Unit IV | unit 4 environmental movements in india

Unit IV

Environmental Movements in India

Q1) What is an environmental movement? 5

A1) An environmental movement can be defined as a social or political movement, for the conservation of environment or for the improvement of the state of the environment. At present Environmental movements in India focuses on dams, displacement and resettlement effectively articulated their agenda on the human consequences of tampering with the courses of natural resources, have initiated protest action against the forces and agencies responsible for environmental degradation. In India it is also seen that the ethnic practices of worshipping plants, trees, forest, and rivers reflects the natural and social domains and the wisdom of seeing unity in the living and the non-living world in the Indian tradition. The environmental movements in India encapsulate all categories of caste, class, race, religion, nations and also categories of species divisions and the divisions of the organic and inorganic world.

According to Rootes, Christopher (1999): “The environmental movements are conceived as broad networks of people and organizations engaged in collective action in the pursuit of environmental benefits. Environmental movements are understood to be very diverse and complex, their organizational forms ranging from the highly organized and formally institutionalized to the radically informal, the spatial scope of their activities ranging from the local to the almost global, the nature of their concerns ranging from single issue to the full panoply of global environmental concerns. Such an inclusive conception is consistent with the usage of the term amongst environmental activists themselves and enables us to consider the linkages between the several levels and forms of what activists call ‘the environmental movement” (Rootes, Christopher: 1999: 2)

According to Almeida, Paul and Linda Brewster Stearns (1998): “There are three levels of collective action: 1) the local grassroots movement level; 2) the social movement level; and 3) a cycle of protest. A Local Grassroots Environmental Movement (LGEM) as a movement fighting a particular instance of pollution in a geographically specified region. Local Grassroots Environmental Movements have a limited range of goals that are tied to specific pollution problems. A social movement is a broader struggle that involves a formal organizations or a federation of loosely affiliated networks. Social movements have a wide range of goals directed at fundamental social and political reform. Finally, a cycle of protest is a specific period of heightened protest involving several social movements spread across different geographical areas and sectors of society. The identification of each level of movement activity is critical to understanding the political environment in which an Local Grassroots Environmental Movement operates.” (Almeida, Paul and Linda Brewster Stearns 1998: 38)

Q2) Explain Chipko Movement. 5

A2) The Chipko is one of the globally known environmental movements in India. The Chipko movement focused world attention on the environmental problems of the Alaknanda catchment area in the mid Western Himalayas (Santra, S. C. 2009: 827). As Reddy (1998) notes that, “Chipko movement, launched to protect the Himalayan forests from destruction, has its roots in the pre-independence days. Many struggles were organized to protest against the colonial forest policy during the early decades of the twentieth century. The main demand of the people in these protests was that the benefits of the forests, especially the right to fodder, should go to local people”(Reddy, Ratna V. 1998: 686). “in early 1973, the forest department allotted ash trees to a private company. This incident provoked the Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangha (DGSS) a local cooperative organization to fight against this injustice through lying down in front of timber trucks and burning resin and timber depots as was done in the quit India movement. When these methods were found unsatisfactory, Chandi Prasad Bhat, one of the leaders, suggested embracing the trees to prevent them from being cut. With its success, the movement has spread to other neighboring areas, and then onwards the movement is popularly known internationally as Chipko movement.”

The name of the movement, that is ‘Chipko’, comes from the word ‘embrace’, in Hindi. It is said that the villagers hugged or embraced or stuck to the trees in the forest to prevent them from being felled by the contractors……..The strategy of ‘embracing’ the trees to resist the felling of the trees was thought of by Chandi Prasad Bhatt in a meeting in the Mandal on April 1, 1973. The name ‘Chipko’ was derived from the consensual strategy of clinging on to the trees as a non-violent direct action (Nepal, Padam 2009: 135-136). Karan (1994) notes that, “by the late 1980s the movement had splintered into two groups that have broad grassroots support and advocate participatory methods which respond to local issues in the context of local social and cultural traditions. One group pursues a strategy that emphasizes ecologically sound development of forest by local people to meet local needs……The second group follows the deep-ecology paradigm of environmental management” (Karan, P. P. 1994: 37). Reddy, Ratna and Mukul (1998; 1993) points out that, Chipko movement has had six demands - only one of which is complete stoppage of commercial cutting of trees.

The other demands included 1) on the basis of minimum needs of the people, a reorganization of traditional rights should take place; 2) arid forest should be made green with people’s participation and increased tree cultivation; 3) village committees should be formed to manage forests; 4) forest related home-based industries should be developed and the raw materials, money and technique for it should be made available; and 5) based on local conditions and requirements, local varieties should be given priority in afforestation (Reddy, Ratna V. 1998: 687; Mukul 1993: 621). Sunderlal Bahuguna and Chandi Prasad Bhatt were the leaders of this movement. The most notable characteristics of this movement were the involvement of women. Finally the then state Chief Minister, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna set up a committee to look into the matter, which eventually ruled in favor of the villagers. This became a turning point in the history of eco-development struggles in the region and around the world.

Q3) Explain Apiko movements. 5

A3) Appiko Movement is one of the forests based environmental movements of India, often looked at as a continuation of the Chipko Movement (Alvares: 1984). The movement took place in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka in the Western Ghats. It can be said that Appiko movement is the southern version of the Chipko movement. The Appiko Movement was locally known as “Appiko Chaluvali”. The locals embraced the trees which were to be cut by contractors of the forest department. The Appiko movement used various techniques to raise awareness such as foot marches in the interior forest, slide shows, folk dances, street plays etc. The second area of the movement’s work was to promote afforestation on denuded lands. The movement later focused on the rational use of ecosphere through introducing alternative energy resource to reduce pressure on the forest. The movement became a success.

I decided to launch the movement. They invited Chipko movement architect S. L. Bahuguna to gather the locals and vow to hug and protect the trees. In September 1983, when the ax men came to the Karase Forest to clear the trees, people hugged the trees and the "Appico Movement" began.

Sheth, Pravin (1997) points out that:

a. Protect existing forest coverings

b. Regeneration of bare trees, and

c. Utilize forest wealth with proper consideration for conservation of natural resources.

The Appiko movement has saved the basic source of life for bamboo-like people's trees to help make handmade products. Rice field items they can sell to earn a few rupees. We also preserved the medicated trees for use by the locals "(Sheth, Pravin 1997: 222). He also said, "This movement has created awareness among villagers throughout the Western Ghats about the ecological dangers posed by commercial and industrial benefits to forests, the main source of nutrition.

Q4) Discuss the different environmental movements. 5

A4) Some of the extra outstanding environmental actions in India are summarized below:

1] Bishnoy's motion:

This motion became led through Amrita Devi, wherein approximately 363 human beings sacrificed their lives to guard their forests. This motion became the primary of its type to increase a method of spontaneously embracing or embracing timber to guard them (Nepal, Padam 2009: 136).

2] Chipko's motion:

Chipko is one of the global well-known environmental actions in India. The Chipko motion has drawn the sector's interest to the environmental troubles of the Alaknand catchment withinside the crucial Western Himalayas (Santra, S. C. 2009: 827). As Reddy (1998) notes, “The Chipko motion, created to shield the Himalayas, forests from destruction, has its roots withinside the days earlier than independence. In the early a long time of the 20 th century, many protests towards colonial forestry coverage had been prepared. The predominant call for of the contributors in those protests became that wooded area goods, specifically the proper to feed, must visit nearby human beings ”(Reddy, V. Ratna 1998: 686). In this context, Santra (2000) notes that: In 1960, in phrases of border security, an intensive avenue community became constructed withinside the area, further to numerous different kinds of projects. All of this became a catastrophe for the forests, in addition to for the surroundings in general, slicing down timber and rolling them down hills loosened the topsoil, which became in addition eroded through rain. Catchment area. It became right here that Dasholi Gram Sarajya Mandal (DGSM), Gopeswar, did social paintings in Uttarakhand and became concerned in comfort paintings withinside the 1970s. Flood. Mandala volunteers found out that wooded area and land, wooded area and guy are inextricably linked. Then they started out to teach human beings approximately the dangerous outcomes of deforestation at the hillsides and steadily were given concerned withinside the motion (Santra, S. C. 2009: 827).

Reddy (1998) notes that “in early 1973, the forestry branch transferred the ash timber to a non-public company. The incident became provoked through Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangha (DGSS), a nearby cooperative organization, to combat this injustice through mendacity in the front of wood vehicles and burning resin and wood yards, as became completed withinside the motion to depart India. When those techniques had been observed to be unsatisfactory, Chandi Reddy (1998) notes that “in early 1973, the forestry branch transferred the ash timber to a non-public company. The incident became provoked through Dasholi Gram Swarajya Sangha (DGSS), a nearby cooperative organization, to combat this injustice through mendacity in the front of wood vehicles and burning resin and wood yards, as became completed withinside the motion to depart India. When those techniques had been observed to be unsatisfactory, Chandi Prasad Bhat, one of the leaders, supplied to hug the timber so that they might now no longer be reduce down. Thanks to its success, the motion unfold to different neighboring areas, after which the motion have become widely recognized at some point of the sector because the Chipko motion. "

(Reddy, Ratna W. 1998: 688).

The call of the motion, that is, "Chipko", comes from the Hindi phrase for "embrace". The villagers are stated to have hugged, hugged or clung to timber withinside the wooded area to save you them from being reduce down through contractors ......... The method of hugging timber to face up to the slicing down of timber became invented through Chandi Prasad Bhatta on the Mandala assembly on April 1, 1973. The call "Chipko" comes from the agreed method of clinging to timber as a non-violent direct action (Nepal, Padam 2009: 135-136).

3] Narmada Bachao Andolan:

The most popular movement in India's environmental history is the movement against the Narmada River Valley Project (Reddy, Ratna V, 1998: 688). The Narmada River is the largest westward river on the Indian Peninsula. The Narmada River is a series of waterfalls (Kotari, Ashish,) through beautiful forested hills, rich agricultural plains and narrow rocky canyons.

Rajiv Bhartari 1984: 907). As Karan (1994) points out,

The valley is home to more than 21 million people, most of whom live in villages. Many tribal groups, such as the Bhil and Gondi, occupy the forested highlands. The Narmada Valley is the site of the Narmada River Development Project, one of the world's largest multipurpose water projects. The project will build 30 large dams and many small dams on the river and its 51 major tributaries. The project will change the valley

And the livelihoods of its inhabitants will increase food production and hydropower in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. The construction of dams and reservoirs will evacuate an estimated 1 million people and submerge 350,000 hectares of forest and 200,000 hectares of farmland. The Sardar Sarova Dam in Gujarat, under construction, is a tribal group hunting and foraging in the jungle canyon, about 40,000 hectares of land and 250 villages (Karan, PP 1994: 37-38).

The Narumada movement began as early as the late 1970s. Reddy (1998) states:

In the first place, this movement was centered around human problems.

Right……. Leading leaders of the current movement, such as Medha Patkar, were working towards an appropriate rehabilitation program for the evacuated dams. Due to the improper implementation of state rehabilitation programs, human rights activists have become clear expressors of anti-dam protests. Their demands included the complete shutdown of the dam, the resettlement and rehabilitation benefits of the exiles ..... But the movement mobilized and organized the exiles (mainly tribes). With the participation of prominent social workers such as Baba Amte, it has gained widespread public attention. , Sunderlal Bahuguna and Medha Patkar. The widespread public attention comes from media coverage in three states, but the most notable feature of the movement is the international support it receives (Reddy, Ratna V. 1998: 688).

As Nepal points out, Padam (2009) uses a variety of discourses by Narumada Bachao Andran for protests, including: Environmental impact and sustainability issues. Economic impact of the project; forced evictions and violations of civil liberties problem.

It's about planning and managing river valleys. The meaning of Western growth models, and alternative development and appropriate technology among many others. The movement uses a variety of protest tools such as Satyagraha, Jarsa Malpan, Rastaloko, Gaon Band, demonstrations and rallies, hunger strikes, and project blockades "(Nepal, Padam 2009: 197).

4] Appiko Movement:

Appiko Movement is one of India's forest-based environmental movements. The movement took place in the Uttara Canada district of Karnataka in the Western Ghats. Santra (2000: 827-828) states:

The Utta Kannada language of Karnataka, which forms part of the Western Ghats, is known as the "forest district." The area is rich in forests and has a typical microclimate for cash crops such as black pepper and cardaman. Rich forest resources were used during colonial rule. Teak trees were cut down to build ships, and timber and firewood were sent to Mumbai. After independence, the government began logging for profit, and the Forest Department, which continued its colonial forest policy, converted native tropical forests into single-grown teak and eucalyptus plantations .... A group of young people in the village of Baregade protested the move to establish Teak Plantation wrote a letter asking forest authorities to stop logging in natural forests. However, this complaint was ignored. Then the villagers

Sheth, Pravin (1997) points out that:

1] Protect existing forest coverings

2] Regeneration of bare trees, and

3] Utilize forest wealth with proper consideration for conservation of natural resources.

5] Silent Valley Movement:

The Silent Valley of Kerala is home to 89 square kilometres of rich biological treasures that ran through vast tropical virgin forests on lush, rolling hills. In the 1980s, a 200 MW hydroelectric dam was planned to be built on the clear Kunthi puzha river under the Kundremukh project (Sheth, Pravin 1997: 216). The proposed project was not ecologically feasible as it drowned a precious rainforest mass in the valley.

And it threatens the lives of hosts of both endangered species of flora and fauna (Nepal, Padam 2009: 105). The NGO Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad (KSSP) has been working among the masses of Kerala for 30 years to raise environmental awareness .... The campaign to save the Silent Valley is

Many points. This move saves the ecosystem of the Silent Valley region in many ways (Santra, S. C. 2000: 827). Karan (1994) states:

The Kerala People's Science Movement (Kerala Sastra Sahitia Paris Shad) is a network of local school teachers and local citizens promoting the village's environmental science projects. The movement acknowledged the clear economic needs of the people of Malvar, but concluded that the Silent Valley project made a small contribution to regional development. Therefore, the group opposed the project in a campaign focused on ecological impacts, especially the potential for extinction of species that have evolved over millions of years .... The movement began to challenge the idea that the energy produced by the dam would benefit the rural people of Kerala. Most of the energy from

The project was exported to an industrial area in Kerala and surrounding states. The movement argued that the benefit to the state capital, Trivandrum, would disrupt the local environment (Karan, P. P. 1994: 39).

As pointed out by Nepal Padam (2009), the central issues of Silent Valley protests are: Protecting rainforests, maintaining ecological balance ... Campaigns and petitions were the main strategies adopted by movement activists. For non-violent Gandhi ideology orientation… .. Protests against deforestation, opposition to ecologically unsustainable development, and above all, maintenance of ecological balance. (Nepal, Padam 2009: 106).

Q5) Explain Chilika Bachao Andolan. 8

A5) Chilika Bachao Andolan is one of the most discussed environmental movements in India. The movement began as a grassroots movement and in the subsequent years it evolved in to an organized mass movement. Although the movement has achieved the initial objective of preventing the entry of big business houses like the Tatas into the commercial aquaculture of prawns, thereby threatening the livelihood of the poor, yet the movement continues with greater 'environmental and ecological objectives. It has been a movement attracted a wide academic interest (Bogaert: 1992; Dogra: 1992; Shankhar: 1992), a movement that highlighted the importance of local communities in the protection and preservation of the natural environment. A heterogeneous population comprising of both fishermen and farmer belonging to different caste groups inhabits the surrounding area of Chilika. To be more precise, Brahamagiri, Kanasa, and Krishnaprasad Blocks of Puri District, Tangi and Chilika Blocks of Khurda District and Khalikot and Ganjam Blocks of Ganjam District with an approximately 12, 363 fisherfolk households inhabiting it surround the Chilika area. Fishing and agriculture are the two primary sources of livelihood of the populace. The fishermen belong mostly to the lower castes and most of them are either landless or possess tiny landholdings. Hence, over a lakh of fisherfolk are completely dependent on the ecosystem for fishing to earn their livelihood Abassi and Mishra: 1997). Recently, the upper castes also have taken to fishing because of steadily lucrative nature of the prawn market.

As a response to this Integrated Shrimp Farm Project, people, majority of the fishermen of Chilika launched the Chilika Bachao Andolan (Save the Chilika Movement). Nonfishermen farmers, students especially from Utkal University, intellectuals, and human rights activists supported the fishermen in their struggle, that is, the Chilika resistance. Subsequently the Orissa Krusbak Mabasangha (OKM) entered the fray to protect the livelihood rights of the fisherfolk. Rallies, demonstrations and meetings were held, and the Chilika Lake reverberated with voices of protests opposing the Tata business house, the government and the developmental idiom that gave priority to the commercial use of resources as against the local use for subsistence. The entry of OKM gave a new dimension to the movement since 1992 by raising the question of ecological health of the Chilika Lake, which was hitherto left out, along with the issue of the impairment of the livelihood opportunities of the indigenous communities. The movement was intense, involving moving of judicial institutions to rallying and demonstrating, even leading to bloodshed on May 29, 1999 in Sorana police firing, an incident after the departure of the Tatas from the site.

However, the movement was episodic in nature and uneven in speed. Although there were internal conflicts and contestations within the movement, yet the movement succeeded in raising certain critical and pertinent issues like the ownership of Chilika, destruction of the livelihood opportunities and the consequent fate of the fishing community, and also questioned the role of the state during the instances of conflict of commercial use of resources by the business houses with the livelihood pursuit of the poor people. The struggle of the Chilika Bachao Andolan exhibited the might of the fishermen as well as the role played by the fisherwomen. This Andolan amplified the local struggle in to a larger movement and has focused its attention on the nature of development. The movement as attracted international attention due to several issues such as environmental degradation through intensive prawn aquaculture, deprivation of the main support base for the livelihood of the poor fishing communities, pollution of the lake environment, etc. In other words, it successfully questioned the existing paradigm of resource use and the encroachment of people’s rights over their livelihood resources. Thus, the movement has evolved through different stages, with internal conflicts and contradictions and moved on to address the issues confronting the fisherfolk and exposed the inability of te current development paradigm to address the local livelihood needs of the people.

Q6) Explain the role of women in environmental movements. 8

A6) In theory, ecofeminism is a fairly new theory, and we are still trying to find its voice. Therefore, there is no single definition of ecofeminism. French feminist Francoise de Bonne is said to have coined the term ecofeminism in 1974. She sought to explain the epic violence that was naturally given to women as a result of male domination. Ecofeminism is a theory that aims to end all forms of repression.

It does so by emphasizing the interrelationship between human domination by race, gender, and class on the one hand and the domination of the earth on the other. Ecofeminism is a social movement that considers women and natural oppression to be interrelated. As a result, it is now better understood as a movement against the interrelated oppression of gender, race, class, and nature.

Patsey Hallen does not have the following view.

Gender is the most important.
All men are particularly responsible for environmental destruction..
Women grow up more than men.
Women have no power.
Ecofeminism seeks to promote wedges between men and women.
Men are the only beneficiaries of environmental destruction.

According to Indian mythology, nature is composed of five basic elements: fire, air, water, soil and sky. It is our duty to maintain an ecological balance between these elements, and if it is disturbed, nature itself will be destroyed. In India, from ancient times to the present, women all over the country are plants, trees, rivers, mountains, and animals. It is believed that cutting a tree is a sin and planting a tree is considered sacred. Careful study of our traditional customs reveals that Indian women worship natural elements as part of their culture and sacrament.

Women today participate equally with men in all areas. They are more advanced than men, especially in terms of pollution prevention and environmental protection, conservation and conservation. This can be evidenced by the participation of women in a variety of environmental movements, from the Chipko movement to the Narmada Bachao Andran.

Amrita Bai launched the Chipko movement in a small village in Kejiriri. The movement was later revived by Bachani Devi and Gaura Devi in Uttar Pradesh, robbing the ax from cutting trees. Medha Patkar is a graduate of the social sciences and began living among the tribes of the Narmada Valley in the mid-1980s.

She played an important role in the formation of Narmada Bachao Andolan and is one of its major spokespersons. Her 21-day fast brought her closer to her death in a major conflict between supporters of Narmada Bachao Andran in 1991 and her pro-Dam army. These are just a few of the many examples of women struggling to protect the environment.

Women are actively involved in environmental protection, but their participation in the formulation, planning and implementation of environmental policies remains low. No environmental program can be successful without the involvement of women. Sustainable development cannot be achieved without their full participation.

According to Lani Suff, all family activities begin with women. They play an important role in dealing with air, water, soil, organisms, and above all the environment as a whole, and are extremely sensitive to various forms of environmental pollution.

And these pollutions lead to several types of illnesses such as food poisoning, bacterial, fungal, viral attacks and some carcinogenic problems. Women involved in the movement include Amita Devi, Maneka Gandhi, Medha Patkar, Arundhati Roy and Rachel Carson.

There is growing awareness of the need to empower women to participate in environmental decision-making by increasing access to information and education, especially in the fields of science, technology and economics. Women's inaccessibility to development planning and policymaking also has a negative impact on the long-term management and protection of the natural environment and the promotion of sustainable development.

Science and technology interventions for sustainable development include recognizing women's environmental needs, promoting sustainable living, protecting the natural environment, fair participation and conceptual authority of women in environmental decision-making. ..

Failure to meet these needs and benefits can adversely affect women, their ability to provide food, family needs and income to themselves and their families, their ability to use and manage the natural environment in a sustainable manner, and their potential. There is sex. Fair participation as environmental decision makers in their communities.

Shabano Incident:

Shah Bano was a 62-year-old Muslim woman and five mothers from Indore, Madhya Pradesh. She divorced her husband in 1978. Muslim personal law allows her husband to do this without the consent of her wife.

She attempted to maintain through the Indian court system (similar to her dependents), and seven years later her proceeding reached the Supreme Court. Maintenance is an area of law that falls under personal law, and Islamic law does not qualify women for ongoing maintenance.

A divorced Muslim woman is entitled to her mare (payment from her husband to the woman at the time of her marriage) and maintenance for three months. After that, her family and community may help support her.

When Shah Bano's proceedings reached the Supreme Court in 1985, the court looked at the criminal procedure applicable to all, especially Article 125 (Article of the British Colonial Criminal Procedure Act of 1898, revised in 1973). I turned to. This criminal law gives divorced poor women some right to maintain.

The Supreme Court used this article to grant Shah Bano continuous maintenance, despite Muslim personal law. In addition, the court continued to argue in their decision that "common civil law would help cause national integration by removing the different loyalty of laws with conflicting idealisms."

Many Hindus and women welcomed the ruling, but with a decision on the question of "national integration" and civil "loyalty," especially given the political background of anti-minority turmoil and rising violence. The judge's story was very annoying to the Muslim minority in India. ..

The controversy over this decision is further raised, as both the court and its critics have been able to find a basis for their position in the somewhat contradictory Indian Constitution, which protects religious rights and asserts equality before the law. It deepened.

Despite all the shortcomings and negative effects women have faced throughout the history of the women's movement in India, women continue to be actively involved in social movements of all kinds. In fact, over time, women have become more aware of the importance of their role in the success of many social movements.

This is probably the main reason for their continued participation in these movements, even though the role of women is still not well recognized today. Women who are prostitutes are attracting attention, with some participating in women's rights movements and some participating in campaigns against AIDS. The demand for prostitution practices that are considered "sex work" has increased several times, and there is unanimous consensus on protecting prostitutes from legal harassment.

The debate on unified civil law, which challenges the inequality imposed on women by "personal" law, has been revived, diverted and resumed. Women's reserved representations in parliament and state legislatures follow the mandated presence of women in Panchayati.

Population policy is a terrain that is being contested by the experience of emergencies that serve as a constant background. "Women's rights are human rights" called for a restructuring of the understanding of human rights as directed at the actions and omissions of the state and its agents.

Q7) Explain environmental movements in Orissa. 8

A7) Baliapal movement

The popularly known Baliapal movement is a struggle against the establishment of the National Testing Range (NTR), India’s first missile testing project in the Baliapal and Bhograi blocks of Orissa’s Balasore district. The Baliapal Movement is also regarded as an environmental movement on the ground that it concerns the appropriation of land previously used by the people by the NTR in the recent years. Baliapal is located in the north of the state of Orissa in its Balasore district on the Bay of Bengal coast. It is inhabited by a population majority of who are landless and poor and middle peasants with a landholding ranging between one to five acres. In October 1984, the government announced that Baliapal had been chosen as the appropriate site for the National Testing Range (NTR) - a base for testing and launching of rockets, satellites and ballistic missiles with a range of up to 5000 kilometers. The base would cost an estimated Rupees 3000 crores as initially calculated, however, it was slashed to 1600 crores to soften the peoples’ resistance (Ravi: 1988), and cover 100 square kilometers of land, necessitating the eviction of approximately 100000 people from 130 villages.

As a response to this plan and its perceived threats to the livelihoods of the people, the resistance movement emerged, popularly called the Baliapal Movement, under the leadership of Gadhagar Giri and Gannanath Patra. The movement began in December 1985 with the formation of the Uttara Balasore Khepanastra Ghati Protirodh Samiti (KGPS), which did not allow the government to evict people from the site of the National Testing Range (NTR). They successfully mobilized all sections of the population in to the movement and formed the Resistance Committee to lead the movement, comprising of people from all strata of social and economic hierarchy. At the peak of the movement, around 50, 000 people participated in the movement. However, it is worth noting at this point that the Baliapal movement was a localized movement because it remained restricted to the Baliapal Block, and it did not spread to Bhograi Block where over thirteen villages were to be acquired by the project.

Like most other environmental movements in India, the Baliapal movement also followed a non-violent path of resistance. Intervention, non-cooperation, protest and persuasion are the various methods used by the movement. For instance, the people of Baliapal erected barricades along the approach roads to prevent the entry of government agents into the village; as non-cooperation with the government, the villagers have refused to pay taxes and loans to the government since 1985; they have demonstrated, written and performed songs, music and plays detailing the struggle. While the movement is defensive in its goal to prevent people’s eviction from the area and maintain the status quo, it is apparently offensive in its challenge to the national security decision-making process of the Indian state and the underlying premise that the national security interests must always take precedence over the local concerns. However, the question still arises: national security at what cost? The ideology of the movement draws upon the cultural and economic dimensions of the peasants’ everyday reality, and hence, more Gandhian in its appearance.

Chilka Bachao Movement

Chilka Bachao Movement Chilika Bachao Andolan is one of the most discussed environmental movements in India. The movement began as a grassroots movement and in the subsequent years it evolved in to an organized mass movement. Although the movement has achieved the initial objective of preventing the entry of big business houses like the Tatas into the commercial aquaculture of prawns, thereby threatening the livelihood of the poor, yet the movement continues with greater 'environmental and ecological objectives. It has been a movement attracted a wide academic interest (Bogaert: 1992; Dogra: 1992; Shankhar: 1992), a movement that highlighted the importance of local communities in the protection and preservation of the natural environment. A heterogeneous population comprising of both fishermen and farmer belonging to different caste groups inhabits the surrounding area of Chilika. To be more precise, Brahamagiri, Kanasa, and Krishnaprasad Blocks of Puri District, Tangi and Chilika Blocks of Khurda District and Khalikot and Ganjam Blocks of Ganjam District with an approximately 12, 363 fisherfolk households inhabiting it surround the Chilika area. Fishing and agriculture are the two primary sources of livelihood of the populace. The fishermen belong mostly to the lower castes and most of them are either landless or possess tiny landholdings. Hence, over a lakh of fisherfolk are completely dependent on the ecosystem for fishing to earn their livelihood Abassi and Mishra: 1997). Recently, the upper castes also have taken to fishing because of steadily lucrative nature of the prawn market.

Q8) What is State Pollution Control board? What are its functions. 8

A8) Pollution needs to be prevented, which reduces financial and environmental costs. Protect the environment and natural resources while boosting economic growth by preventing pollution. Therefore, the main reason for the introduction of pollution control committees is to prevent pollution and protect the environment.

State Pollution Control Board

In connection with a state where the 1974 Water Act is in force, the state government has formed a state pollution control committee for that state under Article 4 of the Act. In the case of the Air Pollution Control Act of 1981 and the Water Pollution Control Act of 1974, the main functions of the state are:

Functions of the State Pollution Control Board

According to Section 17 of the Water (Pollution Prevention and Control) Act of 1974, the Legislature have to carry out the subsequent features:

Comprehensive software planning

The kingdom pollutants manipulate committee wishes to plot and make certain implementation of complete software to prevent, manipulate, or lessen pollutants of streams and wells withinside the kingdom.

b. Advisory function

The kingdom pollutants manipulate committee advises the kingdom authorities on troubles associated with the prevention, manipulate, or discount of water pollutants.

c. Dissemination of statistics

State pollutants manipulate committees want to accumulate and disseminate statistics associated with water pollutants and its prevention, manipulate, or discount.

d. Survey and studies

The kingdom pollutants manipulate committee is to conduct, encourage, and take part in investigations. Also, studies on water pollutants troubles and prevention, control or mitigation of water pollutants.

e. Holding a schooling software

The kingdom pollutants manipulate committee wishes to paintings with the primary committee to prepare schooling for human beings engaged in applications associated with water pollutants prevention, manipulate, or mitigation, and to prepare associated mass training applications. I have.

f. Inspection of sewage and exchange drainage flora

The kingdom pollutants manipulate committee must check out sewage or exchange effluent paintings and flora to deal with sewage and exchange effluent. You must additionally assessment plans, specifications, or different records associated with flora hooked up for water purification, remedy, and sewage or exchange wastewater disposal structures in reference to granting consent.

g. Criteria for inflicting water drainage

The NOC Pollution Control Committee wishes to study and exalternate sewage and exchange effluent drainage requirements. They want to test the high-satisfactory of the receiving water because of the release of wastewater and classify the kingdom water.

h. Economic approach of sewage remedy

State pollutants manipulate committees want to conform reasonably-priced and dependable strategies for treating sewage and exchange wastewater with admire to the particular situations of climate, soil and water assets in exceptional regions.

i. How to apply drainage

State pollutants manipulate committees want to conform using sewage and right exchange wastewater in agriculture.

j. Sewage remedy approach

Efficient disposal of sewage and exchange wastewater on land, as required via way of means of the kingdom pollutants manipulate committee for the dominant situations of small move flows that don't offer the minimal dilution for maximum of the year. We must evolve the approach.

k. Criteria for sewage remedy

The kingdom pollutants manipulate committee have to set requirements for sewage remedy and exchange wastewater discharged into unique streams. It takes into consideration the minimal fairness, the dilution of the climate to be had withinside the move, and whether or not there may be a suitable pollutants restriction withinside the move water after the drainage of the fit drainage.

l. Advisory function

The kingdom pollutants manipulate committee have to endorse the kingdom authorities at the places of industries whose implementation can contaminate streams and wells. In addition to the criminal functions referred to above. In addition, the State Commission additionally plays the features prescribed every now and then or delegated via way of means of the Central Pollution Control Board or the State Government.

Q9) What are the powers of State Pollution control board? 5

A9) Powers of State Government:

(A) Ability to obtain information:

According to Section 20.2., The Legislature may conduct investigations, make measurements, and obtain information for the purposes of performing functions under this Act. Failure to follow the section-based instructions is a punishable breach under section 41 subsection (1).

(B) Ability to collect samples:

Under Section 21 (1) A, the State Government has the authority to sample water from any stream or well, or wastewater discharged into such a stream or well, for analysis. Under Section 22.4, the State Commission also has the authority to obtain reports of analysis results from accredited laboratories.

According to Section 23.5, the Legislature is empowered by the State Government and has the right to enter anywhere for the purpose of performing any of its delegated functions.

(D) Prohibition power against disposal of pollutants into streams or wells:

Under section 24.6

(A) No person may knowingly allow poisons, harmful substances, or pollutants to enter rivers, wells, sewers, or land, either directly or indirectly.

(B) No person shall be allowed to deliberately invade any stream of any substance, which may impede the proper flow of water and result in a substantial exacerbation of pollution.

(D) No person shall establish an industry, operation, process, or disposal system that may drain sewage or wastewater into streams, wells, or land.

(E) Do not use new outlets to drain sewage.

(F) No one shall begin to drain new sewage.

Q10) What is Central Pollution Control Board? How it was formed? 5

A10) The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India's pollutants tracking agency, is a statutory frame below the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). It became mounted on September 22, 1974 below the Water (Pollution Prevention and Control) Act of 1974. In addition, CPCB has been assigned duties and capabilities below the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Act of 1981. To screen problems associated with air and water excellent and pollutants.

Why / how became it formed?

The Water (Pollution Prevention and Control) Act of 1974, enacted below Article 252 of the Constitution of India, furnished for the established order of a pollutants manage committee on the middle and kingdom level. The Central Pollution Control Committee became mounted below Section three of the Water (Pollution Prevention and Control) Act of 1974, and its fundamental characteristic is to sell the cleanliness of streams and wells in diverse regions. CPCB became based on September 22, 1974. The Air (Pollution Prevention and Control) Act became handed in 1981. The unique call of CPCB became "Central Commission for Pollution Prevention and Control". Subsequent Central Pollution Control Committee individuals via the Water (Prevention and Management) Amendment Act of 1988 to sell and enhance the cleanliness of streams and wells in diverse elements of the kingdom with the aid of using preventing, handling and mitigating water pollutants. The call became modified to the meeting. Air excellent. This became completed with the purpose that the CPCB could ought to put into effect each water and air rules and that the capabilities below each rules could be done with the aid of using one agency, so the call is Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). ) Has been modified.

Q11) Discuss the features of Central Pollution Control Board. 5

A11) The CPCB coordinates the sports of the State Pollution Control Commission with the aid of using offering technical help and steering, and resolves disputes among them. It acts as a area formation and gives the Ministry of Environment and Forestry with the technical centers stipulated with the aid of using the Environmental Protection Act of 1986. The fundamental capabilities of CPCB precise withinside the Water (Pollution Prevention and Control) Act are the 1974 and 1981 Air (Pollution Prevention and Control) Acts.

Promote the hygiene of streams and wells in one of a kind elements of the kingdom with the aid of using preventing, handling and mitigating water pollutants.

Improves air excellent and prevents, controls, or reduces home air pollutants.

In addition to its fundamental capabilities, CPCB has the subsequent capabilities primarily based totally on Section sixteen of each Water and Air Pollution Control:

Advise the vital authorities on problems associated with the prevention and manage of water and air pollutants and the development of floor water and air excellent.
Plan and enforce countrywide applications to prevent, manage, or mitigate water and air pollutants.
It gives technical help and path to the kingdom board to behavior and sponsor studies and studies associated with water and air pollutants problems.
Plan and arrange education for the ones concerned in applications to prevent, manage, or mitigate water and air pollutants.
Organize via the mass media, a complete mass consciousness software at the control, prevention, or mitigation of water and air pollutants.
Collection, enhancing and booklet of technical and statistical statistics associated with water and air pollutants and measures devised for his or her powerful prevention, control or mitigation.
Develop manuals, codes, and steering on sewage and exchange wastewater remedy and disposal, in addition to flue fueloline cleansing equipment, flues and ducts.
Circulate statistics on water and air pollutants and topics associated with their prevention and control.
In session with the applicable kingdom governments, set, change, or invalidate requirements for streams, wells, or air excellent.
Start or approve the institute for the board to hold out.
Perform different capabilities as required with the aid of using the Government of India.

Q12) What are the important achievements of Central Pollution Control Board? 5

A12) To reduce pollution of the Ganges River, the central government established the "National Ganges River Basin Bureau" (NGRBA) as a joint body of the central government and the state government under the Environmental (Protection) Act of 1986.

Located on the banks of the Ganges or its tributaries, there are eight common wastewater treatment plants (CETPs) inventoried by the CPCB that directly or indirectly affect the water quality of the Ganges.

Located on the banks of the Ganges or its tributaries, there are 68 sewage treatment plants (STPs) inventoried by the CPCB that directly or indirectly affect the water quality of the Ganges.

CPCB has developed integrated guidelines for the collection, separation and disposal of plastic waste.

Use of plastic waste in road construction: Currently uses plastic waste containing bitumen in many states / UT, including Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Himathar Pradesh, Nagaland, West Bengal, Pondicherry And some roads are being built. A 50,000 km road was built using plastic waste.

CPCB plays an important role in environmental planning by considering the development of standards and guidelines, as well as the development of laws, regulations and regulations. It also impacts environmental assessments / audits by identifying pollutant sources and inventories, as well as impact assessments on various components of the environment (air, water, land and other natural resources).

Q13) Write the functions of Central Pollution Control Board. 5

A13) Functions of central pollution control board

(a) Advise the Central Government: The Central Pollution Control Board can advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the prevention and control of water pollution.

(b) Co-Ordination with State Board: Central Pollution Control Board is to Co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve dispute among them.

(c) Technical Assistance/Guidance to State Boards: Central Pollution Control Board is to provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out investigations and research relating to problem of water pollution and prevention, control or abatement of water pollution.

(d) Training Programme: Central Pollution Control Board is to plan and organize the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes for the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution.

(e) Organising Comprehensive Programme: Central Pollution Control Board is to organize through mass media a comprehensive programme regarding the prevention and control of water pollution.

(f) Functions as State Board: By the Amending Act, 1988, the Central Board can perform such of the functions of any State Board i.e., “power to give directions”-“every State Board shall be bound by such directions in writing as the Central Government or the State Government may give to it.

(g) Publication of Statistical/Technical Data :Central Pollution Control Board is to Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical relating to water pollution and the measures devised for its effective prevention and control and prepare manuals, codes or guides relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents and disseminate information connected therewith.

(h) Laying Down Standard for A Stream/Well: Central Pollution Control Board is to lay down, modify , in consultation with the State Government concerned the standards for a stream or well.

(i) Execution of Programme at National Level: Central Pollution Control Board is to plan and cause to be executed by a nationwide programme for the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution.

Q14) Explain Narmada Bachao Andolan. 5

A14) The most popular movement in India's environmental history is the movement against the Narmada River Valley Project (Reddy, Ratna V, 1998: 688). The Narmada River is the largest westward river on the Indian Peninsula. The Narmada River is a series of waterfalls (Kotari, Ashish,) through beautiful forested hills, rich agricultural plains and narrow rocky canyons.

Rajiv Bhartari 1984: 907). As Karan (1994) points out,

The Narumada movement began as early as the late 1970s. Reddy (1998) states:

In the first place, this movement was centered around human problems.

Q15) What are the powers and functions of Central Pollution Control Board?8

A15) Powers of Central Pollution Control Board

The Central Pollution Control Board has the following powers:-

a) The Central Pollution Control Board has been empowered by Section 18 of the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act to give directions to the State Pollution Control Boards.

b) The Central Pollution Control Board has the powers to perform any of the functions of a State Pollution Control Board in case of a non-compliance with the Central Pollution Control Board’s directions.

c) The Central Pollution Control Board has been empowered to issue directions under section 33A of the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act to direct the prohibition, closure, or regulation of any operation, industry, or process or regulation of supply electricity, water or any other service.

Functions of central pollution control board

(a) Advise the Central Government: The Central Pollution Control Board can advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the prevention and control of water pollution.

(b) Co-Ordination with State Board: Central Pollution Control Board is to Co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve dispute among them.

(e) Organising Comprehensive Programme: Central Pollution Control Board is to organize through mass media a comprehensive programme regarding the prevention and control of water pollution.

(h) Laying Down Standard for A Stream/Well: Central Pollution Control Board is to lay down, modify , in consultation with the State Government concerned the standards for a stream or well.

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