Unit VI

Reconciliation of Cost and Financial Accounts

Q1) What are the steps involved in preparing adjustment statement? Explain with an example. (5)

A1) It is generally assumed that the profits of a business for a particular period are provided by the income statement prepared for that period.

Imagine the surprise when the income statement prepared by a financial accountant at X Ltd. Showed a profit of Rs.4,56,000 in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2009. The cost accountant created a cost statement for the same period and reached the profit of Rs. 5,12,000. You feel that one of the reported numbers should be wrong.

However, there is a logical explanation for the difference in profit numbers, and both may be correct. This is because the basic assumptions of her two accountants for preparing the income statement are different. For example, interest on a loan is debited in the financial income statement, but the costing person does not consider this interest expense to be a cost item and therefore ignores this item. Naturally, in this case, the coster reports a higher profit than financial accounting.

The next section describes the types of differences and the items that cause these differences.

Preparation of adjustment statement or memorandum adjustment account:

You need to create an adjustment statement or memorandum adjustment account to adjust the profits shown in the two sets of books. You can use the results shown by any set of books as a base and make the necessary adjustments to reach the results shown by any set of books. Reconciliation Statements and Memorandums The techniques for creating reconciliation accounts are described below.

Preparing the adjustment statement involves the following steps:

(1) It can be used based on the profit of each set of books (cost or finance). This is actually the starting point for determining profits, as shown in the other series of books, after making appropriate adjustments considering the causes of the differences.

(2) It is necessary to investigate the effect of a particular cause of difference on the benefits presented by other series of books.

(3) If the profits shown by another set of books increase due to the cause, the increase must be added to the profits of the previous set used as the base.

Preparing the adjustment statement involves the following steps:

(1) It can be used based on the profit of each set of books (cost or finance). This is actually the starting point for determining profits, as shown in the other series of books, after making appropriate adjustments considering the causes of the differences.

(2) It is necessary to investigate the effect of a particular cause of difference on the benefits presented by other series of books.

(3) If the profits shown by another set of books increase due to the cause, the increase must be added to the profits of the previous set used as the base.

(4) If it causes a decrease in the displayed profit of other books, it is necessary to deduct the decrease from the profit based on the previous books.

There is a difference in Rs. 300 between the profits shown on the financial books and the profits shown on the cost books.

Q2) What are the criteria to adjust the profits?       (5)

A2) It is generally assumed that the profits of a business for a particular period are provided by the income statement prepared for that period.

Imagine the surprise when the income statement prepared by a financial accountant at X Ltd. Showed a profit of Rs.4,56,000 in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2009. The cost accountant created a cost statement for the same period and reached the profit of Rs. 5,12,000. You feel that one of the reported numbers should be wrong.

However, there is a logical explanation for the difference in profit numbers, and both may be correct. This is because the basic assumptions of her two accountants for preparing the income statement are different. For example, interest on a loan is debited in the financial income statement, but the costing person does not consider this interest expense to be a cost item and therefore ignores this item. Naturally, in this case, the coster reports a higher profit than financial accounting.

The next section describes the types of differences and the items that cause these differences.

Preparation of adjustment statement or memorandum adjustment account:

You need to create an adjustment statement or memorandum adjustment account to adjust the profits shown in the two sets of books. You can use the results shown by any set of books as a base and make the necessary adjustments to reach the results shown by any set of books. Reconciliation Statements and Memorandums The techniques for creating reconciliation accounts are described below.

Preparing the adjustment statement involves the following steps:

(1) It can be used based on the profit of each set of books (cost or finance). This is actually the starting point for determining profits, as shown in the other series of books, after making appropriate adjustments considering the causes of the differences.

(2) It is necessary to investigate the effect of a particular cause of difference on the benefits presented by other series of books.

(3) If the profits shown by another set of books increase due to the cause, the increase must be added to the profits of the previous set used as the base.

Adjustment statements can be made to adjust the profits presented by the two sets of books on the following criteria:

1. It may be based on costing profit. In other words, if you take into account the causes of the above differences and adjust this profit figure appropriately, you will be able to find the profit shown in your financial books.

2. Overhead costs are charged more in the financial account than in the cost account. This means that the profits shown in financial accounting are less than the profits shown in costing in Rs. 500 (amount of under recovery). The amount of Rs because it is based on the profit from cost accounting. You must deduct 500 from this base profit to reach the profit shown in financial accounting.

3. Inclusion of interest on capital as an expense reduced profits as shown in the financial books. In other words, the profits shown on the cost books are greater than the profits shown on Rupee's financial books. 500 (amount of interest). Therefore, that amount must be deducted from the base profit.

4. Dividends received are credited to the financial books. This means that the profits shown on the financial books are greater than the profits shown on the Rs cost books. 1,000. Therefore, that amount should be added to the profit as shown in the cost book.

5. The rent of the building you own is listed free of charge in your financial books. However, that amount is charged on the cost statement. This means that the profits shown on the financial books are this amount higher than the profits shown on the cost books. Therefore, you need to add the amount to your profit, as shown in the cost book.

Q3) State the Importance of Reconciliation Statement.      (5)

A3) It is generally assumed that the profits of a business for a particular period are provided by the income statement prepared for that period.

Imagine the surprise when the income statement prepared by a financial accountant at X Ltd. Showed a profit of Rs.4,56,000 in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2009. The cost accountant created a cost statement for the same period and reached the profit of Rs. 5,12,000. You feel that one of the reported numbers should be wrong.

However, there is a logical explanation for the difference in profit numbers, and both may be correct. This is because the basic assumptions of her two accountants for preparing the income statement are different. For example, interest on a loan is debited in the financial income statement, but the costing person does not consider this interest expense to be a cost item and therefore ignores this item. Naturally, in this case, the coster reports a higher profit than financial accounting.

The next section describes the types of differences and the items that cause these differences.

Preparation of adjustment statement or memorandum adjustment account:

You need to create an adjustment statement or memorandum adjustment account to adjust the profits shown in the two sets of books. You can use the results shown by any set of books as a base and make the necessary adjustments to reach the results shown by any set of books. Reconciliation Statements and Memorandums The techniques for creating reconciliation accounts are described below.

Preparing the adjustment statement involves the following steps:

(1) It can be used based on the profit of each set of books (cost or finance). This is actually the starting point for determining profits, as shown in the other series of books, after making appropriate adjustments considering the causes of the differences.

(2) It is necessary to investigate the effect of a particular cause of difference on the benefits presented by other series of books.

(3) If the profits shown by another set of books increase due to the cause, the increase must be added to the profits of the previous set used as the base.

Importance of Reconciliation Statement:

1. If separate books are maintained for costing and financial transactions, there is usually a difference between the profits shown in costing and the profits shown in financial accounting. However, by chance, it is possible that the overall benefits of the two books are the same. Nevertheless, in all cases, the results presented by both sets of books should be adjusted to identify the cause of the difference (if any) and establish the accuracy of both sets of books.
2. For business concerns, costing and financial accounting can be maintained on the basis of non-integrated or integrated accounting systems. In a non-integrated accounting system, costing and financial accounting are managed separately. Costing is maintained by costing personnel in accordance with costing principles and reviews the total cost per unit of products and jobs at various stages of production or execution.
3. Financial accounting is maintained by a financial accountant in accordance with the principles of financial accounting and records the day-to-day transactions of a business with the aim of finding the net impact on the profitability and financial position of the business.
4. Therefore, the objectives, objectives, principles, and methods of maintaining costing and financial accounting are not the same. Therefore, the profits shown in costing may not match the profits shown in financial accounting. The inconsistent information provided by these two sets of accounts may not help you make the right policy decisions.
5. Therefore, the costing system must be able to coordinate with financial accounting. Costing is unreliable unless such an analysis is coordinated with financial accounting, as costing relies primarily on estimates and constitutes a detailed analysis of financial expenditures. In this regard, H.J.  "

Q4) Define Reconciliation          (5)

A4) It is generally assumed that the profits of a business for a particular period are provided by the income statement prepared for that period.

Imagine the surprise when the income statement prepared by a financial accountant at X Ltd. Showed a profit of Rs.4,56,000 in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2009. The cost accountant created a cost statement for the same period and reached the profit of Rs. 5,12,000. You feel that one of the reported numbers should be wrong.

However, there is a logical explanation for the difference in profit numbers, and both may be correct. This is because the basic assumptions of her two accountants for preparing the income statement are different. For example, interest on a loan is debited in the financial income statement, but the costing person does not consider this interest expense to be a cost item and therefore ignores this item. Naturally, in this case, the coster reports a higher profit than financial accounting.

The next section describes the types of differences and the items that cause these differences.

Preparation of adjustment statement or memorandum adjustment account:

You need to create an adjustment statement or memorandum adjustment account to adjust the profits shown in the two sets of books. You can use the results shown by any set of books as a base and make the necessary adjustments to reach the results shown by any set of books. Reconciliation Statements and Memorandums The techniques for creating reconciliation accounts are described below.

Preparing the adjustment statement involves the following steps:

(1) It can be used based on the profit of each set of books (cost or finance). This is actually the starting point for determining profits, as shown in the other series of books, after making appropriate adjustments considering the causes of the differences.

(2) It is necessary to investigate the effect of a particular cause of difference on the benefits presented by other series of books.

(3) If the profits shown by another set of books increase due to the cause, the increase must be added to the profits of the previous set used as the base.

Meaning of Reconciliation:

Adjustments can be represented as a process of aggregating performance or profits, as shown in Costing and Financial Accounting. The arithmetic accuracy of profits is  revealed by two different books. Efforts have also been made to determine this. "

Therefore, costing and financial accounting adjustment involves the process of identifying and accounting for the items that led to the difference in performance, as shown in Costing and Financial Accounting. Adjustments are made in the form of analytics presented in the form of statements (called adjustment statements) or memo accounts (called memorandum adjustment accounts).

Need for reconciliation:

The need to collate cost and financial accounts arises for the following reasons:

(I) Adjustments help ensure the accuracy and reliability of the various accounting books maintained by business concerns.

(II) Analytical disclosure of reasons for fluctuations in profits or losses facilitates internal control.

(III) We support cooperation and coordination between cost accounting firms and accounting firms.

(IV) Helps develop appropriate policies regarding overhead absorption, depreciation and stock valuation.

Causes of discrepancies between costing and results shown in financial accounts:

In a non-integrated accounting system, if you manage costing and financial accounting separately, the documents used to see the amount of expenses charged for some items are the same (for example, the cost of the materials used).

Q5) Why do we need to be confirmed about labor cost?     (5)

A5) The labor costs paid must be confirmed with the help of material invoices and wages, respectively), but for one or more of the following reasons –

1. Overhead under / over absorption:

Financial accounting constitutes actual expenditures for factory, office, administration, sales and distribution overheads, while costing provides estimated charges for these items based on historical records or pre-determined absorption rates. Configure. As a result, overhead costs are generally under / over absorbed in costing.

2. Receipt / income items displayed only in financial accounts:

The following receipt and income items are shown or included in financial accounting but are excluded from costing –

(A) Interest and discounts received.

(B) Rent received.

(C) Dividends received.

(D) Commission received.

(E) The transfer fee received.

(F) Take advantage of the sale of fixed assets and investments.

3. Expense / loss items displayed only in the financial account:

The following cost and loss items are billed to the financial account but do not appear in the cost account –

(A) Interest allowed on the loan.

(B) Interest on capital.

(C) Cash discounts are allowed.

(D) Interest paid on corporate bonds.

(E) Expenses and losses associated with the issuance of shares and bonds.

(F) Loss on transaction of fixed assets and investments.

(G) Profit appropriation items, that is, income tax paid or provision for income tax, transfer to reserve

+

(H) Reserve costs are amortized.

(I) Goodwill has been amortized.

(J) Donations and charity payments.

4. Expense / profit or loss items displayed only in the financial account:

There are various items of extraordinary profit and loss that are included in financial accounting but excluded from costing.

These items are:

(A) Cost of extraordinary loss of material.

(B) The cost of unusual idle time for workers.

(C) The cost of extraordinary savings in materials.

(D) Exceptional non-performing loans.

(E) Fines and fines paid for violating government rules and regulations.

5. Expense items included only in costing:

The following expense items are only recorded in the cost account and are not considered in the financial account –

(A) Estimated rent of owned facilities.

(B) Depreciation of assets that do not have book values   in their financial accounts.

6. Differences in billing standards for asset depreciation:

Costing and depreciation of fixed assets in the financial account may be calculated differently, which can lead to different results. In financial accounting, depreciation is typically based on the depreciation (devaluation) method or the original cost method. However, costing may follow machine time rates or unit of measure depreciation methods.

7. Differences in stock valuation criteria:

Raw material inventories in financial accounting are valued at cost or market price, whichever is lower, while costing is valued using one of the methods, FIFO, LIFO, or AVERAGE pricing. Amounts in progress for costing purposes may be valued based on prime or factory costs, but financial accounting considers some of the administrative and administrative costs.

In financial accounting, finished product inventory is valued based on cost or market price, whichever is lower, while in costing, it is valued based on actual cost.

Q6) “If there is a difference between the work results disclosed in costing and the work results disclosed in financial accounting”.Explain the statement.                                                                       (5)

A6) It is generally assumed that the profits of a business for a particular period are provided by the income statement prepared for that period.

Imagine the surprise when the income statement prepared by a financial accountant at X Ltd. Showed a profit of Rs.4,56,000 in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2009. The cost accountant created a cost statement for the same period and reached the profit of Rs. 5,12,000. You feel that one of the reported numbers should be wrong.

However, there is a logical explanation for the difference in profit numbers, and both may be correct. This is because the basic assumptions of her two accountants for preparing the income statement are different. For example, interest on a loan is debited in the financial income statement, but the costing person does not consider this interest expense to be a cost item and therefore ignores this item. Naturally, in this case, the coster reports a higher profit than financial accounting.

The next section describes the types of differences and the items that cause these differences.

Preparation of adjustment statement or memorandum adjustment account:

You need to create an adjustment statement or memorandum adjustment account to adjust the profits shown in the two sets of books. You can use the results shown by any set of books as a base and make the necessary adjustments to reach the results shown by any set of books. Reconciliation Statements and Memorandums The techniques for creating reconciliation accounts are described below.

Preparing the adjustment statement involves the following steps:

(1) It can be used based on the profit of each set of books (cost or finance). This is actually the starting point for determining profits, as shown in the other series of books, after making appropriate adjustments considering the causes of the differences.

(2) It is necessary to investigate the effect of a particular cause of difference on the benefits presented by other series of books.

(3) If the profits shown by another set of books increase due to the cause, the increase must be added to the profits of the previous set used as the base.

If there is a difference between the work results disclosed in costing and the work results disclosed in financial accounting, you need to perform the following steps to determine the reason for the difference.

1. You need to check the degree of difference between the actual overhead recorded in financial accounting and the cost recorded in costing.

2. You need to schedule all costs and losses that are included in your trading and profit and loss accounts but not in your cost accounts.

3. You need to schedule all revenues and profits that are credited to the P & L account but excluded from the cost account.

4. You need to schedule all items that are included in costing but excluded from financial accounting.

5. You need to review the criteria by which raw material, work in process, and finished product inventories were valued for balance sheet purposes and compare them to the value shown in costing to see their differences.

6. Finally, you need to see all the items that are included in the cost and finance accounts but have different values.

If you find a discrepancy, you should create an adjustment statement starting with the profit disclosed in costing.

Next, you need to add the following items to your profit according to costing:

(I) Overhead costs (factories, offices, management, sales and distribution) are either over-absorbed or over-recovered in cost accounting or under-absorbed in financial accounting.

(II) Receipt items that appear in the financial books but not in costing.

(III) Overvaluation of starting inventory (of raw materials, work in process, or finished products) in costing.

(IV) Undervaluation of end-of-term inventory (of raw materials, work in process, or finished products) in costing.

(V) An item of unusual efficiency (abnormal savings) that appears in the financial books but not in costing.

The following items should be deducted from your profit according to costing.

(I) Underabsorption of overhead costs in the cost account or overabsorption in the financial account,

(II) The item of expense that appears in the financial account, not the cost account.

(III) Undervaluation of starting inventory (of raw materials, work in process, or finished products) in costing,

(IV) Overvaluation of closing inventory in cost accounts.

After making the above adjustments, the costing profit will match the financial accounting profit.

Q7) Draw the Performa of Reconciliation statement and memorandum reconciliation. (8)

A7) It is generally assumed that the profits of a business for a particular period are provided by the income statement prepared for that period.

Imagine the surprise when the income statement prepared by a financial accountant at X Ltd. Showed a profit of Rs.4,56,000 in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2009. The cost accountant created a cost statement for the same period and reached the profit of Rs. 5,12,000. You feel that one of the reported numbers should be wrong.

However, there is a logical explanation for the difference in profit numbers, and both may be correct. This is because the basic assumptions of her two accountants for preparing the income statement are different. For example, interest on a loan is debited in the financial income statement, but the costing person does not consider this interest expense to be a cost item and therefore ignores this item. Naturally, in this case, the coster reports a higher profit than financial accounting.

The next section describes the types of differences and the items that cause these differences.

Preparation of adjustment statement or memorandum adjustment account:

You need to create an adjustment statement or memorandum adjustment account to adjust the profits shown in the two sets of books. You can use the results shown by any set of books as a base and make the necessary adjustments to reach the results shown by any set of books. Reconciliation Statements and Memorandums The techniques for creating reconciliation accounts are described below.

Preparing the adjustment statement involves the following steps:

(1) It can be used based on the profit of each set of books (cost or finance). This is actually the starting point for determining profits, as shown in the other series of books, after making appropriate adjustments considering the causes of the differences.

(2) It is necessary to investigate the effect of a particular cause of difference on the benefits presented by other series of books.

(3) If the profits shown by another set of books increase due to the cause, the increase must be added to the profits of the previous set used as the base.

Below shown are the performa of reconciliation and memorandum reconciliation staement:

Part B

Q8) From the following particulars prepare reconciliation statement (8 marks)

A1)

Q9) Following is the Trading and Profit and loss account of a factory producing a particular unit of a product of which the actual output is 1,00,000 units.

Trading & Profit and Loss A/c for the year ended 31/12/09

The normal output of the factory is 1,50,000 units. Works expenses are fixed to the extent of Rs. 36,000. Office expenses for all practical purposes are constant, Selling and distribution expenses are variable to the extent of Rs.6000/- Prepare a cost sheet and reconciliation statement.(8 marks)

A2)

Cost Sheet

Actual output 1,00,000 units Normal output 1,50,000 units

Reconciliation statement

Q10) The Trading & Profit & Loss account of “A’ Ltd. Is as follows:-

The profit as per cost accounts was only Rs.19,770. Reconcile the financial and costing profits using the following information:

a)   Cost accounts valued closing stock at Rs. 4280

b)  The work expenses in the cost accounts were taken at  100% of direct wages.

c)   Selling & administration expenses were charged in the cost accounts at 10% of sales and 0.10 per unit respectively.

d)  Depreciation in the cost accounts was Rs.800.(8 marks)

A3)

Q11) From the following Profit & loss account draw up a Reconciliation statement showing the Profit as per Cost Accounts:-

The cost accountant has ascertained a Profit of Rs. 19636 as  per his books.(8 marks)

A4)

Q12)

M/s ESVEE Ltd. Has furnished you the following information from the financial books for the year ended 31st December, 2009.(8 marks)

The cost sheet shows the following:

Cost of materials Rs. 26 per unit.

Labour cost Rs. 15 per unit

Factory overheads 60% of Labour cost

Administration overheads 20% of Factory cost

Selling expenses Rs. 6 per unit

Opening Stock Rs. 45 per unit

You are required to prepare:

1. Financial Profit & Loss Account
2. Costing Profit & Loss Account
3. Statement of Reconciliation

A5)

Financial Profit & Loss A/c

Cost Sheet for the year ended 31.12.2009

(Production 10,000 units)

Statement of Reconciliation

Q13) The net profits of a manufacturing company appeared at 64,500 as per financial records for the year ended 31st December, 2016. The cost books however, showed a net profit of 86,460 for the same period. A careful scrutiny of the figures from both the sets of accounts revealed the following facts.

A6)

Statement showing reconciliation of profit shown by cost and financial accounts as on 31-12-2016:

Q14) The net profits shown by financial accounts of a company amounted to 18,550 whilst the profits disclosed by company’s cost account for that period were 28,660. On reconciling the figures, the following difference were noted.

(i) Overheads in the cost accounts were estimated at 8,500. The charges shown by the financial

Books was 8,320.

(ii)                                     Work was started during the year on a new factory and expenditure 16,000 was incurred.

Depreciation of 5% was provided in financial accounts.

Prepare a Statement Reconciling the figures shown by the cost and financial accounts.(8 marks)

A7)

Statement showing reconciliation of profit shown by cost and financial accounts

Q15) M/s Mysore Petro Ltd. showed a net loss of 2,08,000 as per their financial accounts for the year ended 31st March, 2017. The cost accounts, however, disclosed a net loss of 1,64,000 for the same period. The following information was revealed as a result of the scrutiny of the figures of both the sets of books.

Prepare Reconciliation Statement.(8 marks)

A8)

Statement Showing Reconciliation of Profit Shown by Cost and Financial Accounts

Q16)

During a particular year, the auditors certified the financial accounts, showing profit of 1,68,000 whereas the same, as per costing books was coming out to be 2,40,000. Given the following information you are asked to prepare a Reconciliation Statement showing the reasons for the gap.

Dr. Trading and Profit and Loss Account Cr.

The costing records show:

1. Book value of closing stock 7,80,000
2. Factory overheads have been absorbed to the extent of 1,89,800
3. Sundry income is not considered
4. Total absorption of direct wages 2,46,000
5. Administrative expenses are covered at 3% of selling price.
6. Selling prices include 5% for selling expenses.(8 marks)

A9)

Statement Showing Reconciliation of Profit Shown by Cost and Financial Accounts

* 5% of 34,65,000 = 1,73,250

** 3% of 34,65,000 = 1,03,950

Q10)

A transistor manufacturer, who commenced his business on 1st June, 2017 supplies you with the following information and asks you to prepare a statement showing the profit per transistor sold. Wages and materials are to be charged at actual cost, works overhead at 75% of wages and office overhead at 30% of works cost. Number of transistors manufactured and sold during the year was 540.

Other particulars:

Materials per set  240

Wages per set  80

Selling price per set  600

If the actual works expenses were 32,160 and office expenses were 61,800, prepare a Reconciliation Statement.(8 marks)

A10)

Cost Sheet (or) Statement of Cost and Profit

Dr. Trading and Profit & Loss Account Cr.

Statement of Reconciliation

Q17)

Given below is the Trading and Profit and Loss Account of Vikas Electronics for the accounting year ended 31st March, 2017.(8 marks)

Dr. Trading and Profit & Loss Account Cr.

Normal output of the factory is 2,00,000 units. Factory overheads are fixed upto 60,000 and office expenses are fixed for all practical purposes, selling and distribution expenses are fixed to the extent of

50,000 the rest are variable. Prepare a Statement of Reconciliation of Profit as per Cost Accounts and

Financial Accounts.

A11)

Cost Sheet (or) Statement of Cost and Profit

Statement of Reconciliation

Q18)

The following is the Trading and Profit and Loss account of M/s. Time and Trading limited for the year

Ended 31.12.2016.

Dr. Trading and profit & Loss Account Cr.

Manufacturing a standard unit, the company’s cost records show that:

1. Works overheads have been charged to work-in-progress at 20% on prime cost.
2. Administration overheads have been recovered at 3 per finished unit.
3. Selling and distribution overheads have been recovered at 4 per unit sold.
4. The unabsorbed or over absorbed overheads have not been adjusted into costing profit and loss
5. Account.

6.  Prepare:

7.  A Costing Profit and Loss Account indicating Net Profit.

8.  A Statement Reconciling the Profit as disclosed by Cost Accounts and that shown in Financial Accounts. (12 marks)

A12)

Costing Profit & Loss Account

Statement of Reconciliation