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Unit 3Organizing Q1) Explain Concept of Organizing, Departmentalization and Span of Control?A1) The establishment of authority relationships with provision for co-ordination between them, both vertically and horizontally in the enterprise structure. These authors view organization as a coordinating point among various persons in the business. - Koontz and O’DonnellOrganizing is the establishing of effective authority relationships among selected work, persons and work places in order for the group to work together efficiently”. According to Terry organization is the creation of relationship among persons and work so that it may be carried on in a better and efficient way. – George terryDepartmentalizationDepartmentalization alludes to the gathering of working undertakings into occupations, the consolidating of occupations into powerful work gatherings and the joining of gatherings into divisions regularly named as 'Offices'. Gathering of exercises into offices are vital piece of the way toward setting up association, at whatever point venture extends past the size that can't be adequately overseen by one individual. Divisions and levels rise out of the gathering of exercises. As per Koontz and O'Donnell, "An office is a particular zone, division or part of a venture over which an administrator has expert for the presentation of determined exercises. In the expressions of Louis Allen Divisionalisation is a method for isolating the enormous and solid practical association into more modest adaptable managerial units. In straightforward words, Departmentalization is the way toward arranging and gathering all the exercises of an endeavor into various units and sub-units. The point is to encourage the completing of the exercises proficiently for accomplishing by and large outcomes. Span of ControlA span of control is an idea that depicts the quantity of individuals that are overseen by somebody. It is a hierarchy of leadership thought where the quantity of subordinates is appropriately recognized to comprehend a chief's span. This is urgent data for supervisors since they have to comprehend which the assets accessible from a HR angle are. A progressive hierarchical structure typically has very much characterized limits that permit the administrator to completely comprehend who a piece of his group in span of control. Q2) Explain Formal and Informal Organizing Structure in Detail? A2)Formal Organizational Structure: In a formal authoritative structure, the administration and divisions inside an organization are ordinarily composed and clarified so all representatives see how things work. This documentation may appear as an authoritative graph that outwardly portrays how each degree of the board attempts to forestall misconceptions made by the administration. Specialization or the division of work is the premise of the conventional association. The power and duty of individuals in a proper association is plainly characterized. There are formal principles and strategies. There are unmistakably indicated lines of correspondence. Informal Organizational Structure: In a casual hierarchical structure, your business doesn't work under the rules of a composed report that illuminates the principles, guidelines and levels of leadership. Under this structure, your business works by a framework created by your representatives who have demonstrated powerful. This structure depends on connections produced between staff individuals, collaboration among groups and correspondence that centers on accomplishing shared objectives. Casual structures are remarkable for each organization, since they depend on the characters of your representatives and synergistic methods created over the long run. It is the aftereffect of connections creating based on normal qualities, similar to race, religion, language, culture, and so on It is set apart by the nonattendance of any composed or formal standards and guidelines. It has no structure, nor is it appeared on an authoritative graph. It satisfies the social and mental necessities of its individuals. It isn't limited by any departmental or useful hindrance. Q3) Explain Line & Staff Organization in Detail? A3) Line Organization1. Pure Line Organization: In unadulterated line association all people at a given level play out a similar sort of work. The divisions are exclusively with the end goal of control and course. The departmental divisions are made uniquely for comfort and control. All specialists play out a similar kind of work. 2. Departmental Line Organization: The departmental sort of line association isolates the undertaking into various divisions which are advantageous for control purposes. There is solidarity of control and line of power streams from top to the base. The entire association is put under the general control of Chief Executive who might be called by the name of General Manager. Various offices are put heavily influenced by Departmental Managers. Departmental supervisors get arranges straightforwardly from the General Manager. The administrators are not reliant upon one another. Each office has its own line of association. There might be appointee directors, chiefs, laborers in each division. The representative directors get orders from the departmental chief and thusly give them to the bosses. The requests at last arrive at the laborers who really execute them. Staff Organization 1. Personal Staff: Personal staff is joined to singular line officials. The Personal Assistant or the Private Secretary and so forth, structure individual staff of line chiefs. These people help their managers every which way. The standard work of line officials is generally dealt with by the individual staff. They fix routine gatherings, open the post, keep up journals and go with the manager on authentic visits. The line officials are saved of routine works and can commit a lot of time for arranging and execution. 2. Specialist Staff: These are in fact qualified people who offer support to the entire association. They serve line and other staff in arranging, sorting out and planning their work. Their particular information is a resource for the association. The arrangement of a legitimate consultant might be useful to each division where his recommendation is required. 3. General Staff: This staff comprises of people joined to the key chiefs. They have similar foundation as that of line officials. They are joined to significant functionaries as their agents, and so on they might be delegated as Deputy Managers, Assistant Managers, Special Assistants, and so on Q4) Explain Matrix Organizational structure in Detail? A4) A matrix organizational structure is a work environment design in which representative’s report to at least two administrators instead of one chief regulating each part of a venture. For instance, a worker may have an essential chief they report to just as at least one task supervisors they work under. This sort of structure is regularly valuable when aptitudes should be shared across offices to finish an assignment and can permit organizations to use a wide scope of abilities and qualities. There are three kinds of matrix organizational structures: 1. Weak Matrix Organization: This sort of framework authoritative structure is generally like a conventional working environment progression. A utilitarian supervisor manages all parts of a task and goes about as the essential wellspring of decision making. While there is a venture administrator who additionally goes about as a state of power, they at last response to the useful supervisor. 2. Balance Matrix Organization: In this kind of network authoritative structure, greater authority is given to the undertaking supervisor. While there is as yet a useful administrator who is the essential position, workers additionally report to the undertaking supervisor. 3. Strong Matrix Organization: A solid grid association furnishes the venture administrator with equivalent or more force than the practical supervisor. The venture supervisor has essential power over assets and dissemination of assignments. Q5) Explain Advantages and Limitations of Organizing? A5) AdvantagesIncrease in Managerial Efficiency: A decent and adjusted association encourages the administrators to build their proficiency. Supervisors, with the help of association, make an appropriate conveyance of the entire work among various individuals as per their capacity. Proper Utilization of Resources: Through the vehicle of association ideal use of the multitude of accessible human and material assets of an endeavor gets conceivable. Work is assigned to each person as per his capacity and limit and conditions subterranean insect made to empower him to use his capacity to the most extreme degree. For instance, if a worker has the information on modem apparatus however the modem hardware isn't accessible in the association, all things considered, endeavors are made to make accessible the modem apparatus. Sound Communication Possible: Communication is basic for taking the perfect choice at the perfect time. Notwithstanding, the foundation of a decent correspondence framework is conceivable just through an association. In an association the hour of correspondence is chosen with the goal that all the valuable data arrives at the officials concerned which thus, helps the organization. Encourages Coordination: In request to accomplish effectively the destinations of the association, coordination among different exercises in the association is fundamental. Association is the main medium which makes coordination conceivable. Under association the division of work is made in such a way as to make all the exercises correlative to one another expanding their between reliance. Between reliance offers ascend to the foundation of relations which, thus, expands coordination. Expansion in Specialization: Under association the entire work is isolated into various parts. Equipped people are delegated to deal with all the sub-works and by taking care of a specific work over and over they become authorities. This empowers them to have greatest work execution in the base time while the association gets the advantage of specialization. Helpful in Expansion: A decent association helps the venture in confronting rivalry. At the point when a venture begins making accessible great quality item at modest rates, it builds the interest for its items. To fulfill the expanding need for its items an association needs to extend its business. Then again, a decent association has a component of adaptability which a long way from hindering the extension work empowers it. Limitations Decision: It is normal to talk as though associations act. The public authority of Iran proclaimed war. Obviously, the public authority isn't an individual that has willed to announce war. "IBM declared mass cutbacks." This was a choice by a gathering of amazing, self-intrigued people settling on the choice to lay off. Hence, utilizing an authoritative name while depicting an activity is hazardous, if not altogether deceptive. Associations work in view of the interest of the people inside them. Culture: It is conceivable to talk about associations as "entertainers" when managing a corporate or authoritative culture. Such a culture can compel activities just as shape them. It is a control far beyond people, forming them as they work inside their particular hierarchical undertakings. Indeed, even here, phrases like "Toyota will improve its brake cushions" may address a particular Japanese interest in mechanical flawlessness, or to the way that significant heads need Toyota's standing to improve in America. Along these lines, two significant constraints on associations are the person, just as the corporate culture. This last mentioned, thusly, can be molded by the interests of the subgroups, for example, chiefs or investors that rule the association. External and Internal Limits: A monetary association can be a firm, bank or association. These are monetary entertainers because of their authority, culture and weights from clients or individuals. These may be considered "entertainers" with pretty much self-sufficient status. The market compels the activities of such organizations. A firm can just create what is requested and what will sell. A firm can just deliver what its present workforce and beneficial capital can make. A financial association is accordingly compelled both by inner components its own past choices and outer factors, for example, the market or government guideline. Structure: An association of whatever sort can be restricted by different elements, for example, changes in initiative. The formation of a disorderly order structure given abdications, firings, or fast advancement and downgrade can restrict a company's adequacy. It can make pessimism that further restricts the activity and viability of the association. Associations work in light of their administration, mission and reason. On the off chance that any of these things start to separate, the association itself can't work. These associations are restricted by their own motivation and feeling of personality. On the off chance that an association is subject to PCs for its every day working, an infection or breakdown can deaden it. Considerably more, if an association is reliant on the presence of incredible or appealing pioneers, their nonattendance can carry things to a stop. As such, the extremely hierarchical idea of the gathering fills in as a restriction to how and why it capacities. Q6) Explain Basis and Significance of Departmentalization? A6) Basis of Departmentalization 1. Departmentalization by Function: Similar exercises of a business are gathered into significant offices or divisions under a leader who reports to the CEO. This Departmentalization is most generally utilized reason for getting sorted out exercises and is available in each association at some level. It suits well the little ventures for making significant divisions. It advances specialization. It conserves tasks and makes conceivable the appropriation of coherent and intelligible structure. It encourages between departmental co-appointment. 2. Departmentalization by Product: In a multiproduct association the Departmentalization by item most suits. Here the exercises are gathered based on produce or product offerings. All capacities identified with specific item are purchased together under the umbrella of item director. Every item division can be taken as a suitable benefit place for responsibility purposes. The presentation of individual items can be effectively gotten to recognize beneficial and unbeneficial items. Showcasing procedure turns out to be more even minded. Top administration is assuaged of working assignment obligation and can focus on such incorporated exercises as account, research and so forth It encourages decentralization. 3. Departmentalization by Territory: It is appropriate for associations having wide topographical market, for example, drugs, banking, buyer merchandise, protection, railroads and so forth Here, the market is separated into deals domains and a mindful leader is placed responsible for every region. The region might be known as locale, division or district. Complete consideration can be paid to nearby client gatherings. It helps in lessening transportation and conveyance costs. It encourages the extension of business to various areas. It gives an occasion to a local supervisor to increase expansive experience as he takes care of the total activity in a specific domain. 4. Departmentalization by Customers: This sort of characterization is embraced by undertakings offering particular administrations. To focus on heterogeneous gatherings of purchasers on the lookout, advertising exercises are regularly part into different a few sections. Such gatherings are reasonable to associations serving a few sections like a drug organization providing to institutional purchasers, for example, medical clinics and government and non-institutional purchasers as wholesalers and retail scientific experts. The primary favorable position of following this sort of Departmentalization is that specific necessities of the specific clients can be comprehended. 5. Departmentalization by Process: The creation capacity might be additionally partitioned based on the cycle of creation when the creation cycle has particular action gatherings; they are taken as the premise of Departmentalization. Cycle Departmentalization is appropriate when the machines or gear's utilized are expensive and required unique expertise for working. It is valuable for associations which are occupied with the assembling of items which includes a few cycles. It gives economy of activity. The advantages of specialization are accessible. Effective upkeep of gear's is conceivable. It streamlines oversight and plant format. 6. Departmentalization-Combined Base: Sometimes, a few bases of Departmentalization might be utilized all the while. First the association is partitioned based on capacities. The promoting office is additionally partitioned based on product offerings i.e., refrigeration and compound division. The refrigeration division is an additionally separated based on area and the region is additionally partitioned based on clients, retail and discount. Joined base Departmentalization is additionally called as composite Departmentalization or blended Departmentalization. This sort of Departmentalization gives the advantages of both useful and item structures. Yet, the contentions between various offices and division may increment. It gets important to separate obviously between the line authority and utilitarian authority of supervisors. Significance of Departments 1. Precise Division of Work: Departmentalization disentangles the occupation with methodical division of work. In this way, it guarantees compelling working of the association. 2. Specialization: Departmentalization guarantees specialization of due to work division. 3. Better Control: Departmentalization guarantees regulatory, monetary advertisement administrative control by isolating positions and faculty in precise way. 4. Productivity: Departmentalization assists with boosting association's effectiveness due to division of work, specialization and powerful control. 5. The executives Development: Departmentalization improves administrative assignments. It encourages supervisors to perform viably. 6. Possibility of Expansion: Because of specialization, work division, powerful control and proficiency, authoritative capacities can be performed with elevated level of speed. In this way, there is an immense extent of large scale manufacturing and extension of business. Q7) Explain Graicunas Theory in Detail? A7) In 1933, he distributed a paper called Relationship in Organization. In this paper, he referenced three kinds of Superior-Subordinate connections. 1.DirectSingleRelationships, 2.DirectGroupRelationships 3.Cross Relationships. As per V.A. Graicunas, as the quantity of subordinates increments numerically (like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and so on) the quantity of connections which the better has than control likewise increments mathematically (like 1, 6, 18, 44, 100, 244, and so on) Thusly, a predominant can just control a predetermined number of subordinates, and anything past this cutoff is difficult to control. Example of Graicunas Theory V.A. Graicunas Theory can be clarified with the assistance of this basic model. For instance, think about Gautam (G) is an unrivaled (chief) and Manas (M) and Sumit (S) are his subordinates (youngsters or lower-grade workers). As per V.A. Graicunas, Gautam (G) needs to control following three sorts of connections, with or among Manas (M) and Sumit (S). Direct Single Relationships: G with M, and G with S, an aggregate of 2 direct single connections. Direct Group Relationship: G with M in presence of S, and G with S in presence of M, an aggregate of 2 direct gathering connections. Cross Relationships: M with S, and S with M, again an aggregate of 2 cross connections. Graicunas Formula V.A. Graicunas has clarified his rule with the assistance of the this equation. By utilizing Graicunas equation, we can discover the number of relationship (r), if the number of subordinates (n) is given. r = n (2n /2+ n-1)Example of Graicunas Formula Consider this for example On the off chance that an unrivaled has 5 subordinates (n=5) at that point the number of relationship (r) which he needs to control can be determined as follows. r = n (2n /2 + n-1)r = 5 (25 /2 + 5-1)r = 5 (32/2 + 4)r = 5 (16 + 4)r = 5 (20)r = 100

No. of subordinates No. of Relationships

1 1

2 6

3 18

4 44

5 100

6 222

The above table or diagram was set up by utilizing Graicunas recipe. As indicated by V.A. Graicunas, when the quantity of subordinates builds then there is an expansion in the Direct Single Relationships, Direct Group Relationships and Cross Relationships. In this way, as the quantity of subordinates increments mathematically, the quantity of connections among them likewise increments mathematically. Along these lines, as indicated by him, a high level chief can viably oversee just 222 connections. Accordingly, a high level director ought not to have in excess of 6 subordinates. Additionally, a lower-level management ought not to have in excess of 20 subordinates. Advantages of Graicunas Theory The Graicunas Theory is censured in light of the accompanying reasons:- 1.He gives more significance to the mathematical factor. 2. He gives more significance to the connections. Q8) Explain Factors Affecting Span of Control? A8)1. The Ability of Officers: The absolute first and most significant factor in deciding the range of control is the capacity of officials who need to oversee. They are exceptionally proficient and able. They can control an enormous number of subordinates in actuality. In the event that the officials are less effective they would not have the option to control that a lot number of subordinates. 2. Accessibility of time for Supervision: The second factor which decides the range of control is the accessibility of time with the supervisors of higher unit for management. In the event that they possess less energy for oversight, they would not have the option to control an enormous number of subordinates. 3. Nature of work: The range of the board is influenced by the idea of work moreover. In the event that the work is more muddled, Managers can't have successful authority over few representatives as it were. 4. Plans for the Enterprise: If the plans of the endeavor are clear and stable, the administrators feel it simple to control the exercises of their subordinates. On the off chance that the plans of the undertaking are not steady, it turns out to be hard for the supervisors to control the exercises of countless subordinates. 5. Capacity and effectiveness of subordinates: A significant factor influencing the range of the executives is the capacity, productivity, and ability of subordinates. On the off chance that the subordinates are capable and effective and they are happy to arrange with their higher officials, Managers can control an enormous number of subordinates. 6. Procedures of control: The range of control relies on the methods of control too. On the off chance that the procedures of control viable the directors can control countless subordinates. It is the procedure of individual oversight is utilized, the supervisors won't have the option to keep up successful control of the relative multitude of representatives. 7. Level of decentralization: If there is a sufficient decentralization of intensity in the venture, the administrators can control countless subordinates on the grounds that their weight of work will be light. On the off chance that the centralization isn't so much embraced, Managers will have the option to have compelling power over as few subordinates in particular. 8. Administration of Experts: If the administration of specialists is accessible in a venture, the quantity of subordinates heavily influenced by one authority might be more and if the administrations of specialists not accessible in the undertaking. The quantity of subordinates heavily influenced by one official will be Limited. Q9) Explain Centralization vs. Decentralization in Detail?A9) Length of the executives, centralization and decentralization all goes under the heading of power. It is a scope of subordinates who are offered guidelines to report straightforwardly to a specific high level chief. Range of Management is likewise named as Span of Control. According to safety measures, chiefs should neither have not many subordinates nor an excessive number of subordinates. Numerous explores determine that there isn't any completely right range of the board for directors of any kind. Further, the range of the board might be more extensive or smaller relying upon the specific states of the administrative positions. Coming up next is a couple of highlights of the whole cycle of length of the executives. 1. The work of subordinate ought to have a little cooperation with others. 2.Managers and their subordinates are exceptionally talented. 3.Subordinates perform comparative work. 4.Infrequent Problems. 5.Close actual vicinity of subordinates to each other. 6.Managers need to play out a couple of administrative obligations. 7.Managers have further assistance like colleagues or secretaries. 8. To spur the subordinates for performing great job, in light of the fact that the work is testing. Centralization: It is a standard which implies that the intensity of decision making of the association stays leveled out of the high level administration. It is likewise said that all that which diminishes the part of subordinates can be named as centralization since high level administration holds everything. There are three sorts of centralization that are departmental centralization, centralization of execution and centralization of the executives. Advantages of Centralization 1. Centralization is helpful with respect to coordination with various people and units. 2. Probably, the higher administration may be additional expert and encountered that may prompt compelling and proficient decision making. 3. Regarding decision making, the higher administration has an expansive discernment according to different circumstances. 4. It can help evade the duplication of endeavors performed various units over the association. 5. The administration that appears to be solid and productive is advanced. Decentralization: It is a standard under which the force is deputed to the lower level administration. All the more plainly, it tends to be named as the designation of capacity to all degrees of the board over the association. All that improves the function of subordinates is known as decentralization. To take significant choice carefully, the force is held by the top administration. The authoritative structure will be named as brought together if the choice that are made at lower levels should pass the exacting assortment of rules, techniques, and approaches and on the off chance that the choices doesn't give the ideal result, at that point they are alluded to the more significant level administration. While then again, an authoritative structure is known as decentralized if the choices that are made at lower levels and went through severe principles, strategies and arrangements, yet leave some of issues are left for lower-level administration. Further underneath are a couple of preferences of centralization and decentralization which will enable the understudy, to bring up how these terms contrast from one another. Advantages of Decentralization 1. The centralization of top directors remains on the significant issues. 2. The employment obligations of lower-level staff are allowed the chance to improve decision making. 3. The Decision creating cycle can turn out to be all the more quick. 4. The lower-level experts may realize the top to bottom state of the issue, which may bring about better decision making with respect to the situation of the lower-level representatives. 5. Similar free units or offices are converged as a division that permits an advantageous estimation of normal results.

Basis for Comparison	Centralization	Decentralization
Meaning	The retention of powers and authority with respect to planning and decisions, with the top management, is known as Centralization.	The dissemination of authority, responsibility and accountability to the various management levels, is known as Decentralization.
Involves	Systematic and consistent reservation of authority.	Systematic dispersal of authority.
Communication Flow	Vertical	Open and Free
Decision Making	Slow	Comparatively faster
Advantage	Proper coordination and Leadership	Sharing of burden and responsibility
Power of decision making	Lies with the top management.	Multiple persons have the power of decision making.
Implemented when	Inadequate control over the organization	Considerable control over the organization
Best suited for	Small sized organization	Large sized organization

Q10) Explain Delegation of Authority and Responsibility Relationship in Detail? A10)1. Authority: Authority can be characterized as the force and right of an individual to utilize and assign the assets effectively, to take choices and to provide arranges to accomplish the hierarchical destinations. Authority must be all around characterized. All individuals who have the authority should realize what is the extent of their power is and they shouldn't misutilize it. Authority is the option to provide orders arranges and completes the things. The high level administration has most prominent position. Authority consistently moves start to finish. It clarifies how an unrivaled completes work from his subordinate by obviously clarifying what is anticipated from him and how he should go about it. Authority should be gone with an equivalent measure of obligation. Appointing the position to another person doesn't infer getting away from responsibility. Responsibility actually rest with the individual having the most extreme position. 2. Responsibility: Responsibility the obligation of the individual to finish the undertaking allocated to him. An individual who is given the duty ought to guarantee that he achieves the undertakings doled out to him. In the event that the undertakings for which he was considered capable are not finished, at that point he ought not give clarifications or reasons. Duty without sufficient position prompts discontent and disappointment among the individual. Obligation streams from base to top. The center level and lower level administration holds greater duty. The individual considered liable for an occupation is responsible for it. In the event that he plays out the undertakings doled out true to form, he is headed for acclaims. While on the off chance that he doesn't achieve undertakings appointed true to form, at that point likewise he is responsible for that. Relationship between Authority and Responsibility Authority is the lawful right of individual or better than order his subordinates while responsibility is the commitment of individual to do his obligations according to principles of execution Authority streams from the bosses to subordinates, in which requests and directions are given to subordinates to finish the undertaking. It is just through power, a director practices control. In a manner through practicing the control the predominant is requesting responsibility from subordinates. On the off chance that the promoting director coordinates the business administrator for 50 units of offer to be embraced in a month. On the off chance that the above norms are not refined, it is the promoting supervisor who will be responsible to the CEO. Along these lines, we can say that power streams through and through and obligation streams from base to top. Responsibility is an aftereffect of duty and obligation is consequence of power. In this way, for each position an equivalent responsibility is appended. Responsibility without power is a typical issue in associations with lopsided, conflicting administration. People who end up with obligation without power will consistently think that it’s a lot harder to succeed and will wind up in a tough situation more as often as possible than those with a solid position presence. This is to a great extent because of the interconnectedness of power and obligation with regards to making an association effective in general. Legitimate power exists to appoint assignments viably to meet the authoritative targets. When there is no position, the requirement of obligations and tasks tumbles to the wayside, and representative endeavors stray from the way towards progress. In the event that an individual is given some degree of duty without adequate authority upholding that, they are likely not going to perform as well as could be expected, and could even neglect to achieve the task by any means.

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