Unit II

Environment Pollution

Q1)  What is air pollution and what are its harmful pollutants?  5

A1) Air pollutants may be described because the presence of poisonous chemical substances or compounds (along with the ones of organic origin) withinside the air at degrees that pose a fitness risk. In a broader sense, air pollutants is a non-existent, degrading air excellent or damaging extrade in excellent of life (inflicting ozone depletion and international warming).

Air pollutants, numerous gases, finely divided solids, or finely dispersed liquid aerosols are launched into the surroundings at a charge that lets in them to use up and dilute or be absorbed past the herbal potential of the environment. These materials can attain concentrations with inside the air and purpose undesirable fitness, financial or aesthetic effects.

The most common and harmful pollutants outdoors include:

• Particulate matter
• Nitrogen dioxide
• Ozone
• Sulphur dioxide 

1. Particulate matter (PM)

What is Particulate Matter (PM)?

Particulate matter is a mixture of liquid and solid, such as  complex organic chemicals, sulfates,carbon, nitrates, mineral dust, and water suspended in the air.

PMs vary in size. Some particles, like dirt , soot, dust, and smoke, are large enough or dark enough to be seen with the eye . However, the most damaging particles are the small particles known as PM10 and PM2.5. PM10 refers to particles smaller than 10 microns (10 µm) in diameter. This is one hundredth of a millimeter. PM2.5 refers to particles less than 2.5 microns in diameter, which are known as fine particles. The smallest particles smaller than 0.1 micron in diameter are called ultrafine particles.

Where did the PM come from?

Artificial particulate matter comes primarily from industry, construction work, diesel and gasoline engines, friction from brakes and tires, and dust from the road surface. Diesel engines tend to produce much more than comparable gasoline engines.

Natural sources of particulate matter include volcanoes, sprays, pollen and soil. It is also formed within the atmosphere when gases like sulphur dioxide and dioxide change within the air thanks to chemical reactions.

How does PM affect your lungs?

The size of the particulate matter determines where it will eventually reach when inhaled. While PM10 can reach the airways, larger particles can be trapped in the nose. Fine particles (PM2.5) can reach the respiratory sac deep within the lungs, and ultrafine particles can even enter the bloodstream. These particles also can carry toxic chemicals related to cancer.

Particulate matter irritates your throat and nose and may be associated with more serious symptoms in people with asthma. As a result, people with lung conditions (COPD, asthma, bronchitis) and heart conditions (heart attack, stroke) are often admitted to the hospital. It also causes premature death from lung and heart disease.

There is also evidence that long-term exposure to particulate matter may contribute to the development of lung cancer and possibly asthma.

b.    Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

What is Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)?

Nitrogen dioxide may be a gas and may be a major component of urban pollution episodes.

Where does NO2 come from?

Artificial nitrogen oxide sources, including nitrogen dioxide, are vehicles, power plants, and heating. Diesel vehicles are a major contributor to urban areas. Roadside levels are highest in areas of heavy traffic.

How does NO2 affect your lungs?

High levels of NO2 can irritate and inflame the inner walls of the airways, causing symptoms such as asthma, relapse of COPD, coughing and dyspnea.

Children and the elderly are also more likely to be affected and develop respiratory infections, and may be more responsive to allergens (substances that cause allergic reactions, such as pollen).

c.     Ozone (O3)

What is ozone?

Ozone may be a gas composed of three oxygen atoms. At the upper levels of the Earth's atmosphere, it absorbs harmful UV light.

Where does ozone come from?

Ground level ozone is produced by the chemical reaction of sunlight with organic gases and nitrogen oxides emitted from automobiles, power plants, chemical plants and other sources.

Ozone is usually highest in spring and summer and lowest in winter. Ozone levels are highest in the afternoon and are often higher in countries than in towns. Ozone may be a major component of summer pollution episodes.

How does ozone affect your lungs?

Ozone can irritate the airways of both healthy people and people with lung conditions. High levels can cause discomfort during breathing, reduce vital capacity (the amount of air the lungs can hold), and cause asthma symptoms.

If you have lung conditions, high levels of ozone can cause respiratory distress, wheezing, and coughing. People with asthma may need to use the reliever inhaler more often.

High ozone levels increase the number of people hospitalized for asthma-related health problems and symptoms of COPD, and increase the risk of illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis.

d.    Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

What is Sulfur Dioxide?

Sulfur dioxide may be a colorless gas with a pungent, stuffy odor. Manufactured by burning sulfur-containing fuels such as coal and petroleum. This includes  power generation , vehicles and heating.

Where does sulfur dioxide come from?

Most sulfur dioxide comes from the fossil fuel-burning electrical industry, as well as from gasoline refineries and cement manufacturing. It can travel long distances and contributes to the formation of ozone.

How Does Sulfur Dioxide Affect Your Lungs?

Sulfur dioxide can irritate the lining of the nose, throat and lungs. It can cause coughing, chest tightness, narrowing of the airways, and reduced air flow to the lungs. It inflames the airways, causing coughing and increased mucus. It exacerbates conditions such as asthma and COPD, which can make people more susceptible to chest infections.

People with asthma are much more sensitive to sulfur dioxide than people without asthma. High levels of sulfur dioxide can make breathing difficult and can cause a relapse.

Q2) Discuss the causes of air pollution?      5

A2)  Causes of Air Pollution are:

The word "air pollution" itself is not very pleasing. The word air pollution is surrounded by a cloud of worries and worries. Human health, the well-being of other animals, the natural balance of ecosystems, all and part of life are threatened by air pollution.

We will delve into the depth of air pollution and list the main factors that contribute to the causes of air pollution.

1. Combustion of fossil fuel

Most air pollution is caused by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gasoline to generate electricity and energy for transportation. High levels of carbon monoxide release indicate how much fossil fuels have burned. It also releases other toxic pollutants into the air. Inhaling pollutant-induced air from the burning of natural gas or fossil fuels reduces the heart's ability to deliver enough oxygen, resulting in respiratory illness.

2. Industrial emissions

Industrial activity releases into the atmosphere some pollutants that affect air quality more than we can imagine. Particulate matter 2.5 and 10, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide are the major pollutants emitted by industries that use coal and wood as their primary source of energy for the production of commodities. The effects of industrial pollution related to your health can range from eye and throat irritation to breathing problems and sometimes even lead to chronic illness.

3. Indoor air pollution

The use of toxic products, also known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), inadequate ventilation, uneven temperature and humidity levels can cause indoor air pollution, anywhere in the office, school or comfortable home. I have. Air pollution in a home can be caused by ignorant factors, such as smoking in a room or leaving mold-infected walls untreated. Wood-burning stoves and space heaters can increase humidity levels, which can quickly have a direct impact on human health.

4. Wildfire

Climate change is not only increasing wildfires, but also increasing air pollution. Burning stubble and farm residues are also major causes of wildfires. PM2.5 in the air increases and collides with other harmful substances such as chemical gases and pollen to generate smog. Smog cloud the air, making it difficult for people to breathe.

5. Microbial spoilage process

The manufacturing, chemical and textile industries emit large amounts of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, chemicals and organic compounds that pollute the environment. Bacteria and fungi play a fundamental role in the natural biogeochemical cycle. They are important indicators of unusual environmental conditions. The putrefaction of these surrounding microorganisms releases highly toxic methane gas. Inhaling toxic gases such as methane can be fatal.

6. Transportation

It cannot be denied that vehicle pollution is a major cause of air pollution, especially in urban areas. When a car burns gasoline, it releases pollutants into the atmosphere that are as harmful as smoking 10 cigarettes a day. Your car emits carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. High air pollution can puncture the ozone layer, causing smog and a variety of health problems.

7. Burning garbage

Burning garbage is more harmful to your health and the environment than you might imagine. According to Engage EPW, air pollution in Delhi is choking public health. With a whopping 9,500 tonnes of waste generated every day, Delhi is India's second largest waste dumping city. Exposure of waste waste to open burning can pose serious health risks such as cancer, liver problems, immune system disorders, and reproductive function.

8. Construction and demolition

During the Clean Air Act move, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has registered the most air pollution complaints at the Delhi NCR for construction and demolition activities. As the city's population grows, construction and demolition are part of an unprecedented development stage in the national capital. Some construction sites and raw materials such as bricks and concrete create a slightly dirty air that is dangerous for people, especially children and the elderly.

9. Agricultural activities

Agricultural activities have had a serious impact on the deterioration of air quality. First, pesticides and fertilizers are the main causes of polluting the surrounding air. Today, pesticides and fertilizers are mixed with new invasive species not found in nature due to the rapid growth of crops and vegetation. When sprayed, the odor and effects of pesticides remain in the air. Some mix with water and some penetrate the ground, destroying crops and causing many health-related problems.

10. Use of chemical and synthetic products

When we talk about air pollution, we always think that outdoor air pollution is dangerous to our lives, but we never talk about indoor air pollution. Household products cause indoor air pollution that is 10 times more harmful than outdoor air pollution. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in personal care products such as paints, cleaners, perfumes and deodorants are a common cause of health problems.

Q3) What are the harmful effects of air pollution? How to manipulate air pollutants in India?                                                                                                                              8

A3) Harmful consequences of air pollutants

Air pollutants impacts our surroundings and all residing matters in this planet. Let's tricky on a number of those consequences.

1. Global warming

Global warming is one of the worst consequences of air pollutants the sector is going through today. This is a sluggish upward push withinside the common temperature of the earth .

Global warming takes place whilst carbon dioxide and different greenhouse gases gift withinside the surroundings soak up the warmth meditated from the floor. The growth in carbon dioxide and different greenhouse gases withinside the surroundings is likewise because of the growth in air pollutants.

It reasons worldwide temperature rises, growing sea tiers, growing seawater temperatures, melting glaciers, and excessive warmth waves that purpose the deaths of thousands.

2. Health problems

Air pollutants capabilities a right away effect on our fitness. Not most effective does it have an effect on our surroundings, it additionally reasons many fitness problems. It can purpose slight to persistent fitness problems.

Exposure to air pollution can purpose pores and skin and eye irritation, in addition to many pores and skin problems.

Not most effective that, long-time period publicity to air pollutants can purpose asthma, persistent respiration illness, coronary heart ailment, lung ailment and greater.

3. Ozone depletion

Ozone depletion is that the thinning of the ozonosphere withinside the stratosphere. The ozone layer protects the earth from the dangerous UV rays of the solar with the aid of using soaking up maximum of them.

Harmful air pollution inclusive of chlorofluorocarbons and halon purpose the ozone layer to deplete, permitting greater UV mild to attain the floor of the earth.

Thinning ozone impacts humans, flowers and animals. In humans, it may purpose pores and skin most cancers and cataracts.

4. Acid rain

Acid rain is some other effect of pollutants the planet is going through today. Nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide gift withinside the air react with water droplets to shape nitric acid and sulfuric acid.

Acid rain has a bad effect on forests, existence paperwork in water and soil, and human fitness. It reasons corrosion of metallic systems and weathering of stone homes and statues.

How to manipulate air pollutants in India

Air pollutants in India can most effective be managed if every folks addresses the seriousness of this trouble. We simply take a seat down preferably and can not count on that the whole lot could be carried out with the aid of using the authorities.

It isn't the most effective obligation of the govt . Instead, it's miles the obligation of all Indians to fight air pollutants issues. Everyone wishes to paintings as a crew to conquer the demanding situations according with the law shaped with the aid of using the Government of India. Below are a few approaches to govern air pollutants tiers in India.

1. Use of CNG-primarily based totally public transport

Compressed gas (CNG) can be a cleanser opportunity to petroleum-primarily based totally products. It additionally has a rather low carbon content, which emits rather low quantities of smoke and different air pollution, making it a higher choice. The CNG bus is placed in Delhi, the capital of India. Hopefully you'll be capable of see it in different towns withinside the future.

2. Stop burning plastic and residence waste

Burning domestic waste is a not unusualplace trouble in India. If we care approximately our surroundings and people, it wishes to be stopped. The authorities must additionally take the proper steps to make it paintings. There must be a few excessive fines related to this act.

3. Use of foliage flowers and air purifiers

Air Purifiers Houseplants and air purifiers are the great option to guard your property from air pollution. The use of foliage flowers now no longer most effective purifies the air, however additionally complements the mood. With growing air pollutants in India in mind, air purifiers are the great funding of our time.

4. Use of bicycle

Using your motor motorcycle for commuting now no longer most effective protects the surroundings from dangerous air pollution, however additionally maintains you lively and healthy. Avoid the use of four-wheeled motors and use bicycles as a whole lot as possible.

5. Use of smooth electricity assets

The use of smooth electricity assets inclusive of solar, wind and geothermal electricity reduces air pollutants. Solar panels are established in your property and cope with your electric wishes.

6. Avoid the use of firecrackers

Avoiding firecrackers at some stage in gala's and marriages also can assist lessen air pollutants. After the Diwali pageant each year, the air in Delhi isn't breathable. The most effective component you may see is smog. Avoiding firecrackers makes a clean distinction withinside the air excellent of your city.

7. Reuse, discount, and recycling

Follow the ideas of reuse, discount and recycling. This is a clever manner to assist lessen air pollutants. Instead of throwing an item, strive the use of it for different purposes.

Q4)What is water pollution? Explain the types of water pollution?  8

A4) To the factor in which water pollutants, groundwater or the discharge of materials into lakes, streams, rivers, estuaries, and oceans interferes with the useful use of water or the herbal functioning of ecosystems. Water pollutants can encompass the discharge of materials along with chemical substances and microorganisms, in addition to the discharge of strength withinside the shape of radioactivity and warmth into the frame of water.

The English poet W.H. Oden as soon as said, "Thousands of human beings have lived without love, now no longer without water." Everyone is aware of that water is crucial to life, however we simply throw it withinside the trash. About 80% of the world's wastewater is back to the environment, nearly untreated, polluting rivers, lakes and oceans.

Water pollutants is whilst dangerous materials (frequently chemical substances and microorganisms) pollute streams, rivers, lakes, oceans, aquifers, or different our bodies of water, deteriorating water excellent and making them poisonous to people and the environment.

Types of Water Pollution

1. Groundwater

When it rains and penetrates deep into the earth, it fills the crevices, crevices, and porous spaces of the aquifer (basically underground water reservoirs) and becomes groundwater. This is one of our most unobtrusive but most important natural resources. About 40% of Americans rely on groundwater that pumps drinking water to the surface. For some rural people, it is their only source of freshwater. Groundwater is polluted when pollutants, from pesticides and fertilizers to waste from landfills and septic tanks, flow into the aquifer and become dangerous for human use. Removing pollutants from groundwater can be costly as well as difficult or impossible. Once contaminated, the aquifer can be unusable for decades or even thousands of years. Groundwater also penetrates streams, lakes, and oceans, which can spread pollution far away from its original source of pollution.

b.    Surface water

Surface water, which covers about 70% of the globe, fills our oceans, lakes, rivers, and all other blue areas on the world map. Surface water from freshwater sources (that is, non-sea sources) accounts for more than 60 percent of the water supplied to American homes. But that important pool of water is at stake. According to the latest national water quality survey by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nearly half of our rivers and streams and more than one-third of lakes are polluted, making them unsuitable for swimming, fishing and drinking. .. Nutrient contamination, including nitrates and phosphates, is the major type of contamination in these freshwater sources. Plants and animals need these nutrients to grow, but they are major pollutants due to the runoff of farm waste and fertilizers. Municipal and industrial waste emissions also account for a significant proportion of toxins. There is also all the random littering that the industry and individuals dump directly into the waterways.

c.     Seawater

Eighty percent of marine pollution (also known as marine pollution) occurs on land, whether along the coast or far inland. Pollutants such as chemicals, nutrients and heavy metals are transported from farms, factories and cities by streams and rivers to bays and estuaries. From there they go out to the sea. Marine debris, especially plastic, on the other hand, is blown by the wind and washed away through storm drains and sewers. Our oceans, large and small, can be damaged by oil spills and spills and constantly absorb carbon pollution from the atmosphere. The ocean absorbs a quarter of anthropogenic carbon emissions.

d.    Point source

When pollution is due to a single source, it is called point source pollution. Examples include wastewater (also known as wastewater) that is legally or illegally discharged by a manufacturer, oil refinery, or wastewater treatment facility, pollution from septic tank leaks, chemical and oil spills, and illegal dumping. .. The EPA regulates point pollution by limiting what can be discharged directly from the facility into the body of water. Point pollution originates from specific locations, but can affect miles of waterways and oceans.

e.     Non-point source

Non-point source pollution is pollution that comes from a diffusion source. These may include agriculture, stormwater spills, or debris blown into waterways from land. Non-point source pollution is a major cause of water pollution in US waters, but it is difficult to regulate because there is no single identifiable cause.

f.       Cross border

Needless to say, water pollution cannot be contained by lines on the map. Cross-border pollution is the result of polluted water from one country spilling onto the water of another. Contamination can result from disasters such as oil spills or slow downstream creep of industrial, agricultural, or municipal emissions.

The most common type of water pollution

Agriculture

The agricultural sector is the largest consumer of freshwater resources in the world, and agriculture and livestock production not only use about 70% of the earth's surface water supply, but are also serious water pollutants. Agricultural is a major cause of water quality deterioration around the world. In the United States, agricultural pollution is the largest source of pollution in rivers and streams, the second largest source of pollution in wetlands, and the third largest source of pollution in lakes. It is also a major cause of pollution of estuaries and groundwater. Every time it rains, fertilizers, pesticides and animal excrement from farm and livestock operations flush nutrients and pathogens (bacteria, viruses, etc.) into our waterways. Nutrient pollution caused by excess nitrogen and phosphorus in water and air is the greatest threat to water quality around the world, causing blue-green algae, a toxic soup of blue-green algae that can harm humans and wildlife. There is a possibility.

Sewage and wastewater

Used water is wastewater. It comes from our sinks, showers, toilets (count on sewage) and industrial, industrial and agricultural activities (count on metals, solvents, toxic sludge). The term moreover includes stormwater spills that rise up at the same time as stormwater transports street salts, oils, greases, chemical substances, and debris from impermeable surfaces into waterways.

According to the United Nations, more than 80% of the world's wastewater flows back into the environment without being treated or reused. In some least superior countries, this figure is over 90 5 percent. In the United States, wastewater treatment facilities device approximately 34 billion gallons of wastewater constant with day. These facilities reduce the amount of pathogens, pollutants at the side of phosphorus and nitrogen in sewage, and heavy metals and toxic chemical substances in industrial waste in advance than returning the treated water to the waterways. It's time for it all to work. However, EPA estimates that Japan's developing antique and with out troubles overwhelmed sewage treatment systems release more than 850 billion gallons of untreated wastewater each 12 months.

Oil pollutants

Large-scale spills can dominate headlines, but clients make up the majority of our ocean oil pollutants, at the side of oil and fueloline dripping from loads of lots of motors and trucks every day. In addition, nearly half of of of the anticipated million tonnes of oil that flows into the marine environment each 12 months comes from terrestrial reassets at the side of factories, farms and cities, as opposed to tank truck spills. At sea, tanker spills make up about 10% of oil withinside the world's waters, at the same time as the normal operation of the transport industry, with every prison and illegal emissions, payments for about one-third. Oil is also manifestly released from below the seabed through a crevice known as osmosis.

Radioactive material

Radioactive waste is a pollutant that emits radiation beyond what is manifestly emitted with the resource of the use of the environment. It is produced with the resource of the use of universities and hospitals that use radioactive materials for uranium mining, nuclear power plants, the manufacture and attempting out of army weapons, and research and medicine. Radioactive waste can stay on withinside the environment for loads of years, making disposal a top challenge. Consider the obsolete Hanford nuclear weapons manufacturing net internet site on-line in Washington. Here, the purification of 56 million gallons of radioactive waste will price more than $ 100 billion and is expected to keep until 2060. Accidental release or unsuitable disposal of pollutants threatens groundwater, ground water and marine reassess.

Q5) What are the causes and effects of water pollution?   5

A5) Causes of Water Pollution are:

Water is a delicate liquid due to the fact it's far a accepted solvent and dissolves extra materials than every other liquid.

1. Sewage:

Sewage and wastewater are generated at home, and the enterprise is chemically handled and launched into waters along with the ocean and rivers. This chemically handled water mixes with clean water and contaminates it. Sewage includes a lot of pathogens (microorganisms that motive illness) that could motive severe fitness troubles and illness.

2.     Industrial waste:

The enterprise produces big quantities of waste containing dangerous chemical compounds along with lead, mercury, sulfur and nitrates. Many industries drain wastewater immediately into freshwater that pollutes lakes and rivers, that is in addition combined with seawater. These poisonous materials now no longer most effective extrade the shadeation of the water, however additionally growth the range of minerals withinside the water.

3.     Agriculture:

Chemical fertilizers and insecticides are used on crop and plant farms. When it rains, those chemical compounds blend with the rainwater and circulate rivers and lakes, inflicting severe harm to the frame of water.

4.     Mining activity:

Mining sports consist of crushing rocks and extracting coal and different minerals from underground. These extracted factors include dangerous and poisonous chemical compounds. Mining sports generate big quantities of steel waste and sulfides from rocks which are dangerous to water.

5.     Oil spill:

Accidental oil leaks into water our bodies pose a severe chance to marine existence. Wildlife aside from aquatic existence is likewise poisoned through waste oil.

6.     Radioactive waste:

The detail used withinside the manufacturing of nuclear electricity is uranium, a especially poisonous chemical. Other poisonous radioactive wastes consist of radium, thorium and actinium. These pollution can motive numerous sorts of organic harm now no longer most effective to marine existence however additionally to humans.

Effects /Impact of water pollutants

Water pollutants impacts each flora and animals, with severe influences on aquatic ecosystems. The essential consequences of water pollutants are:

1. Waterborne diseases: Sewage reasons the increase of pathogens in water. These pathogens are the motive of many ailments as a result of ingesting and get in touch with with infected water, along with diarrhea, cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, and pores and skin infections.
2. Eutrophication: Microorganisms use oxygen to interrupt down natural waste, inflicting water deoxidation and stimulating algae outbreaks. These algae develop and cowl the higher layers of the frame of water, stopping daylight from achieving marine flora. This prevents flora from photosynthesizing. As a result, now no longer most effective flora however additionally many organisms along with fish die.
3. Food Chain Pollution: Some algae produce toxins, and numerous pollution along with cadmium and lead may be ate up through aquatic animals (fish and shellfish) after which through humans, inflicting severe fitness troubles. There is.
4. Environment: Toxic chemical compounds can extrade the shadeation of water, generate foul odors, growth the quantity of minerals, and adversely have an effect on existence in water. Due to thermal pollutants, worldwide warming poses a severe hazard to aquatic existence.
5. Groundwater Impurities: In many places, groundwater is beneathneath chance of pollutants because of infiltration from business and municipal wastewater. These pollution can motive a lot of fitness troubles along with blue toddler syndrome, black foot disease, and lung / pores and skin cancer.

Q6) Write the methods to control water pollution.     5

A6) Measure to control Water Pollution

There are several measures by which the water quality in a system can be controlled 

1. Reduce the wastewater concentration of waste input by the following methods.

(A) Wastewater treatment

(B) Process control in industrial plants

(C) Eliminate wastewater components by pretreatment before drainage into sewers or by manufacturing various products for the industry.

2. Reduce upstream concentration by controlling upstream point sources and non-point sources.

3. Reduce the amount of drainage by the following methods.

(A) Reduction of direct industrial emissions to urban sewers.

(B) Decrease in penetration into urban sewers.

(C) Reduction of waste due to process changes in industry.

4. Increased low flow, that is, increased upstream flow due to discharge from upstream reservoirs or detours from nearby bodies of water.

5. Increase the rate of decomposition of substances in the environment:

This can be achieved by redesigning the chemicals to result in faster degradation of the chemicals by the naturally heterotrophic bacteria in the stream. For example, redesign synthetic detergents to increase biodegradation rates and reduce foaming and downstream transport. Even in the production of potentially toxic chemicals, attempts may be made to increase the rate of biodegradation so that chemical build up does not occur.

6. Environmental management:

The three major categories of control of pathogens, viruses and parasites are control at microbial sources, control in water-use areas, and control of products affected by pollution. Municipal waste, which causes point pollution, is a common major input of infectious disease bacteria. Such inputs can be reduced by treating the waste without disinfection and disinfecting it with chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide and UV light.

Management of water use areas includes temporary bathing restrictions, embankment construction, and diversion structures to protect specific areas. Product management includes chlorination or other disinfection methods for the water used to supply drinking water, contaminated shellfish processing plants that allow bacteria to be purified before sale, and high-quality bottled water in emergencies. Includes water distribution.

7. Biomass harvest:

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and other aquatic weeds are used for wastewater treatment lagoon upgrades and chemical wastewater treatment. Water hyacinth has been used to purify not only domestic wastewater but also industrial wastewater. It can easily absorb, accumulate and concentrate heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury and nickel. Other studies have evaluated the potential of water hyacinth to absorb a variety of organic chemicals such as phenol and toxaphene. Water hyacinth can remove even radioactive metals from wastewater, but otherwise it is very difficult.

Since the metal is extracted from the wastewater, it causes considerable cleaning of the wastewater. The pH of the treated wastewater is 6.8 to 7.8, which is an ideal range for fresh water. In addition, there are no blue-green algae, and BOD and COD are reduced to levels where wastewater can be mixed with freshwater without adverse effects.

8. Wastewater regeneration:

Sewage treatment produces irrigation water that contains many essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and becomes fertilizer. In West Bengal, it is common practice to irrigate fishponds with sewage to raise fish. Another interesting aspect is the reuse or recycling of wastewater for industrial purposes. It is well suited to meet the ever-increasing demand for water from industrial facilities in large cities. Some industries in Mumbai are already moving in this direction, and treated sewage is used for air conditioning and other purposes.

Q7) Define soil pollution. What are the causes of soil pollution?  8

A7) Soil pollution refers to anything that causes soil pollution and reduces soil quality. This occurs when pollutants that cause pollution reduce the quality of the soil and transform the soil in which the microbes and macro organisms that live in the soil can live.

Soil pollution or soil pollution can be caused by either human activity or natural processes. However, it is mainly due to human activity. Soil contamination can occur due to the presence of excess chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, ammonia, petroleum hydrocarbons, lead, nitrates, mercury and naphthalene.

According to the Environmental Pollution Center, soil pollution is

"The presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or pollutants) in the soil is high enough to pose a risk to human health and / or ecosystems. For naturally occurring pollutants in the soil, Soil pollution is said to occur when pollutant levels in the soil exceed levels that should be naturally present, even if they are not at risk levels. "

The main cause of soil pollution is the lack of awareness of the general public. Therefore, due to many different human activities such as pesticide abuse, the soil loses its fertility. In addition, the presence of excess chemicals increases the alkalinity or acidity of the soil and reduces the quality of the soil. This causes soil erosion. This soil erosion refers to soil pollution.

Causes of soil pollution

Soil pollution can be natural or human activity. However, it is mainly summarized in human activity that causes most of the soil pollution such as pesticides in heavy industry and agriculture.

1. Pesticides

Prior to World War II, the chemical nicotine chemicals present in tobacco plants were used as pest control substances in agricultural practices. However, DDT has proved to be very useful in controlling malaria and pest control of many insects during World War II. Therefore, it was used to control many illnesses.

Therefore, after the war, people started to kill rodents, weeds, insects, etc. and use it as a pest control in agriculture to avoid damage from these pests. However, everyone gradually had a negative impact on the chemical, leading to a ban on it in many parts of the world, including India.

In addition, pests have become resistant to DDT through regular use of chemicals. Therefore, this has led to the introduction of other harmful chemicals such as aldrins and didrins. Pesticides are synthetic toxic chemicals that reliably kill various types of pests and insects that damage agriculture, but they have many ecological consequences.

They are generally water insoluble and non-biodegradable. Therefore, these chemicals do not gradually decompose and continue to accumulate in the soil. Therefore, the concentration of these chemicals increases when the transfer of these chemicals occurs from a lower nutritional stage to a higher nutritional stage through the food chain. Therefore, it causes many metabolic and physiological disorders in humans.

b.    Chlorinated organic toxin

The harmful effects of DDT and other chemicals have introduced low-persistent and highly biodegradable organics such as carbamate and organic phosphate. However, these chemicals are more dangerous to humans because they act as toxins that are harmful to nerves. It has led to the death-related pesticides of some agricultural field workers.

c.     Herbicide

Slowly, the industry began producing herbicides such as sodium arsenite (Na3AsO3) and sodium chlorate (NaClO3). Herbicides can break down within a few months. But even they are environmentally friendly and not environmentally friendly. They are not as harmful as organochlorides, but most herbicides are toxic. They are known to cause birth defects.

In addition, studies suggest that spraying herbicides causes more insect attacks and plant diseases than manual weeding. One thing to note here is that all of the above factors make up a small part of the cause. Most of the causes are related to manufacturing activities in chemical and industrial processes that are released naturally or in the environment.

d.    Inorganic fertilizer

Excessive use of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer leads to soil acidification and contamination of agricultural soil. Also known as pesticide contamination.

e.     Industrial pollution

Incorrect methods of chemical waste treatment from different types of industries can cause soil contamination. Such human activities have led to soil acidification and pollution due to disposal of industrial waste, heavy metals, toxic chemicals, oil and fuel dumps.

f.       Poor irrigation practices

Inadequate irrigation methods increase the salt content of the soil. In addition, over-watering, improper maintenance of canals and irrigation canals, lack of crop rotation, and intensive agriculture gradually reduce soil quality over time, causing land degradation.

g.    Solid waste

Disposal of plastics, cans and other solid waste falls into the category of soil pollution. Disposing of electrical appliances such as batteries can have a negative effect on the soil due to the presence of harmful chemicals. For example, lithium in batteries can cause soil leaching.

h.    Urban activity

Lack of proper waste treatment, regular construction can cause excessive damage to the soil due to lack of proper drainage and surface runoff. These human wastes include chemical waste from residential areas. In addition, sewer leaks can affect soil quality and cause soil contamination by altering the chemical composition of the soil.

Q8) What are the harmful effects of soil pollution? Discuss the measures taken to control soil pollution.                                                                                                                8

A8) Catastrophic results of soil pollutants

Soil impacts nearly each thing of our everyday lives. Sometimes we cannot apprehend it. As a result, we might not apprehend the effect of soil pollutants on our everyday lives. Contaminated soil approach stunted plants and poisonous water desk. The primary results of soil pollutants are:

1. Impact on human fitness

Considering that soil is the purpose why we will maintain ourselves, soil pollutants has a super effect on our fitness. Crops and plant life that develop on polluted soil soak up an awful lot of the pollutants and produce it to us. This can provide an explanation for the unexpected surge in small terminal illness.

Prolonged publicity to such soils impacts the genetic make-up of the body, inflicting congenital ailments and continual fitness issues that can't be effortlessly cured. In fact, it is able to make cattle pretty sick and reason meals poisoning over an extended duration of time. Soil pollutants may even cause considerable famine if plant life can't develop in it.

2. Impact on plant growth

Extensive pollutants of the soil impacts the ecological stability of any system. Most plant life aren't adaptable if the chemistry of the soil modifications very swiftly over a brief duration of time. The fungi and micro organism located withinside the soil that binds it start to decline, which reasons extra issues of soil erosion.

Soil fertility progressively declines, making the land mistaken for agriculture and neighbourhood plants to survive. Soil pollutants may be dangerous to the fitness of enormous lands. Unlike deserts, which can be appropriate for local plant life, such lands can't assist maximum varieties of life.

3. Decrease in soil fertility

Toxic chemical substances gift withinside the soil can lessen soil fertility and accordingly lessen soil yield. Contaminated soil is used to supply culmination and greens which might be poor in great vitamins and may include poisonous materials which could reason severe fitness issues for folks that eat them.

4. Toxic dust

Emissions of poisonous and polluted gases from landfills pollute the surroundings and feature a severe effect at the fitness of a few people. Also, ugly odors may be disturbing to others.

5. Changes in soil structure

The demise of many soil organisms (together with earthworms) withinside the soil can cause modifications in soil structure. Apart from that, it is able to additionally pressure different predators to transport to different locations looking for meals.

Several techniques were proposed to lessen modern pollutants rates. Such environmental cleanup tries require quite a few time and resources. The enterprise is regulated at the disposal of risky waste with the goal of minimizing the vicinity of ​​pollutants.

Organic farming techniques that don't use insecticides or fertilizers that include chemical materials are supported. The use of plant life which could get rid of pollution from the soil is encouraged. However, the street in advance is pretty lengthy and it'll take years to save you soil pollutants.

6. Water desk poisoning

Soil pollutants additionally results in water desk poisoning. Because this water is saved under a layer of soil, pollutants withinside the soil can slowly, regularly and effortlessly penetrate the water desk.

It has to additionally be remembered that that is water that may be fed on and used via wells and pipe wells. When such poisonous water is fed on or used for a positive duration of time, it has many unfavourable results on our fitness. Diseases together with arsenic poisoning and meals poisoning are as a result of lengthy-time period intake of this poisonous groundwater. These ailments also can come to be very deadly.

. Listed underneath are a few that could assist lessen soil pollutants.

1. Reduction of chemical fertilizer usage

Chemical fertilizers are extra dangerous than precise. The proper quantity can boom the fertility of the soil, however past that it definitely pollutes the soil. Excessive fertilizer can contaminate the soil in numerous ways. It can wreck the pH stage of the soil.

It also can wreck precise microorganisms withinside the soil. Not most effective that, spills from such soils additionally purpose water pollutants. Therefore, the usage of chemical fertilizers is sort of a double-edged sword.

2. Reforestation and reforestation want to be promoted

One of the primary reasons of soil pollutants is soil erosion due to logging. As the populace grows, it is no surprise that humanity desires increasingly area to extend its civilization. Often it's far executed on the price of soil fitness. To save you this, reforestation of deforested regions desires to be promoted.

We additionally want to sell tree planting on barren lands. The roots of the plant bind soil debris and seize even the best microbes withinside the soil. It additionally ensures the renovation of groundwater levels.

3. Product recycling and reuse

Not most effective can those steps lessen waste generation, however they also can truely lessen soil pollutants. Today, plastics make up a full-size part of the waste generated. Often, those wastes are buried in landfills.

In those landfills, those plastics and different substances slowly decompose, freeing poisonous materials into the soil. These poisonous materials are very dangerous to soil fitness and are a chief purpose of soil pollutants.

By reusing and recycling matters, we will lessen the quantity of waste this is dumped in those landfills and decrease soil pollutants.

4. Involve nearby humans

Everyone need to take part to make certain that issues inclusive of soil pollutants are resolved. It is their involvement that makes matters higher and higher. Awareness packages may be designed to assist humans higher apprehend soil pollutants. If humans are aware, they even assist unknowingly.

5. Promote using herbal fertilizers

Natural fertilizers are one of the satisfactory reasserts of vitamins for the soil. It is innocent and absolutely organic. It provides vital vitamins to the soil and restores soil fitness. There aren't any any dangerous by-merchandise that could damage the soil or the environment.

Q9) What is noise pollution? What are the various reasons of soil pollution? 8

A9) Noise pollutants refer to undesirable or immoderate noise that influences human health, natural world and the environment.

Noise depth is measured in decimal or dB. Humans can pay attention conversations as much as 60 dB. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) noise levels, much less than 70 dB does now no longer harm organisms, irrespective of publicity consistency.

Noise Unwanted or immoderate noise that may adversely have an effect on pollutants, human health, natural world and environmental quality. Noise pollutants is not unusualplace in lots of business centers and different workplaces, however it additionally takes place in highway, rail, aircraft visitors and outside production activities.

Various reasons of noise pollutants

The reasons of noise pollutants fall into fundamental categories. It is an inner and outside motive of noise pollutants.

1. External pollutants supply

These are the principle reasons of noise pollutants withinside the surroundings. They are reassets which are very hard to control. Include them.

Industrial supply. Industrialization has led to extended noise pollutants. Industries consist of fabric factories, engineering plants, printing presses, and the metallic industry. Most industries use heavy device which could generate very excessive degrees of noise. There are device that increases the noise stage of the complete surroundings, inclusive of compressors, exhaust fans, crushers, and generators. Workers in those environments are at extremely good fitness hazard in the event that they do now no longer take suitable measures, inclusive of sporting earplugs, to decrease the consequences of noise.

Transport vehicle. The vehicle revolution has became out to be a main supply of environmental noise in city regions. Today, visitors is growing because of the boom in automobiles inclusive of buses, trains, and trucks. People who get stuck in visitors regularly get impatient and continuously honk to warn the motive force in the front of them to move. These movements create insufferable noise for human beings residing withinside the neighborhood, commuters and passers-via way of means of, and the surroundings as a whole. Airplanes additionally upload to the noise troubles in fundamental cities. Most airports are close to residential regions, so jets commencing and touchdown in such regions generally produce excessive noise degrees.

Poor town making plans. Developing international locations habitually lack right town making plans, main to housing congestion, small spaces, a surge in small industries, and a loss of adequate parking. Therefore, insufficient town making plans is thru quarrels and social and simple amenities, noise from small production industries, conflicts over parking spaces, own circle of relatives quarrels from neighboring houses, and noise from gambling with children. Contributes to environmental noise.

Loudspeaker system. Public occasions inclusive of rallies, strikes, elections, non secular and secular occasions use a completely noisy addressing system. Organizers of such occasions commonly forget about the guidelines set via way of means of the country for public noise pollutants. Loud noise from loudspeakers and song structures for the duration of social occasions inclusive of events and non secular crusades is every other supply of noise pollutants. In the open market, using audio system and megaphones for buying and selling sports and advertising of products and offerings regularly outcomes in excessive degrees of noise pollutants.

Agricultural machines. Some farms with heavy equipment and device have recorded noise degrees as excessive as ninety dB to ninety eight dB. These device consist of slashers, tube wells, tractors, excavators, tillers and harvesters.

Military device. Artillery tanks, rocket launches, navy plane training, explosions, and capturing exercise are critical noise pollutants. Deafening affects are as a result of the sound of jet engines and, in intense cases, shattered windowpanes and vintage dilapidated homes while close to or beyond such systems in takeoff and touchdown regions. Causes cracks withinside the window.

2. Indoor noise supply

They are the noise related to human pastime in a domestic or constructing. It is likewise as a result of the operation of constructing offerings and workplace offerings.

Internal constructing service. Construction paintings, workshops and automobile upkeep motive noise pollutants. The device utilized in such paintings produces lots of noise that may be stressful and impair listening to ability.

Activities at domestic. These are sports inclusive of knocking at the door loudly, the noise of gambling a child, the motion of furniture, the crying of a toddler, and loud discussions. Many houses additionally very own leisure device inclusive of Hi-Fi structures, televisions, and audio system, that can similarly make a contribution to the general noise generated via way of means of indoor domestic sports. Household home equipment inclusive of strain cookers, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, stitching machines, blend grinders, dessert coolers, exhaust fans, and air conditioners additionally make lots of noise.

Office device. In the workplace, there are printers, copiers, and typewriters most of the device that reasons noise pollutants in and across the workplace.

Q10) What is noise pollution? What are its types?     5

A10) Noise pollutants refer to undesirable or immoderate noise that influences human health, natural world and the environment.

Noise depth is measured in decimal or dB. Humans can pay attention conversations as much as 60 dB. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) noise levels, much less than 70 dB does now no longer harm organisms, irrespective of publicity consistency.

Noise Unwanted or immoderate noise that may adversely have an effect on pollutants, human health, natural world and environmental quality. Noise pollutants is not unusual place in lots of business canters and different workplaces, however it additionally takes place in highway, rail, aircraft visitors and outside production activities.

Types of noise pollutants:

The kinds of noise pollutants are more or less labelled into 3 types.

• Industrial pollutants
• Transport noise
• Neighbourhood noise.

1. Industrial noise:

Industrial noise is resulting from a few excessive depth decibels which might be the end result of business equipment and different such equipment. Noise comes from using factories, heavy enterprise equipment, or even small exhaust lovers that function for prolonged intervals of time. Noise from mechanical saws and pneumatic drills is insupportable and is the remaining shape of pollutants for the overall public and neighbors. This is one of the reasons of noise pollutants.

2. Transportation noise:

You do not have to mention this. Transportation noise is inevitable. Congestion reasons a full-size quantity of automobile noise, and the barking of many automobiles withinside the crowd is not anything greater than a natural annoyance. Whether on roads, railroads or aircraft, their noise is a full-size supply of noise pollutants. The sound of tractors and different huge automobiles is hard to manage.

3. Neighbourhood noise:

Electrical home equipment which includes gadgets, grinders and mixers are a main supply of noise pollutants. Loudspeakers withinside the call of weddings, political parties, and different such activities call for a full-size quantity of noise pollutants. In the lengthy run, it will become hard to bear inflicting issues for human health.

And no! Humans aren't the handiest ones affected. Marine animals additionally be afflicted by disruptions of their cycle. Some of those kinds of noise pollutants are truly out of manage and require different approaches for us to attend to ourselves.

Chennai, India's Otorino Laryngology Institute, reviews that elevated business pollutants impairs listening to capacity with the aid of using as a minimum 20%.

Workers withinside the metal enterprise running close to heavy business blowers are uncovered to 112 dB for eight hours and be afflicted by occupational pollutants. This is a horrific sign.

Q11) What is the impact of noise pollution on human health?   5

A11) Impact of noise pollution on human health

1. Noise Pollution – The Second Largest Environmental Cause of Health Issues

According to World Health Organization (WHO) findings, noise is the second largest environmental cause of health problems, after the effects of air pollution (particulate matter). Current data estimate that environmental noise contributes to 48,000 new cases of ischemic heart disease and 12,000 premature deaths annually.

In addition, it is estimated that 22 million people suffer from chronic high discomfort and 6.5 million suffer from chronic high sleep disorders. It is estimated that 12,500 school children are suffering from reading disabilities at school as a result of aircraft noise.

2. Hearing problems

Hearing is one of the five senses that humans have. Thus, it is an essential part of any person's life. However, the ear not only serves the purpose of receiving sound waves, but it can also do so to some extent. Reaching a point called noise means that it is undesirable because it interferes with human hearing.

This is why people cover their years when there is really loud noise. Such loud noises can cause hearing loss, which can even lead to permanent hearing loss. Hearing loss due to noise pollution results from prolonged exposure to noise levels in excess of 85 decibels.

3. Tinnitus

Tinnitus is defined as the sensation of sound in the absence of an external source. Tinnitus caused by excessive noise exposure has long been explained. Tinnitus is reported in 50% to 90% of patients with chronic noise trauma.

In some people, tinnitus is a sleep disorder, cognitive effects, anxiety, psychological distress, depression, communication problems, frustration, irritability, tension, inability to work, inefficiency, participation in social life. It can cause restrictions.

4. Difficulty in sleeping

Noise can interfere with sleep due to its psychological effects. Noise around you can cause stress and distort your restful sleep. In addition, being in a noisy place means that you are unlikely to sleep. Sleep deprivation, in turn, interferes with the normal functioning of the body, leading to discomfort, malaise, and general mood swings.

5. Decreased cognitive function

The ears are connected to the brain, which regulates the body's stimulus response. Therefore, all sound waves that hit the ear are sent to the brain for interpretation. This means that too much noise reaches the brain, and scientific reports indicate that such types of noise dull the brain and contribute to the reduced response rate of the brain.

This reduces cognitive function and the ability to solve problems successfully. People who live in areas that are too noisy, such as near crowded highways, railroad tracks, airports, and noisy nightclubs, tend to be less cognitive than those who live in quiet environments.

6. Cardiovascular problems

Noise "excites" the heart. If there is too much noise, your heart will be disturbed, your heart will beat faster, and your blood pressure will rise. Loud sounds also release stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol.

Therefore, in a noisy environment, blood pressure is definitely elevated, blood flow is faster, and catecholamine are secreted, a hormone that further increases the number of times the heart pumps blood. Unless this is harmful, regular exposure will keep the body getting higher impulses, leading to an increase in blood pressure.

Continued rise in blood pressure can open up the possibility of heart-related illnesses such as high blood pressure and stroke. Other cardiovascular diseases include hypertension and arteriolosclerosis caused by dilation of the pupil and constriction of blood vessels.

7. Changes in emotions and behavior

This is different from cognitive thinking. Too much noise can disrupt peace and lead to annoyance and anger. People in this condition tend to have constant headaches, which can be even more intense if the noise continues.

This can lead to amplified stress levels, and therefore emotions can be inherited and violence can continue. This type of behavior has been reported to be due to anxiety. These actions reduce work efficiency and make it difficult to focus on the work and achieve the goals you set.

8. Reproductive problems

Various studies have been conducted to estimate the effects of noise pollution on human reproduction, and surprisingly, most of these studies show that pregnant women exposed to noise pollution during pregnancy give birth to lighter children. I'm assuming you tend to. .. The stress levels experienced by pregnant mothers interfere with the foetation as well.

9. Communication problems

High decibel noise can cause inconvenience and may prevent two people from communicating clearly. This may lead to misunderstanding, and one may get difficult understanding the other person. Constant sharp noise can cause severe headaches and disturb the emotional balance.

10. Strain

Stress is some other reason of noise pollutants. Noise pollutants stimulates the body's strain response. One of its sizeable fitness consequences is persistent strain and more and more more excessive degrees of strain hormones. As a result, noise pollutants reasons numerous fitness issues along with coronary heart ailment, excessive blood strain, and stroke. Noisy acquaintances make human beings stay depressingly, and this impacts their fitness to a fantastic amount.

Q12) Write the measures taken to prevent noise pollution?   12

A12) Prevention of noise pollution

However, there are numerous realistic methods to lessen noise pollutants. Here are over 25 easy steps we will take to lessen noise pollutants.

1. Close the window

Simply remaining the home windows can lessen the noise coming into your private home or building. Keeps traumatic sounds away. The exceptional manner is to open the home windows simplest in the course of the quiet hours of the day, in all likelihood overdue at night.

2. Put on earplugs

Wearing earplugs is a cost-powerful approach to lowering noise pollutants. Earplugs may be worn in the course of sleep or every time you need to lessen the quantity of noise that hits your eardrums.

Earplugs have fitness advantages, mainly for individuals who need to have a healthful sleep addiction in noisy places.

3. Improve insulation

Insulation measures are a number of the foremost and maximum realistic methods to lessen noise pollutants withinside the domestic. This is a soundproofing generation that facilitates block sound vibrations and noise.

Improving insulation manner putting in soundproofing on walls, ceilings, or even floors. Using double-glazed home windows and weatherstripping in your private home can function a further insulation that facilitates take in noise and saves strength bills.

4. Invest in noise cancelling headphones

Most humans might not be aware about this, however sound-canceling headphones are an awesome manner to lessen noise pollutants. This is inherently critical for enterprise and creation workers. Noise canceling headphones clear out out undesirable noise earlier than it reaches your ears.

5. Lay wall-to-wall carpet

Wall-installed carpets become some other realistic and direct manner to lessen noise pollutants. This kind of placement facilitates significantly lessen the noise coming into our houses and offices.

6. Install the fence

It might also additionally sound extreme, however it is a great realistic manner to lessen noise pollutants. Noise is generated via way of means of sturdy sound waves and vibrations, however may be considerably decreased via way of means of barriers.

By putting in a fence, you may create a barrier that absorbs sturdy sound waves and vibrations, and decrease noise pollutants round your workplace or domestic.

7. Be innovative together along with your workplace or domestic layout

One manner to lessen domestic and workplace noise is to revolutionize not unusualplace layouts and designs. For example, a loud gadget may be positioned in a place that isn't always near a sitting / resting location or paintings location.

8. Invest in noise-pleasant floors

Floors can offer an brilliant manner to lessen noise pollutants. But it relies upon at the kind of ground you've got got to your place. Carpets, for example, commonly lessen a substantial quantity of noise, however you may get higher effects via way of means of the usage of noise-pleasant floors inclusive of vinyl.

Vinyl is a witty opportunity to carpets, and due to its sound absorption, it's miles exceptional at lowering noise pollutants.

9. Invest in sound-pleasant furnishings

Furniture is an exceptional sound soaking up fabric as it reduces echo and sound vibration. Therefore, sound-pleasant living room chairs, bookshelves, sofas and shelves can have an effect on the acoustics of open spaces.

For example, for a loud neighbor, positioned a massive bookshelf at the wall to lessen the noise coming from your own home or building. Also, use tender furnishings inclusive of rugs, carpets, and wall hangings to lessen noise.

10. Use of the modern day acoustic wall panels

Not all wall panels are very useful in lowering noise pollutants. Advances in generation have introduced to marketplace the modern day designed acoustic wall panel alternatives that could successfully lessen noise pollutants.

11. Turn off the digital tool or flip down the quantity

Gaming systems, computers, Hi-Fi systems, and televisions can motive noise pollutants in massive quantities. The answer is to show them off whilst now no longer in use and hold them at a mild quantity to lessen noise pollutants.

You also can keep in your power invoice via way of means of turning them off. Place padding below noisy system to lessen noise inclusive of blenders.

12. Use noise absorbers on noisy machines

If a few machines are making noise because of vibration, you may test the noise via way of means of making use of a few sound soaking up fabric to lessen the noise.

13. Frequent lubrication and higher upkeep of the gadget

Proper lubrication and higher upkeep of the gadget are useful methods to lessen noise pollutants and enhance efficiency. Lubrication reduces friction among shifting components and facilitates lessen noise.

14. Plant tree

Trees had been set up to be powerful in lowering noise tiers in city environments, round foremost highways, or even wherein they may be located.

Therefore, having a massive range of flowers and bushes in a place manner much less noise pollutants. In addition to that, wooden has diverse aesthetic advantages and improves air quality.

15. Prepare a devoted quiet area

Having a devoted and quiet area may be rewarded on every occasion we experience uneasy and need to break out the noise that impacts our excellent of life. A quiet area can assure a 100% soundproof area.

16. Install cubicle and wall walls

By putting in wall walls and booths in places of work with adequate loose area or in big rooms at domestic, noise all through the room may be reduced. Even at low stage installations, the cubicle and wall dividers have demonstrated to be very beneficial noise absorbers.

17. Close the door

When you shut up the door, you might not pay attention any unsightly noises, specially when you have a loud neighbor. If you've got got device that makes a noisy noise, which include a dishwasher, blender, or washing machine, you may run them in separate rooms and near the doorways to dam the noise.

18. Cancel or masks noise

Canceling or covering noise is one of the simplest and maximum realistic approaches to lessen noise pollutants. It is finished via the advent of non violent and soothing sounds to cancel the horrible ones.

Simply switch on the fan or dangle a wind chime. To the bulk of humans, it is able to appear inconsistent, however it is a demonstrated and powerful manner to masks or cancel horrifying and worrying sounds.

In addition, there are white noise machines that may be effortlessly canceled and masked.

19. Move or pick a domestic in a quiet location

Moving farfar from noisy regions also can be visible as a sensible manner to lessen noise pollutants. It can also additionally sound exaggerated, however transferring from regions which include airports, educate stations, commercial regions, and principal highways can considerably lessen noise stages.

20. Replace your vintage automobile with a brand new one

Old vehicles are an crucial supply of noise pollutants. They make unattractive, from time to time deafening sounds. Replacing with a brand new one now no longer most effective reduces noise pollutants, however additionally reduces the emission of soot and different poisonous materials into the atmosphere.

21. Create cognizance and training approximately the effects of noise pollutants

Raising cognizance of noise pollutants and its effect on each people and natural world could have tremendous effects in efforts to lessen noise pollutants.

Perhaps if maximum humans are conscious that noise pollutants can result in deafness and mental stress, the bulk will spend money on approaches to lessen noise pollutants.

22. Declare "no horn zone" in hospitals, colleges and home regions

Trucks, buses and automobile horns reason a big quantity of noise pollutants. Therefore, with the aid of using now no longer introducing a horn zone, noise pollutants in hospitals, colleges and home regions may be reduced.

23. Let's all be suitable associates

Being an amazing neighbor means, amongst different things, retaining cognizance of loud music, barking dogs, or loud parties. Checking those will permit your associates to behave withinside the identical manner, in the long run contributing to an clean and realistic manner to lessen noise pollutants.

24. Pressure applicable towns or governing government to introduce noise law rules

Government and town government have the authority to enforce rules that assist lessen noise pollutants. Laws want to restrict the quantity of noise in public and personal locations to lessen noise pollutants.

This coverage also can be incorporated into the development and sports of transportation networks, which include low-noise avenue surfaces, low-noise railroad tracks, road area redesign, pace restrict enforcement, and visitors reduction.

25. Perform ordinary noise stage checks

Frequent verification of noise stages in commercial parks and interior is needed to maintain noise stages inside limits. Therefore, make certain that the noise stage is checked regularly.

26. Notify government of noise rule violations

If any of your associates do now no longer observe the noise stage guidelines and policies and do now no longer preserve the noise limits set with the aid of using the town government, you may notify the authorities agency.

27. Use of calming inexperienced waves

These are sound insulation measures for highways and noisy regions (airports, educate stations, industry, etc.) and assist soak up the large noise generated with the aid of using jogging machines.

Q13) What is thermal pollution? What are its causes?    8

A13) When a person thinks approximately pollutants, the concept of ​​thermal pollutants frequently would not come to mind. People first reflect on consideration on carbon emissions, private pollutants and waste, and a lot of different converting factors.

However, thermal pollutants is a actual and everlasting trouble in our present day society. In layman's terms, thermal pollutants is while enterprise or different anthropogenic corporations take water from a herbal supply and funky or warmness it. The water is then lower back to herbal assets. This can alternate oxygen ranges and feature devastating outcomes on nearby ecosystems and communities.

Thermal pollutants is described as a pointy upward push or fall withinside the temperature of herbal waters inclusive of seas, lakes, rivers and ponds because of human influence. This generally takes place while flora and centers take water from herbal assets and alternate the temperature to go back the water. These centers usually use it as a cooling approach for machines or to boom product productivity.

Causes of thermal pollutants

1. Water as a coolant for electricity, production and commercial flora

Production and production flora are the primary supply of thermal pollutants. These flora draw water from a close-by water supply to hold the system cool after which launch it to the water supply at a better temperature. When warm water returns to rivers and the sea, the water temperature rises sharply.

Changes in oxygen ranges withinside the water also can lessen the first-class of lifestyles and sturdiness of the flora and fauna that stay withinside the water. This procedure also can wipe out riverside vegetation, that is continuously depending on consistent ranges of oxygen and temperature.

By changing those herbal environments, the enterprise is basically supporting to lessen the first-class of lifestyles of those marine organisms, which, if unmanaged and now no longer taking note of their practices, will finally inhabit. It can also additionally smash the ground.

2. Soil erosion

Soil erosion is any other primary purpose of thermal pollutants. Consistent soil erosion increases the frame of water and makes it extra liable to daylight. High temperatures can purpose anaerobic situations and may be deadly to aquatic biomes.

3. Deforestation

Trees and flora hold daylight out of direct daylight on lakes, ponds and rivers. When deforestation takes place, those our bodies of water are uncovered to direct daylight, soaking up extra warmness and growing their temperature. Deforestation is likewise a chief purpose of excessive greenhouse fueloline concentrations, or international warming withinside the atmosphere.

4. Outflow from the pavement

Urban runoff, that is launched into floor water from paved surfaces inclusive of roads and parking lots, can heat the water. In the summer, the pavement will become very warm, inflicting heat outflows into sewers and water our bodies.

5. Natural purpose

Due to herbal reasons inclusive of volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, and warm springs beneathneath the sea, heat lava can boost the temperature of water our bodies. Weight discount also can convey a whole lot of warmness to the ocean. This way that the general temperature of the water supply will upward push, so that it will have a sizeable effect at the environment.

6. Retention basin

Retention basins may be any other supply of thermal shock, as notably small, shallow our bodies of water can soak up sizeable thermal strength from the sun.

When that water is pumped at once right into a river, lake, or bay, it reasons a sizeable temperature upward push. This is just like pouring a warm jug right into a bath full of water, which reasons the water to leap numerous instances in Fahrenheit.

7. Domestic sewage

Sewage is frequently discharged into rivers, lakes, canals, or streams with out waste treatment. The temperature of the city sewer is generally better than the receiving water.

As the receiving temperature rises, dissolved oxygen (DO) decreases, the call for for oxygen increases, and anaerobic situations occur.

Q14) Write the impact of thermal pollution and what are its preventive measures?                                                                                                                                                          8

A14) Impact of thermal pollution

Among recognized scientists and scholars, there are generally two ways of thinking about the effects of thermal pollution. Some people are leaning towards the negative aspects of this pollution to marine ecosystems and how it is detrimental to positive environmental practices.

However, some are inclined to the aspect that if these industries are not operated that way, some of the most basic parts of human life will be completely obsolete.

Wastewater cannot be maintained properly. No industry can produce the products you need. However, the impact of thermal pollution on ecosystems far outweighs the industry's benefits of participating in this law.

1. Decrease in DO (Dissolved Oxygen) Level

Warm temperatures lower the level of DO (dissolved oxygen) in the water. Hot water retains relatively less oxygen than cold water. Decreased DO can cause choking in animals and plants such as fish, amphibians, and copepods, which can lead to anaerobic conditions.

Warm water allows algae to thrive on the surface, and in the long run, growing algae can reduce oxygen levels in the water.

2. Increased toxins

The constant flow of hot emissions from industry has significantly increased the amount of toxins that are regurgitating into natural waters. These toxins can contain chemicals and radiation that can have a serious impact on the local ecosystem and make them susceptible to a variety of illnesses.

3. Loss of biodiversity

Depression of bioactivity in water can cause a significant loss of biodiversity. Due to changes in the environment, certain species of organisms can move their bases elsewhere, but there can be quite a few species that can move due to warmer water.

Organisms that are easily adaptable may have an advantage over organisms that are not accustomed to warmer temperatures.

4. Ecological impact

Sudden thermal shock can cause mass murder of fish, insects, plants, or amphibians. Hotter water may be fatal to other species, but may prove favorable to some species. When the water temperature is low, the activity level goes up, and when the water temperature is high, the activity level goes down.

Many aquatic species are sensitive to small temperature changes, such as 1 degree Celsius, and can cause significant changes in the metabolism of living organisms and other adverse effects on cell biology.

5. Affects the reproductive system

Significant cessation of marine wildlife breeding (which may be true, breeding can occur among fish, but the likelihood of neonatal defects is significantly higher) is at certain temperatures. Breeding can occur within the range and can be caused by elevated temperatures. If the temperature is too high, immature eggs may be released or the normal development of certain eggs may be hindered.

6. Increase metabolic rate

Thermal pollution increases the metabolic rate of an organism as increased enzyme activity occurs, causing the organism to consume more food than would normally be needed if the environment did not change. It disrupts the stability of the food chain and changes the balance of species composition.

7. Migration

Hot water can also move certain species to the right environment to meet their survival requirements. This can lead to the loss of species that depend on them for their daily food, as the food chain is disrupted.

Thermal pollution solution

Future adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems require solutions to thermal pollution. Many methods have been proposed and developed to convert heat effluents from power plants into useful heat resources for maximizing profits. The solutions for heat release to the body of water are:

1. Cooling pond

Cooling or reservoirs are the easiest way to control heat release. In a cooling pond, heated drainage on the surface of the water maximizes heat dissipation to the atmosphere, minimizing the area and amount of water.

This is the easiest and cheapest way to cool water to a fairly low temperature. However, this method alone is not only inefficient in terms of air-water contact, but also less desirable.

2. Cooling tower

After using the water from the water source for cooling purposes, it passes through the condenser and then returned to the body of water. This is called the cooling process.

Therefore, the cooling tower is designed to control the temperature of the water to make the cooling process more effective. Cooling towers are mainly used to dissipate the recovered waste heat and eliminate the problem of thermal pollution.

3. Artificial lake

Artificial lakes are synthetic water our bodies that offer feasible alternatives. The heated effluent is tired into the lake at one give up and can be drawn from the opposite give up for cooling purposes. The warmth is eventually dissipated through evaporation. However, those lakes want to be constantly activated.

4. Water recycling

Industrially handled water may be recycled for domestic or business heating, lowering the hassle of thermal pollutants.

5. Other programs

Power plant warmth release (exhaust warmth) may be used for different purposes, including:

Industry and heating.

Biological programs together with soil warming.

Fish farming, farm animal’s shelters, green houses for heating.

Most of those ability bodily programs may be implemented to less warm regions and locations.

Most importantly, the outcomes of thermal pollutants a long way outweigh human needs. Plants and industries have located a success methods to keep away from thermal pollutants, however many agencies do now no longer exercise thermal pollutants due to the fact it's far less difficult to paintings from conventional models. If we need to sell a rich surroundings surrounding marine biology, we want to alternate our mind-set in the direction of thermal pollutants.

Q15) What is radiation pollution? What are its causes?    8

A15) Radioactive infection happens whilst radioactive substances are gift or deposited withinside the air or surroundings, specifically whilst their presence is unintentional and poses a risk to the surroundings because of radioactive decay. The destruction due to radioactive cloth is because of the emission of risky ionizing radiation (radioactive decay) consisting of beta or alpha debris, gamma rays, or neurons withinside the surroundings wherein they're gift.

Because materials are characterised with the aid of using radiation, the debris found in radioactive materials are so risky that they are able to severely affect, alter, or even break plant, animal, and human life. .. The diploma of harm or risk posed to the surroundings relies upon at the awareness of radioactive cloth, the electricity launched with the aid of using the radiation, the proximity of the radioactive cloth to the uncovered cloth, and the sort of radiation.

Causes of radioactive infection

1. Nuclear coincidence from a nuclear strength plant

In the postmodern world, diverse varieties of electricity were discovered. Among them is nuclear electricity, that is touted because the maximum effective supply of electricity because of its excessive ability. Reportedly, the excessive ability is because of its excessive tiers of radiation.

Therefore, its use is banned, however studies is underway to decide its environmental protection and take the maximum suitable precautions for its use. However, many deaths had been due to nuclear strength plant injuries consisting of the Fukushima Daiichi coincidence (2011), the Chernobyl coincidence (1986), and the Three Mile Island coincidence (1979). It might also additionally were in addition affected.

2. Use of nuclear guns as guns of mass destruction (WMD)

The use of nuclear missiles and atomic bombs, a shape of nuclear electricity in World War II, explains now no longer simplest the causes, however additionally the damaging residences of radioactive infection and pollution.

The consequences of those  moves in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which brought on the stop of the strugglefare in 1945, have even been visible in youngsters born with headaches consisting of intellectual retardation and situations consisting of autism and different disabilities. I did. The quantity of most cancers instances withinside the  cities is better than in different Japan.

3. Use of radioisotopes

Radioisotopes are used withinside the manufacture of detectors and different business activities. Isotopes consisting of uranium include excessive concentrations of radiation. On the alternative hand, not unusualplace isotopes consisting of carbon-containing radioactive substances are without problems observed in canals via sewage canals.

Most uncooked sewage is untreated previous to release, so whilst launched, isotopes integrate with different compounds and factors gift withinside the water. This is the equal water that humans pump for his or her homes. In addition, fish use the equal water to survive. Consumption from those fish and polluted water reassets represents a ability consumption of radiation.

4. Mining

Mining in particular includes the excavation of ore, which breaks down into smaller, extra workable pieces. For example, radium and uranium are evidently going on withinside the surroundings and are similarly radioactive.

Therefore, the mining enterprise will increase the herbal geological system with the aid of using shifting those materials from the floor to the surface. Other minerals with symptoms and symptoms of radiation are thorium, plutonium, radon, potassium, carbon and phosphorus.

5. Outflow of radioactive chemical substances

When a deliver collides with a glacier or coral reef and releases chemical substances into waterways or the atmosphere, there are instances in which it's far launched to the sea. Most of those chemical substances, which include petroleum products, convey tremendous tiers of radiation and may be dangerous to the surroundings.

6. Radiation test

Radiation has been observed to have many exciting residences, and plenty of scientists are accomplishing exams to examine extra approximately radiation. It is one of the key factors withinside the remedy and remedy of most cancers.

Chemotherapy, a fitness initiative for treating most cancers, makes use of radiation to save you in addition increase of most cancers cells and hold the immune machine strong. Nevertheless, scientists were uncovered to radiation that results in their dying or different headaches.

According to a record to the UN General Assembly in 2000, nuclear exams are the principle purpose for human publicity to human-prompted radioactivity.

7. Cosmic rays and different herbal resources

They come from area to our planet and, via way of means of their very nature, have robust radiation, inflicting radioactive contamination. For example, gamma rays are stated to have the very best degrees of radiation, however a number of them are invisible to the human eye. The quantity of mild rays that hit the earth relies upon at the altitude and geographical vicinity of the earth.

There can be floor radiation from radioactive factors gift withinside the crust. These radioactive factors encompass potassium-40, radium-224, radon-222, thorium232, uranium-235, uranium-238, and carbon-14, which can be found in rocks, soil, and water.

In addition, risky radionuclides may be cut up into smaller portions that emit electricity radiation which could input the organism's frame via the air at some stage in breathing.

8. Handling and disposal of nuclear waste

Radioactive waste falls into 3 categories: excessive stage, low stage and transuranium. They are in particular composed of disposals from nuclear guns, cleansing marketers from nuclear strength plants, army installations, the ones launched from plutonium remedy, and different radioisotopes from hospitals and laboratories.

The dealing with and disposal of nuclear waste can generate low to mild radiation over a protracted duration of time. Not handiest are their outcomes tough to predict, however they also can be indistinguishable due to the fact they could contaminate radioactivity and propagate via air, water, and soil. Moreover, it isn't clean to find a few nuclear waste.

The predominant hassle is the incapacity to chemically or biologically decompose or deal with radioactive waste. The handiest alternative is to keep the waste in a closed box covered via way of means of a radiation safety fabric (consisting of lead) or dilute it.

It also can be contained via way of means of storing it in far off regions with very little life, consisting of far off caves and deserted salt mines. However, if the defend used is herbal or artificial, it could be broken through the years.

In addition, beyond waste remedy practices won't have used suitable manner of separating radiation. Therefore, those regions want to be cautiously recognized and boundaries imposed quickly.

9. Production of protective guns

The manufacture of protective guns which could launch radioactivity from the radioactive fabric treated is commonly related to excessive fitness dangers. However, cutting-edge requirements do now no longer permit massive quantities of radiation to be emitted except an twist of fate occurs.

Q16) Discuss the impact of radioactive contamination?    5

A16) Impact of radioactive contamination

1. Gene mutation

When it involves genetics, radiation has a terrible impact. It results in harm to the DNA strands and through the years results in genetic disruption. The diploma of gene mutation that results in modifications in DNA composition relies upon on the extent of radiation uncovered and the sort of exposure.

If human beings and animals are uncovered to radiation from the ecosystem, meals consumed, or even used water, their our bodies might also additionally have already got absorbed the radiation. Once in the frame, it stays energetic as it can't break electricity.

The ensuing mutation makes one very touchy to cancer. For pregnant women, the kid born has dangerous deficiencies resulting from genetic variation, consisting of underweight at birth. Effects consisting of malformation phobia and issues consisting of blindness in kids have additionally been reported. Infertility is likewise cited as an impact of radiation.

2. Illness

Cancer is the maximum important radiation-associated disease. It has advanced over time and poses exquisite dangers to the fitness of the world. Others encompass leukemia, anemia, bleeding, untimely growing old and untimely demise because of shortened lifespan, and different cardiovascular complications. For example, leukemia is resulting from radiation withinside the bone marrow.

3. Soil fertility

Exposure of radiation to the ecosystem manner that it's also gift withinside the soil. Radioactive materials withinside the soil react with diverse vitamins and break them, making the soil infertile and growing toxicity.

Such soils result in the harvesting of radiation-stuffed plants and are consequently flawed for intake via way of means of each human beings and animals.

Plants that develop from such soil also are genetically modified. Since those are at the foundation of the meals chain, herbivores eat them and keep radiation degrees. Carnivores consisting of lions and vultures subsequently eat them and lift the extent of radiation. This is defined via way of means of the idea of organic expansion.

4. Cell destruction

Radioactive contamination has various effects such as cell changes. The body of an organism is unique as it is in it, with millions of cells in a single body, each with its own purpose to serve. Radiation distorts existing cells and causes permanent damage to various organs and organ systems. In the face of too much radiation, permanent illness and death are inevitable.

5. Burns

It's not easy to feel the radiation, but it's easy to notice that you are affected by the radiation. Immediate presence of burns, red lesions and sores is evidence. To make matters worse, this can lead to skin cancer.

6. Impact on wildlife

Animals of different levels suffer differently. Higher levels of organisms are more affected than insects and flies. When grazing contaminated lands, herbivores such as cattle accumulate large amounts of accumulated Ce-13 and I-131 in their tissues.

These radionuclides enter the metabolic cycle and affect DNA (above; ionization). It will have a mutated animal generation that increases the risk of health problems with small amounts of radionuclides.

7. Impact on plants

Plants are also exposed to radiation, and the damage is mainly due to the increase in UV rays. Different plants have different effects.

The stomata stop evaporating during the increase in radiation. When radiation hits a chromosome, it interferes with reproduction. As a result, the shape, size, and health of the plant change. Excessive exposure destroys the affected plants. When we eat these plants, we ingest nuclides.

8. Impact on marine life

Power plants, the source of nuclear and chemical treatment, have released radioactive isotopes into the water for decades. Cesium, radon, krypton, ruthenium, zinc and copper are some of them. Waste is discharged in "tolerable" amounts, but it is not safe.

These radionuclide can be detected in fish soft tissue or bone. The seaweed used in bread is said to have the radioactive isotope of ruthenium. Fish shells and fish tissues removed from all shells are contaminated with radionuclides.

Q17) What are the radioactive contamination solutions?   5

A17) Radioactive contamination solution

1. Appropriate disposal method of radioactive waste

Radioactive waste still has some radiation. Therefore, it cannot be disposed of in the same way as ordinary waste. It cannot be incinerated or buried. This waste should be stored in heavy and thick concrete containers due to its potential for penetration.

Another option is to dilute the radiation as it may not be possible to store it. There is no easy way to dispose of radioactive material, so you should always seek professional help.

2. Appropriate labelling

Substances containing radioactive substances must be labeled, and necessary precautions regarding the contents of the label are advised. This is because radiation can enter the body just by touching radioactive material. Containers with such elements should be properly labeled so that protective equipment can be used when handling them.

3. Prohibition of nuclear test

Nuclear power has already proven to have a lot of very destructive potential. Nonetheless, tests performed to perfect energy contribute significantly to the overall presence of radioactive material. In addition, although these tests were conducted in the desert, they eventually escape from one ecosystem to another, ultimately affecting the lives of many.

4. Alternative energy source

The evolution and use of nuclear power was not a bad thing at first. However, given the damage and threat it poses to the environment, it has ceased its use and the world is probably the source of renewable energy: solar, hydro, and wind.

For example, using radioactivity to generate energy in a nuclear power plant produces more radiation to the atmosphere, taking into account the waste generated by various processes and combustion.

5. Proper storage

Containers carrying radioactive materials are required to be stored properly. As a starting point, such substances should be stored in radiation resistant containers to ensure that they do not penetrate or leak during handling. Proper storage means harmless and minimizes accidental leaks.

6. Reuse

Since it is not easy to store and dispose of waste, it can be recycled and used as fuel in another nuclear reactor to protect the environment.

7. Precautions at the individual level

If you own a house near a nuclear power plant, it can be contaminated. In that case, it is advisable to check the level of radon gas in the building. You need to remove the radon level. People who handle radioactive materials are also at great risk. Protective measures are needed to prevent radioactive contamination.

Q18) What are the types of natural disaster? Explain each.   8

A18) The ensuing loss because of a herbal catastrophe additionally relies upon at the capability of the populace or government to guide or face up to the catastrophe in addition to emergency preparedness. This expertise is focused withinside the formulation: "failures arise while risks meet vulnerability". A herbal threat The time period herbal has therefore been disputed due to the fact the activities truely aren't risks or failures without human involvement. Different varieties of herbal failures may be:

Tsunamis

Earthquakes

Avalanches

Volcanoes

Landslides

Floods:

Droughts

Forest fires

Hurricanes

Thunderstorms

Tornadoes

Winter storms

Heat Waves

1. Cold Waves:

Cold waves, the terminology for very cold weather, is a type of natural disaster in which temperatures drop sharply over a 24-hour period. Although the cold itself is not always sufficient to cause a natural disaster, a sharp drop in temperature can cause widespread problems in the local community.

Interestingly, there is no exact temperature threshold that a weather event must reach in order to be considered a cold wave. Rather, cold waves are categorized by the rate of temperature decline. Local weather services use local climate standards to determine if a weather event is actually a cold wave, as what is considered "cold" varies widely from region to region.

There are many reasons for cold waves. One of the most common causes of cold waves is the arrival of very powerful high pressure systems from the polar regions. Alternatively, the movement of a jet stream can also bring very cold weather southward in just a few hours.

The main danger of cold waves is certainly the cold itself. This can increase the risk of hypothermia and other cold-related injuries. In addition, cold weather can cause ice and frost to build up rapidly, damaging the infrastructure.

Cold waves are also especially dangerous for aircraft and other machinery. Extreme cold can drain the vehicle's battery and gel the diesel. Therefore, you should always be careful when extremely cold weather is expected.

2.     Drought

Like cold waves, drought is somewhat difficult to define because it is subjective in nature. Drought is technically defined as a long period of time when a drier condition leads to water shortages or other water-related problems.

However, the phrase "dryer than normal" is a very subjective expression, and what may be classified as dry in one area may be very moist in another. There is sex. In addition, one location, such as a monsoon-affected area in Southeast Asia, may appear to have more rainfall for half a year and less rainfall in the other months.

As a result, defining the beginning and end of a drought is not always easy. In most cases, climate scientists identify droughts based on changes in rainfall patterns or low water levels in local lakes and reservoirs.

However, droughts can last for weeks, years, or even decades. In fact, as of 2021, the drought continued in Ethiopia around 2015.

It is unclear how long the ground will last, but humanitarian organizations have already predicted that tens of millions of people in the region will face food insecurity as a result. Therefore, it can be difficult to predict and identify droughts, but the effects of droughts on humans are very realistic.

3.     Earthquake

One of the most unpredictable natural disasters, an earthquake, occurs every time the Earth's tectonic plates suddenly and violently slide.

However, to understand how earthquakes work, we first need to recognize that the surface of the Earth is not a single continuous layer. Rather, the Earth's crust is made up of many plates that regularly slide, slide, collide, and pass each other.

If these plates suddenly slip through each other, their movement can cause a very realistic sway on the surface of the Earth. Small earthquakes occur dozens, if not hundreds, a day, but large earthquakes can cause catastrophic damage and loss of life.

Perhaps the most famous of the recent earthquakes were the 2015 Nepal and 2010 Haiti earthquakes, both destroying countless homes and killing thousands.

Some earthquakes can also cause secondary and sometimes even more catastrophic natural disasters. In particular, the earthquake could also cause tsunamis such as the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake and the 2011 tsunami in Japan, causing tsunamis about 130 feet (40 meters) high.

4.     Flood

A flood is a temporary flood of normally dry land. This may seem like a very vague definition, but that's why.

As with many types of natural disasters, what constitutes a flood in one place may not actually be a flood in another. That said, many of us were able to identify floods fairly easily in photographs. This is especially true if you see large amounts of water in streets and other urbanized areas.

Heavy rains are usually the cause, but there are many reasons for floods. In another example, what is called a storm surge can also lead to floods, as we will see later in this article when talking about hurricanes.

However, an important thing to keep in mind about floods is that floods are often far more dangerous than they look. Even relatively small floods, about 6 inches (15 cm) deep, can knock out your feet and injure you.

In the context of weather forecasts, flash floods are defined as any type of flood that begins within 6 hours of a period of heavy rain or other water-related causes.

Like normal floods, flash floods are usually associated with storms. Indeed, hurricanes and other meteorological events can cause rapid flooding of the area in a short period of time.

However, the most dangerous thing about flash floods is that they can occur in places where it is not actually raining. For example, many parts of the deserts of the southwestern United States, especially narrow canyons, can experience rapid water surges and dangerous floods when the Bluebird sky is overhead.

This type of flash flood is usually associated with an upstream thunderstorm, but it can also be due to dam failure or malfunction. It can be especially dangerous for hikers and canyoning, as there are few visual clues before these floods occur.

5.     Hail storm

Despite its name, many meteorologists do not always classify hail storms as their own type of storm. Rather, hail storms, or "serious hail events," usually occur along with major thunderstorms.

In some thunderstorms, especially in supercells, very strong updrafts (upward airflows) can lead to hail formation. The shape of the leopard can be a bit confusing, so if you're curious about how everything works, check out this video from people on the Weather Channel.

However, the reality is that hail is particularly dangerous to humans and can lead to widespread damage, regardless of how hail is formed. Most hail is rather small, but large hail can hurt unprotected passers-by on the ground.

In addition, the Insurance Information Institute estimates that hail causes hundreds of millions of dollars worth of damage each year in the United States alone. In fact, one report estimates that hail damage in 2019 alone caused more than $ 13 billion. Did you know who?

6.     Heat wave

In effect, heat waves, which are the opposite of cold waves, are very hot and long-term.

As with cold waves, room temperature varies from place to place, so there is no technical definition of what constitutes a heat wave. However, a period of two days or more when the temperature is higher than the historical average of the region is a heat wave.

For example, if a temperature of 100ºF (38ºC) lasts for several days in Montreal, Canada during the summer, it can be considered a heat wave. However, the same temperatures in the scorching Iranian Dasht-e Lut desert are positively mild.

In general, the danger of heat waves is the risk of severe dehydration, which can lead to a life-threatening condition known as heat stroke. Young people, the elderly, and people with immunodeficiency tend to be most vulnerable during a heat wave, but serious heat-related illnesses can affect us all.

When heat waves are predicted, it is of utmost importance to be cool and hydrated. This means drinking plenty of water, looking for air conditioning, and avoiding strenuous exercise as much as possible to limit the chances of developing heat stroke or other similar conditions.

7.     Ice Storm

A particularly dangerous type of winter storm, the ice storm, occurs whenever there is heavy icing rain. The US-based National Weather Service generally classifies ice storms as meteorological events that cause the buildup of 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) or more of ice on the surface of trees, roads, buildings, etc. The total accumulation of is usually higher than that.

That said, most ice storms are not particularly severe, as seen in large-scale thunderstorms.

Rather, a thin layer of warm air hundreds of feet above the ground during a snowstorm creates an ice storm. When snow falls from the sky, it hits this layer of warm air and melts, but when it enters a layer of cold air along the surface of the earth, it refreezes and forms icy rain.

As you can imagine, having an ice-covered surface such as a road is not completely safe. Therefore, ice storms are particularly well known for causing road accidents, especially in urban areas. The weight of ice on trees and utility poles can also cause major power outages and other similar damage, exacerbating the situation only in cold weather.

Therefore, if an ice storm is predicted, do what you can to stay inside as much as possible. You need to be careful of windthrows when you go camping, but the real danger of these storms is on the road. Avoid driving as much as possible and have emergency supplies ready in case of a power outage during a storm.

8.     Collision event

One of the few herbal screw ups at the listing resulting from items now no longer coming from Earth, collision occasions, or "collisions of asteroids" is interstellar collisions. However, for the functions here, the form of collision occasion we're involved approximately is among the meteor and the Earth.

Thankfully, collision occasions do not manifest very frequently on Earth. This is ideal information for us humans (and all different animals on Earth), because the effect of a meteor can purpose giant damage.

The state-of-the-art fundamental meteor occasion changed into the 2013 Chelyabinsk Meteor occasion. The Chelyabinsk Meteor, a fave of the Earth over Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, exploded approximately 14 miles (23 km) above the ground.

The results of the meteorite itself have been now no longer certainly a trouble on this situation, it changed into the explosion itself, however the explosion from the meteorite destroyed numerous homes and greater than 1,500 human beings sought remedy for the injured. ..

However, an early collision occasion referred to as the Tunguska occasion in 1908 had a prime effect. The meteorite has now arrived withinside the Krasnoyarsk place of Russia, pulling down an anticipated eighty million trees.

Collision occasions are much less common, however there may be a chance that they could purpose huge damage, injury, and death. To be sure, the concept of ​​a massive rock speeding toward the floor of the Earth isn't always constantly fun. Fortunately, many area companies like NASA are growing technology to warn if a meteor is in progress.

9.     Landslide

The USGS defines a landslide as a huge-scale motion of huge quantities of particles and rocks down a slope. Landslides are concept to be a form of "mass waste" wherein soil and rocks slide correctly due to gravity.

Unfortunately, landslides arise very frequently in sure components of the arena and, relying on their size, can purpose huge destruction.

For example, the biggest recorded landslide in US records changed into resulting from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The landslide is anticipated to have traveled downhill at 70-one hundred fifty mph (112-240 km / h). It produces over 0.sixty seven cubic miles (2.eight cubic kilometers) of particles.

Landslides may be resulting from lots of occasions, which includes volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and heavy rains. Scientists can be capable of are expecting landslide-susceptible slopes, however it isn't always constantly clean to are expecting the precise time of a landslide due to the fact many elements are worried withinside the formation of the landslide.

At the pinnacle of our listing is an avalanche. It is described as a huge mass of snow that rolls, slides, or flows. Avalanches may be taken into consideration a form of landslide, specifically as they also can incorporate rocks and different particles. However, avalanches are particularly composed of snow and feature distinctive specific traits from different kinds of landslides.

10. Avalanche

Avalanches require snow to arise, so they're certainly best a hazard to locations that acquire a extensive quantity of snow every year.

Locations along with the Rocky Mountains of North America, the European Alps, and the Himalayas of South Central Asia are all fundamental avalanche locations. Nevertheless, there may be a chance of avalanches in which there may be snow, at the least in which there are mild slopes.

People who recreate in snow-protected mountainous regions are at finest chance of avalanche accidents or deaths, however alpine groups additionally face very actual threats from those screw ups. Burial below the snow is the principle chance of an avalanche, and huge snow slabs can rob inns and the complete town.

Avalanche prediction and mitigation is an interdisciplinary discipline in itself. Those who move backcountry snowboarding or iciness camps ought to take a look at the nearby avalanche forecast earlier than going out. Taking an avalanche protection and rescue route is likewise distinctly encouraged for all iciness sports activities enthusiasts.

Q19) State the causes of natural disaster.     5

A19) Causes of natural disaster  are:

1. Global warming
2. Natural activity of the crust
3. Crustal movement
4. Lunar activity
5. Mining
6. Deforestation
7. Soil erosion
8. Seismic activity
9. Air pressure
10. Ocean current
11. Pollution

1. Global warming

Global warming is a major cause of natural disasters because it has various effects on the earth.

Global warming leads to higher sea temperatures, and hurricanes draw energy from seawater, making hurricanes and tropical cyclones even stronger.

In addition, the average temperature of the planet rises, increasing the likelihood of drought.

Although it is very difficult to prove the causal relationship between climate change and natural disasters due to many other variables, the increase in natural disasters over the past few decades is due to global warming being the main cause of natural disasters. May lead to the conclusion that.

b.    Natural activity of the crust

Natural disasters are also caused by natural activity within the crust.

Natural processes can cause tension in the crust and can be released by earthquakes.

c.     Crustal movement

The Earth is not composed of a single surface, and instead of many plates gliding over the mantle beneath the planet, the movement and collision of these plates can have serious adverse effects.

This can lead to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis.

d.    Lunar activity

The moon is known to have a strong influence on the natural processes of the earth.

According to the latest research, researchers have discovered that the moon can cause huge earthquakes, which can cause massive destruction and death.

e.     Mining

It is arguable whether mining activity can cause natural disasters.

Some scientists have blamed the mining industry for landslides and soil and mountain erosion.

Some argue that landslides occur naturally due to heavy rain and flash floods.

Therefore, mining is not the main driving force, but it can contribute to the occurrence of natural disasters.

f.       Deforestation

Deforestation can contribute to the increase in natural disasters, as forests usually balance and control natural groundwater resources, which usually prevent floods and droughts.

Deforestation uncovers the ground and dramatically increases the likelihood of floods and droughts.

g.    Soil erosion

Soil erosion can lead to high levels of land degradation, which in turn can lead to reduced fertility and thus famine of the local population.

Soil erosion can also cause landslides, which can cause serious damage to nature and humans.

h.    Seismic activity

Seismic activity within our planet can cause earthquakes.

These quakes can cause casualties not only to many people, but also to animals and other life forms.

It also leads to the loss of many homes, and survivors often have to leave their homeland to find a better future.

i.       Air pressure

There is a link between barometric pressure and natural disasters such as hurricanes, heavy rains and thunderstorms.

In this way, atmospheric pressure contributes naturally to natural disasters in a certain way.

j.       Ocean current

Changes in ocean currents can lead to changes in sea temperature, which in turn can harm or even kill large numbers of fish and other marine flora and fauna.

In addition, changes in ocean currents, and thus the possibility of local increases in water temperature, can increase the likelihood of hurricanes and tropical cyclones.

k.    Pollution

Because our nature is a very sensitive organism, pollution of all kinds can lead to imbalances in the planet, which in turn can cause several kinds of natural disasters.

Q20) Write the impact of human activity on natural disaster   and its preventive measures.                                                                                                                              8

A20)  Impact of human activity on natural disasters

1. It is estimated that rapidly growing modernization has led to ignorance of the environment. Today, we are growing rapidly, ignoring the harm we are doing to the environment. Environmental ordinances are being ignored by a few businessmen for personal gain. The dual forces of global warming combined with inadequate human management in the areas of land and water resources are responsible for natural disasters. Humans have created situations where normal events such as earthquakes and hurricanes have risen to the level of natural disasters, resulting in significant loss of life and property.
2. Scientists who have been studying this topic for years have found that the increase in hydrometeorological disasters can be attributed to a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. The main problem is global warming, which is raising the temperature of the Earth's oceans and atmosphere, leading to more intense storms of all types, including hurricanes and floods due to the melting of these oceans. Unplanned urbanization has peaked, no one really cares about environmental risks, and everyone is busy making money. Due to the large amount of construction work being done in flood-prone areas, towns and villages are more likely to be affected by flash floods and coastal floods. The recent flood in Uttarakhand is one example. Human desires are growing day by day, and people have no hesitation in ignoring environmental law, and as a result, it is destroyed.
3. Somehow we are hindering the environment, but the fast-growing industrialization is causing a lot of air pollution as well as water pollution. There are environmental laws that these industries must follow in order to dispose of waste before disposing of it in the environment, but in most cases industry owners ignore these laws for personal gain and the authorities Even against criminals who are very relaxed and do not take swift action. Due to the rapid construction, large areas have been covered with cement. This is because the water flow becomes very strong and the outflow from the water is not absorbed by the soil, so it continues to collect and plunge and becomes heavier. And faster, it can eventually lead to much larger floods.
4. Not everyone is ignorant in the race to be the best. There are also many people who are serious about the environment and are serious about working on a larger scale. There are many societies and groups of people who work in the field of environmental awareness and work day and night to make people aware of the harmful effects of pollution and other practices that are harmful to our environment. Some NGOs have publicly addressed the issue of pollution and global warming by holding rallies and organizing various campaigns to protect the environment. Such initiatives need to be evaluated.

Prevention and management of natural disasters

1. Natural disasters are inevitable. Even if we have the technology to predict disasters, we cannot stop it. The best we can do is to stop practices that are harmful to our environment and lead to environmental degradation, and at the same time we need to be prepared for disasters in our disaster management plans. Natural disasters can lead to the outbreak of infectious diseases, in addition to the damage and destruction of physical infrastructure. When a disaster strikes, it leaves a lot of destruction and loss of life. In the case of disasters such as floods and earthquakes where many people evacuate, human lives are greatly lost and there are many causal relationships even after the disaster. This is the time when first aid is provided to the injured and emergency preparations are made to provide rescue and relief efforts.
2. The overwhelming majority of deaths shortly after a natural disaster are directly related to blunt trauma, collision-related injuries and burns. The risk of developing an infectious disease in the aftermath of a natural disaster is usually overemphasized by health authorities and the media, leading to panic, confusion and sometimes unnecessary public health activities. Due to the high risk of epidemics after a disaster, managing the cause is very important and it is also necessary to properly dispose of dead animals and humans before the epidemic occurs.