humans were a technical product of the time, as they were a product of human knowledge.

Q12) How can you explain the role of technology in science?  (5)

A12) Technology has helped improve productivity and efficiency in all areas where it is used. Agriculture: Technology is helping to improve agricultural production around the world using tractors and other machinery. T1he new irrigation method has increased productivity on low rainfall lands. We also used fertilizers, pesticides, and new seed qualities to improve food quality. Transportation and Communication: Technological inventions in transportation improve human movement as well as speed and safety. Air travel is common today and safe.

Transportation technology is also helping to develop better trade. The Internet has revolutionized communication between people. Communication technology is one of the cheaper modes to connect, so you can connect people even from remote locations. Today, the world is readily available on iPads, tablets and smart phones. Industry: Easier production with the help of computers that handle a lot of work, minimizing the labor of workers. In some factories, such as automobile production, the entire production process is carried out by robots. In many industries today, design and test models are designed entirely on a computer and displayed in 3D technology before the actual product is created.

Technology has reduced production costs and increased the efficiency of large-scale production. One of the disadvantages of technology-based industries is unemployment, especially in labor-intensive countries like India.

Q13) Write the interrelationship of science and technology.  (12)

A13)

The definition of technology itself describes it as an extension of science. There are several aspects to the relationship between the two. Here are some points to explain the interrelationship between science and technology: .e. g. The discovery of nano science has led to advances in cosmetics and refrigerators as well as computer technology. Technology is a way to combine scientific knowledge with practical value to benefit humanity. Both science and technology are based on experimentation and creativity.

Illustrative relationship:

Scientists explain natural phenomena based on experiments. Often, such experiments are performed on equipment, tools, and machines developed with previous technologies. Such technical assistance helps to better understand and explain scientific concepts.

Musical instrument relationship:

Scientists need a variety of machines to find, test, and present information. They need accurate machines for this purpose. Technology aims to provide science with devices that further enhance scientific knowledge. Machines manufactured for one purpose may be used in another scientific experiment. For example, the telescope, invented by European opticians, was later used and developed by Galileo to study the universe. Therefore, the skills and knowledge of engineers can be used to advance science.

Inspirational relationship:

Science and technology are inspired by each other for further development. Engineers develop such machines for use in advanced appliances, based on basic electrical science. On the other hand, some technical devices provide scientific explanations for some unknown phenomena. The invention of the steam engine, for example, later provided the basis for the creation of thermodynamic theory in physics. Therefore, this device laid the foundation for scientific research.

Science and technology are different

We have seen that both science and technology are related in many ways, but they are different in nature. The following points can better explain the difference between them.

Purpose:

Science and technology have fundamentally different purposes. The main purpose of science is to explain natural phenomena through the scientific methods of observation and experimentation. Technology aims to create products through concepts and methods based on intelligence and design. Science only observes and understands, but technology intervenes in nature. It is driven primarily by curiosity about something, rather than meeting human needs and opportunities.

Aims:

Technology aims to satisfy end users of products, processes, or environments. Science aims to discover or verify certain elements of nature.

The role of value:

Scientific knowledge is objective. Theories and laws developed as scientific knowledge cannot be said to be good or bad. However, technical products have a negative impact on human nature. For example, nuclear power and its use as scientific knowledge are not bad, but bomb-making technology for terrorist purposes is certainly inhumane.

Evaluation method:

Scientific knowledge is evaluated through the analysis of data. A theory is created and tested on the basis of various experiments and some hypotheses. Other scientists need to verify that the theory is true so that it can be established as a law or a universal fact. Technical products are validated based on design analysis, not on assumptions or hypotheses. Therefore, technology does not require verification of truth.

Science involves the formation of theory based on accurate data, and technology involves creating approximate models using the available data. Therefore, technology differs from science in its goals and methodologies.

Q14) What are the advantages of technology?  (10)

A14) The benefits of technology in our lives

From the wrist smartwatches we wear to the cars we drive, technology has changed every aspect of our lives. Here are some of the benefits of technology in our lives.

1. Ease of access to information

The World Wide Web, abbreviated as www, has made the world a social village. This is because information from around the world is widely available on the Internet.

Most of the news you see on social media is purely factual, but you may also see image results for certain news. Not only is more news available, but all such information is easily accessible.

Thanks to modern technology (and computer giants like Dell, IBM, Apple).

You can read a book comfortably with a bed and a cup of coffee. Ebooks are available on the Internet for this purpose. Modern technology has replaced radios with televisions, and even televisions are now digitized into "LCDs" and "LEDs."

Efforts are underway to create more reliable sources of information. All this is possible only thanks to technology.

2. Save time

Have you ever faced a navigation problem in an unfamiliar town? Yes, we all faced such problems when moving to a new location. Whether on a business trip or vacation. With the latest technology, you can move anywhere and enjoy going out.

You can also search for a specific location to identify a specific destination. The application itself remains.

You will not miss a single turn, and recently the traffic conditions on the route will be displayed.

Here are some time management activities that you may want to learn.

3. Ease of movement

Have you ever imagined a life without a car or bicycle? Sure, it's not because technology has put these things at our feet.

The fact that the distance between the United States and Australia is about 15,187 kilometers makes it easy to determine the importance of a vehicle, but it can travel in 16 to 17 hours.

In less than a day, believe me and you won't regret your 16-17 hours of life. Airplanes, trains and cars improvised every day make all this possible.

4. Better communication means

It is true that modern technology has replaced old technology. And we cannot imagine our lives without this replacement. Letters were the most common means of communication less than a century ago, but now no one has considered writing letters because they prefer parchment for video calls.

Instant messaging and sharing of photos and videos has never been so easy.

We must admit that only the use of technology is harmful. Otherwise, technology can't beat the level of comfort in our lives.

5. Cost-effectiveness

One of the main goals of technology is to make things cheaper and more affordable for people. As a result, technology has made it more cost effective these days.

Very profitable machines are available at prices that we can't imagine.

In many cases, competition will occur between two or more industries, resulting in even lower prices.

6. Innovation in many areas

Technology has truly brought digitalization and modernization in many areas. Technology has revolutionized the world in medicine, agriculture and electronics.

Better techniques in agriculture have resulted in more and healthier foods. "Layer pharming" technology produces more food in less space.

Better animal health guarantees higher yields of dairy and poultry products. The medical sector has also benefited a lot from the technology boom. Even incurable diseases such as cancer now have appropriate treatments.

There are many other areas that cannot survive without a technological backbone.

7. Improvement of banking business

In less than 10 years, no one was thinking of paying in Bitcoin instead of dollars. Crypto currencies have recently become viral because of their usefulness.

Now you don't have to wait in a long line at the bank just to pay for your utilities.

8. Better learning techniques

Bring fun to the classroom. You can improve your teaching skills and integrate scientific methods to motivate your students. Many software and electronic gadgets have been introduced to support student education.

The simplest example of a calculator can surprise a person. With multiple calculations and various binary operations, you can get the answer with just a click.

9 Disable-d, Are Now Able-d

Modern science and technology now makes almost everything possible. Recently, a braille that operates with an electronic pulse was invented. Artificial feet, smart sticks, etc. have been invented.

Invalid is no longer invalid. They are certainly successful in the long run along with the usual ones.

10.   Artificial intelligence

The new concept of artificial intelligence is growing rapidly and is gaining a lot of popularity. The reason behind it is that this may bring about a whole new revolutionary era.

Humans no longer need to think, as AI systems may be able to think of ways to improve it. This will give a break to the human generation and will probably be one of the greatest benefits of modern technology for us.

Q15) What are the disadvantages of technology?  (8)

A15) Disadvantages of technology are:

Digital technology involves the collection and storage of vast amounts of data. This data may also be personal information about an organization or individual. Data security is one of the biggest concerns for individuals and businesses, as data hacking and breaches are becoming more common as technology advances. A single breach can misuse a large amount of important information. They can be foreign enemies, business rivals, criminals, malicious entities, and even terrorists.

b.  Complexity

How often do you operate devices and machines these days? Repairing a car is like interacting with a computer, so I don't understand these devices as I used to. Things have not been confirmed mechanically. Even handling the phone involves many complex settings. A small glitch on a laptop can cost you both money and time.

c.  Crime and terrorism

The Internet is not only an essential and useful medium, but also a fertile place for the activities of malicious people. And this is all due to its large and international nature and the relative anonymity that people can enjoy. Some of the many negative actions that can occur on the Internet include drug sellers who sell things using the dark web, terrorists who encourage others to hate and advertise on social media. I will. There are other platforms that involve sharing information such as photos, texts, and videos. Technology is one of the reasons for increasing crime and terrorism.

d.  Privacy issues

Personal privacy is a thing of the past in today's modern world. Advances in technology make it difficult to maintain personal privacy, and the most threatening fact is the personal data of individuals who have been sold or stolen.

There are employers who search for people online and look for controversial photos and opinions on blogs and social media. You will find a digital camera in a public area that records your movements. Now any little carelessness can annoy people throughout his life, not just a day or two. Anything posted on the Internet is sensitive and can be sued in the wrong way with the help of technology.

e.  Social disconnection

This is a very important concern for healthcare and psychology professionals about how socializing on the Internet, digital devices, and these platforms has lost real contact with people. There is isolation and true social discontinuity in society. A group of people sitting in a room are more into mobile phones than talking to each other.

Thousands of years ago, humans evolved to have real contact, which is being robbed by technology. Studies show that losing contact in real life is one of the reasons behind depression and other types of mental illness in many people.

f.    Work overload

Many modern workers spend their days keeping up with the huge number of ID emails sent each week. All of these need to be read, and some require action and replies. People never take a break from work, whether on weekends or weekdays. Organizing large amounts of digital data such as training videos, meeting durations, photos, reports, etc. can also be a major headache for employees.

g.  Work instability

It is related to machine learning and artificial intelligence. It is no longer important for employees to be physically present in the workplace, as they were a few years ago or ten years ago. There are tasks that can be performed remotely over the Internet. It shows that your work can be done through a third party, which is an economic reduction of the company and can rob you of your work. Today, the workplace needs more automated machines than humans. One of the main examples is the work of driving. This is because the vehicle will soon turn into a self-driving machine.

h.  Digital media operation

Manipulating media on digital platforms is no longer an impossible task. Photos, videos and audio are easy to edit. Today, it is difficult to identify what is fake and what is genuine. You can morph and modify photos, audio, and even videos using a variety of online editing tools such as Photoshop.

i.    Copyright and plagiarism

Digital media has made it easy to duplicate and copy things. Copyright law is difficult to enforce because the film and music industry bears the cost of enforcing copyright law. Students can now copy and paste homework and assignments without actually learning.

j.     Fake personas and anonymity

Digital technology makes it easy for people to hide their identities. Studies allow people to act antisocially when it is clear that they face no consequences. Bullying, stalking, trolling, and insulting others on social networking platforms is becoming more and more common, but this is not a good sign for our society. Individual fake IDs for committing scams and scams on the Internet. Pedophiles use digital technology and the Internet. Hurt fake personas and toddlers.