Unit V

Natural Resources

Q1) What are Natural Resources? Classify it.     5

A1) Natural resources are components that exist within the world without human intervention. These natural resources range from renewable to non-renewable, biological to non-biological, and tangible to intangible. Natural resources are essential to the survival of humans and all other living things. All products around the world use natural resources such as water, air, natural chemicals and energy as basic components. Due to the high demand for natural resources around the world, they are rapidly depleted. As a result, most countries promote the proper management and sustainable use of natural resources.

Definition:

A naturally occurring substance that is considered valuable in its relatively unmodified (natural) form. The value of natural resources depends on the amount of substance available and the demand for it. The latter is determined by its usefulness for production. A product is generally considered a natural resource if the main activity associated with the product is extraction and purification rather than creation. Therefore, mining, oil mining, fishing, hunting and forestry are generally considered natural resource industries, but agriculture is not. The term was introduced to a wide audience by E.F. Schumacher in his 1970s book "Small is Beautiful".

Classification of natural resources

Natural resources are mainly classified into renewable resources and non-renewable resources.

Renewable resources are generally biological resources (fish, reindeer, coffee, forests, etc.) and can be replenished (regenerated) by themselves if used in a sustainable manner without over-harvesting. When renewable resources are consumed faster than their natural substitution rate, inventories (see Renewable Energy) are reduced and eventually depleted. The sustainable utilization of renewable resources depends on the substitution rate and inventory of that particular resource. Non-living renewable natural resources include soil and water.

Flow renewable resources are very similar to renewable resources, but unlike renewable resources, they do not require regeneration. Flow renewable resources include renewable energy sources such as solar, geothermal, biomass, landfill gas, tides and wind.

Resources can also be classified as biological and abiological based on their origin. Biological resources are derived from living things. Non-biological resources come from the non-biological world (eg land, water, air). Mineral and electricity resources are also non-biological resources, some of which are of natural origin.

Non-renewable resources

Non-renewable resources are natural resources that are present in a certain amount and cannot be recreated, regrown, or regenerated as quickly as they are consumed and consumed.

Some non-reproducible resources are reproducible, but updating takes a very long time. For example, fossil fuels take millions of years to form and are not really considered "renewable." Many environmentalists have proposed to tax the consumption of non-renewable resources.

Q2) Why we should conserve natural resources?     8

A2) Natural Resources are important part of our life

Natural Resources consists not only of the animals that live on earth, but also forests, grasslands, tundra, which are also important to maintain the life cycle of the ecosystem.

1. Caring for Natural Resources reflects one’s personality

We tend to treat others the way we treat our natural resources, therefore the way we treat the natural resources has a lot to do with our personality. The more we treat the natural resources well, it reflects a good personality too.
It is a way to give back to our generation.

Being natural resources fully conscious, we will feel happier if we often give rather than take. Taking care of the natural resources is our way of giving to others.

Deforestation and deforestation increase the amount of carbon dioxide. Forests slow down the process of global warming, because trees absorb carbon dioxide gas.

The air we breathe becomes cleaner because the trees act as an air filter.

Many people find work because of forests, and many will lose their jobs if forests are cleared.

Many people go to the forest for peace and balance. It has been scientifically proven that forests can be a cure for mental stress.

About 20 percent of the water we drink comes from forests. In forest ecosystems, rain and moisture infiltrate the soil and form water bodies.

The quality of water found in the forest can improve lung health and there are many activities that can be done in the forest such as walking healthily and doing tracing.

Forests are essential in the natural resources, where forests provide raw materials such as wood and rubber. Forest management means the availability and sustainable use of natural resources.

Almost half of the species on earth live in forests. Forest destruction means destruction of a fairly extensive ecosystem.

Essentially, humans are consumptive creatures. We cannot live without the natural resources provided by nature. We get energy from coal, oil and sunlight.

Ecosystems are influenced by one another. Changes in ecosystems mean putting some species in danger of extinction.

Humans are responsible for caring for their natural resources. Protecting the natural resources is a compulsive fulfilment of their needs.

Protecting the natural resources is not only beneficial for current generations, but also benefits for generations after us. Earth is a legacy for our children and grandchildren.

Q3) Write the ways to protect Natural resources at home.   5

A3) There are numerous approaches to guard the herbal sources of your house:

1. Use much less water. Taking a brief bathe or turning off the tap even as brushing your tooth can assist lessen wasted water in your house. Use the dishwasher or washing gadget handiest at complete load and transfer to power-saving system if possible.
2. Turns off. When you depart the room, flip off the strength and TV. Electrical home equipment which includes transportable air conditioners, toasters, and espresso makers can keep to apply small quantities of strength, so unplug them while now no longer in use. In addition, LED bulbs require a ways much less wattage than preferred bulbs, so switching to this opportunity lighting fixtures technique also can keep sources.
3. Uses renewable power. Renewable power intake has been practiced for centuries, however latest weather alternate and worldwide warming have led many scientists and researchers to discover approaches to include greater inexperienced practices into their day by day lives. I commenced to search. Renewable power replenishes itself and decreases the want to reap new sources. By the use of sun panels and wind power, we will drastically lessen our dependence on herbal fueloline and decrease useful resource depletion over time.
4. Please recycle. We want to apply sources to make new merchandise, however recycling enables us to reuse the substances we already have. By lowering the variety of recent substances we manufacture, we will lessen waste and decrease groundwater and air pollutants. Find a middle that accepts recycled merchandise which includes PET bottles, cardboard, and aluminum. Switch to paperless billing and purchase recycled paper to restriction the want for logging and deforestation.
5. Compost. Composting is a fantastic manner to transform meals waste into beneficial substances on your vegetable garden. Composting enriches the soil, improves runoff, reduces the want for watering, and decreases soil erosion. Composting additionally draws useful organisms that lessen the want for insecticides and dangerous chemicals. Composting promotes sustainability and might lessen the quantity of waste and pollutants produced through meals waste.
6. Please choose a reusable product. Avoiding disposable plastics is some other manner to keep sources. Instead of purchasing water bottles, plastic cups, or paper plates, pick out ceramic, metal, or glassware. Use your personal fabric grocery bag in preference to a plastic bag. Reusing objects is a fantastic manner to lessen waste and preserve extra trash out of landfills.
7. Manage the thermostat. Air conditioning debts for approximately 1/2 of of the power bill, however you may keep power in your house through simply decreasing the heating two times in winter. Raising the thermostat two times withinside the summer time season can keep power and decrease your month-to-month bill.
8. Thrift shop. To make a unmarried cotton T-shirt, you want at the least six hundred gallons of water. Buying second-hand apparel can amplify the lifestyles cycle and decrease the quantity of reusable apparel in an effort to in the end be landfilled. Thrift stores boom the time among the use and disposal levels of the apparel lifestyles cycle, permitting greater used apparel to be used. This can lessen the want for overproduction and manufacturing.

Q4) What do you mean by Conservation of Wildlife?    5

A4) Wildlife conservation is the protection of animal and plant species and their habitats. As part of the world's ecosystem, wildlife provides balance and stability to natural processes. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure the survival of these species and to educate people about living sustainably with other species.

The population has grown exponentially over the last 200 years and today exceeds 7 billion and continues to grow rapidly. This means that billions of people on the planet are consuming natural resources faster than ever before. This growth and development also provides habitats and presence for various types of wildlife around the world, especially animals and plants that may be moved for land development or used for food or other human purposes. Put it in danger. Other threats to wildlife include the invasion of invasive species from other parts of the world, climate change, pollution, hunting, fishing and poaching.

National and international organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, the Wildlife Conservation Society, and the United Nations are working to support global animal and habitat conservation efforts in many ways. They work with the government to establish and protect public lands such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. They support the development of legislation, such as the 1973 US Endangered Species Act (ESA), to protect a variety of species. They work with law enforcement agencies to prosecute wildlife crimes such as wildlife trade and illegal hunting (poaching). It also promotes biodiversity and supports growing populations while preserving existing species and habitats.

National Geographic Explorer, like conservation biologists Camille Coudrat and Titus Adhola, is working to delay the extinction of global species and protect global biodiversity and habitats. Environmental filmmakers and photographers like Thomas P. Peschak are also essential to nature maintenance efforts to record and attract the attention of endangered wildlife species around the world.

The term wildlife generally refers to organisms that live in their natural habitat. And the term conservation means protecting nature and natural resources for future generations by using it in a sustainable way.

Q5) What is the importance of wildlife conservation?    8

A5) Importance of wildlife conservation:

1. Promotes pollination and continuity of native plant species

Small animals particularly bees, insects, butterflies, and birds play an important role in food production. Conservation of these animals, therefore, aid in pollination.

Since they depend on nectar from flowers, they are vital in crop production, inter-cropping, and promoting the continuity of native plant species. By moving from one flower to another in search of nectar, bees carry pollen by sustaining the process of crop growth.

2. Medicinal value

Although plants are the major sources of medications, some animals are also vital in the production of medications. For example, the venom from cobra is an important ingredient in making the medications for leprosy while lobsters can be used as antifungals.

It is also worth noting conserving wildlife also means conserving their natural habitats including trees and vegetation, which is paramount for medicinal research and the sustainability of the pharmaceutical industries.

3. Aesthetic benefits

Watching animals in their natural habitat is not only fun but also relaxing. People always go for holidays in areas under conservation such as zoos, game parks, lakes, oceans, forests, and mountains for activities such as camping, fishing, boat riding, and hiking just to mention a few.

It has been reported that people who spend most of their time outdoors whether hunting, watching wild animals, or taking a walk or a ride in natural habitats are less likely to suffer from stress and stress-related complications. Conserving wildlife means that people can continue enjoying nature at its best!

4. It is fun and entertaining

People spend hours on their television watching wild animals’ documentaries as their source of fun and entertainment. Failing to conserve wildlife and their habitat will mean that there will be no more animal documentation and thus, lack of entertainment.

Furthermore, watching animals on their natural habitat, for example, watching predators make a kill in the jungle is highly enthralling.

5. Preserves heritage and culture

Conserving wildlife means conserving heritage and traditional culture. Some places are known for their flora and fauna in relation to the native practices and ways of livelihood, which means that failing to conserve the environment, will lead to loss of their land and native heritage.

For example, big cats like lions, leopards, cheetahs, and huge herbivores like elephants and giraffes are often associated with Africa Safaris that has lately been coined as “magical Africa.” Another example is the scenery of thousands of wild beasts’ migration which is associated with the “Serengeti Plain” ecosystem.

6. Promotes tourism attraction

The reason why most people choose to visit a certain country over others is basically due to the country’s fauna and flora, as well as natural habitats such as forests, mountains, and water bodies.

Countries with the largest portion of wild animals are known to attract a bigger number of tourists, which is the case in regions such as the Amazon and countries such as Tanzania, Costa Rica, Kenya, Brazil, Thailand, and South Africa. When choosing destinations, tourists have a tendency of choosing places where they will see many wildlife animals.

7. Protection of biodiversity and endangered species

In the jungle, a lot of animals depend on each other through food chains and food webs. For example, carnivore animals like lions, cheetahs, and leopards depend on herbivores like antelopes for their survival. If antelopes become extinct in the jungle, the effect can be detrimental to the survival of the cats.

It will also affect the survival of other herbivores in the jungle as the cats will depend on the remaining animals for their survival, which can greatly reduce the population of big animals like giraffes, which take longer to recreate.

It is also worth noting that the extinction of cats can greatly affect the population of scavengers that depend on cats for their meal and reduce the population of grass and trees eaten by primary consumers such as dear and antelopes.

8. Protecting ecological stability and balance

Conserving fauna and flora encourages ecological stability and balance in the world. The plants, for example, play an important role in ensuring a healthy ecosystem by balancing carbon dioxide and oxygen in the environment.

If animal species become dominant whether it is humans or wildlife, it will cause a lot of instability affecting the survival of all plant and animal species in the world.

For example, if humans fail to conserve wildlife and natural habitats, it would lead to the destruction of water supply sources causing droughts and dissertations. What is more, uncontrolled human activities like deforestation and logging are known to cause negative effects on the environment, and thus, conserving wildlife means protecting ecological stability and balance.

9. Can enhance food security

Among the most fundamental roles of wildlife conservation to humans is to enhance food security. By protecting natural habitats from degradation and forests against deforestation, the availability of a variety of food products would rise.

The reason is that wildlife conservation helps in research for promoting agricultural diversity. Habitat protection ensures there are sufficient and reliable natural resources for supporting agricultural activities thereby enhancing food security.

10. Education and learning

Studying wildlife and their habitat is an important learning experience for children, students, and scholars of all ages. Watching animals helps children to conceptualize ideas and develop their imagination, which is important for their growth.

In fact, taking children to zoos and game parks is part of the education system and as such, failure to conserve the wildlife will leave teachers with fewer educational resources in biology and science subjects.

11. Important for the identification of new plant and animal species for research

Despite the increased animal research over the last decades, it is estimated that a significant number of animals and plants are not yet discovered. When one puts into consideration the fact that most human medications came from microbial organisms, animals, and plants, it highlights the need to conserve wildlife and its habitats.

In fact, some researchers believe that the medications for some of the incurable diseases will most likely from animals or plants that are yet to be discovered and hence the need to conserve the natural habitats.

12. Economic benefits associated with tourism

Tourism heavily contributes to the economic growth in countries (the GDP of the nation) because of the wildlife conservation centers and their preserved natural habitats. For example, in countries like Thailand, Costa Rica, Brazil, Australia, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa, greatly benefit from tourism earning.

The tourism sector is recorded to account for 10.4% of the world’s GDP. This means that if wild animals are not conserved, it will not only endanger the survival of those animals but it would also result in major tourism-related economic losses.

13. Creation of jobs

Wildlife has helped create thousands of jobs both directly and indirectly. For example, in places where there are wild animals whether it is a zoo or a game park, it is common to find people working in those areas.

There are also people employed to take care of the animals and there are also other professionals such as journalists who play the role of reporting and developing documentaries about the life and nature of different wildlife species.

Furthermore, wildlife and tourism go hand in hand, which explains the reason why most hotels are strategically located within a short distance to a park.

This means that the jobs of those working in such hotels and wildlife-related professionalism would end if proper measures are not put in place to conserve wildlife and their habitats.

14. Protects the livelihoods and knowledge of indigenous people

The people living around the forest areas and natural ecosystems such as lakes and rivers always depend on these resources for their livelihoods such as harvesting timber and firewood for construction and cooking respectively fish for survival, and traditional medicines, fruits, vegetables, and food for survival.

Therefore, the conservation of wildlife resources can help in protecting livelihoods and indigenous people together with their traditions. Furthermore, conservation of wildlife now requires the involvement of the local or native populations to enhance environmental protection.

For instance, the survival of the indigenous people of the Amazon rainforest is dependent on the region’s wildlife conservation efforts.

15. It serves as a preserve for future generations

If conservation measures are not put in place, future generations will not have a chance to see some of the wild animals that exist today. So many wild animals are reducing at an alarming rate due to human activities and several such as the Amur leopard, Cross River gorilla, Black and Javan rhinoceros, Hawksbill turtle, South China tiger, pangolin, and Sumatran elephant are in the verge of extinction.

For example, in Kenya a few years ago, the only remaining male white rhinoceros died as a result of old age leaving scientists with a lot of work trying to preserve the semen for use on the few remaining female rhinoceros in an attempt to preserve the white rhinoceros for future generations.

Q6) Categorize the wildlife status.       5

A6) The following species are classified as threat species by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature).

1. Extinction (Ex): A species that has not definitely lived in the wild in the last 50 years. Category example on some occasions? Used; this shows that it is virtually certain that the taxa have recently become extinct.
2. Endangered Species (E): A taxon that is endangered and unlikely to survive if accidental factors continue to act. It also includes taxa that have been seen in the wild for the past 50 years but are now potentially extinct. Tarauma Hodg Sony.
3. Vulnerability (V): Taxa are considered likely to be classified as endangered in the near future if accidental factors continue to function. Includes taxa whose population is declining due to overfishing. Nardostachys grandiflora, Parisployphylla, etc.
4. Rare (R): A taxon that is not endangered or vulnerable, but has a small population in the world at risk. These species are usually localized within a restricted geographic area or habitat.
5. Uncertain (I): A taxon known as Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare, but lacks sufficient information to indicate which of the three categories is appropriate.
6. Not fully known (K): A taxon that is suspected due to lack of information but is not clearly known to belong to any of the above categories.
7. Not fully known (K): A taxon that is suspected due to lack of information but is not clearly known to belong to any of the above categories.
8. Endangered Species (T): The general term endangered species is used to refer to species that are considered to belong to any of the above categories.
9. Commercially Endangered (CT): Not currently an endangered taxon, but almost or all of its population is threatened or will be a sustainable commercial resource .

Q7) Why animals go extinct?       8

A7) Following reason states that animals go extinct:

1. Asteroid strike

This is what most people first associate with the word "extinction," as everyone knows that a meteorite impact on Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula caused the disappearance of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. It's not without reason. Many of the Earth's mass extinctions (not just the KT extinction, but the much more serious Permian-Triasic extinction) could have been caused by such a collision event, and astronomers could constantly end. Looking for a comet or meteor of human civilization.

b.    Climate change

Even without significant impact on asteroids and comets (world temperatures can drop by 20 or 30 degrees Fahrenheit), climate change poses a constant danger to terrestrial animals. We need to see the end of the last ice age, about 11,000 years ago, when various Megafauna mammals were unable to adapt to the rapidly warming temperatures. They also succumbed to early human food shortages and predation. And we all know about the long-term threat that global warming poses to modern civilization.

c.     Disease

Although it is rare for the disease alone to wipe out a particular species (first it must be laid down by starvation, loss of habitat, and / or lack of genetic diversity), especially deadly viruses and bacteria. Introducing the virus at the wrong moment can be devastating. Witness the current crisis facing amphibians around the world that are becoming prey to chytridiomycosis, a fungal infection that destroys the skin of frogs, toads and salamanders and causes death within weeks. Of the medieval European population.

d.    Habitat loss

Most animals require certain areas where they can hunt, forage, breed, raise children, and (if needed) increase their populations. One bird may be happy with the tall branches of the tree, but large predatory mammals (such as the Bengal tiger) measure that area in square miles. As human civilization continues to expand into the wild, the range of these natural habitats shrinks, and restricted and declining populations become more susceptible to other extinction pressures.

e.     Lack of genetic diversity

As the number of species begins to decline, the pool of peers available decreases, often with a corresponding lack of genetic diversity. This is why it is much healthier to marry a completely stranger than your first cousin. Otherwise, there is a risk of "inbreeding" unwanted genetic traits, such as susceptibility to fatal diseases. Due to the extreme loss of habitat, for example, African cheetah populations today are suffering from unusually low genetic diversity and therefore recovery to survive another major environmental destruction. You may be underpowered.

f.       More adapted competition

Here we risk succumbing to dangerous tautology. By definition, the "better adapted" population always beats the lagging population. And often they don't know exactly what the preferred adaptation was until the end of the event. For example, until the extinction of K-T changed the field of competition, no one would have thought that prehistoric mammals were better adapted than dinosaurs. Determining which is the "better adapted" species usually takes thousands of years, sometimes millions of years.

g.    Invasive species

Most struggles for survival occur over the years, but sometimes contests are faster, bloodier, and more unilateral. When a plant or animal from one ecosystem is inadvertently transplanted into another (usually by an unconscious human or animal host), it breeds wildly, resulting in extinction of the native population. There is likely to be. As a result, American botanists referred to the weed, Kuzu, which was brought from Japan in the late 19th century and is now prevalent at a rate of 150,000 acres per year and is densely populated with indigenous vegetation.

h.    Food shortage

Mass hunger is a fast, one-way and reliable route to extinction, especially because hungry people are vulnerable to illness and predation, and its impact on the food chain can be disastrous. Imagine, for example, that scientists have found a way to permanently eliminate malaria by exterminating all mosquitoes on the planet. At first glance, that may seem like good news for us humans, but all mosquito-eating creatures (bats, frogs, etc.) are extinct, all bat- and frog-eating animals, and downstream of the food chain, etc. ..

i.       Pollution

Marine organisms such as fish, lizards, corals, and crustaceans can be very sensitive to trace amounts of toxic chemicals in lakes, oceans, and rivers, and all the rapid changes in oxygen levels caused by industrial pollution. It can choke the population. It is virtually unknown that a single environmental disaster (such as an oil spill or hydraulic fracturing project) will extinct the entire species, but constant exposure to pollution can lead to starvation of plants and animals, loss of habitat, etc. It can be vulnerable to other hazards. Disease.

j.       Human predation

It is unfair to blame most of the extinctions of the world of Homo sapiens, as humans have only occupied the Earth for the past 50,000 years or so. However, it is undeniable that we have caused a lot of ecological turmoil in the short time in the spotlight. Hunt the starving, staggering Megafauna mammals of the last ice age. Deplete the entire population of whales and other marine mammals. Eliminate Dodo birds and passenger pigeons virtually overnight. Are we wise enough to stop reckless behavior now? only time will tell.

Q8) What is soil erosion? What are its types?     8

A8. Soil erosion and land degradation together form one of the major problems that upset the world's ecological balance. Rapid population growth puts a heavy burden on land and soil resources, leading to land degradation and soil erosion. Globally, more than 4.85 billion acres (1.96 billion hectares), or 17% of the vegetated planet, are degraded to varying degrees by humans.

Soil erosion is the loosening of topsoil particles from the land.  Soil erosion can occur at slow or fast rates. May be natural soil erosion

(A) Slow process (or geological erosion) or

(B) Rapid processes facilitated by logging, floods, tornadoes, or other human activity.

Types of soil erosion

Soil erosion is categorized based on the physical factors that cause erosion. Therefore, different types of soil erosion are called:

(A) Water erosion

(B) Aeolian process

(A) Water erosion

Running water is one of the major chemicals that carry away soil particles. Soil erosion by water is caused by raindrops, waves, or ice. Soil erosion by water is called differently depending on the intensity and nature of the erosion.

(I) Raindrop erosion (ii) Sheet erosion (iii) Lil erosion (iv) Steam bank erosion (v) Landslide erosion (vi) Coastal erosion.

Erosion of raindrops

When a raindrop falls on exposed soil, it behaves like a small bomb, pushing away soil particles and destroying the soil structure.

The average size of raindrops is about 5 mm in diameter, and when they fall in the air, they collide with the soil at a speed of 32 km / h.

The presence of vegetation on the land prevents raindrops from falling directly onto the soil and prevents soil erosion in vegetation-covered areas.

Sheet erosion

Detachment and transport of soil particles by flushing rainwater is called sheet or wash-off erosion. This is a very slow process and is often overlooked.

Rill erosion

In Lil erosion, Lil-like fingers appear on the cultivated land after sheet erosion.

These rills usually smooth out each year during formation.

Each year, the number of rills gradually increases, becoming wider and deeper.

When the size of the rill increases, it is called a gully. The canyon is a deep canyon.

Riverbank erosion

Soil erosion from the banks (shores) of streams and rivers by flowing water is called bank erosion.

Landslide

Sudden mass movement of soil is called a landslide. Landslides are caused by the instability or imbalance of the land mass against gravity.

Coastal erosion

Coastal erosion occurs along the coast. It is caused by the action of ocean waves and the inward movement of the ocean to land.

(B) Aeolian process

Wind-induced soil erosion is more common in areas where natural vegetation has been destroyed. Such conditions occur primarily in dry, dry areas along the sandy beaches of the sea, lakes and rivers.

Loose soil particles are blown off and carried from the wind in three ways:

(I) Silt: A series of short bounces that are blown away by the wind.

(Ii) Suspension: Transported over long distances in the form of suspended particles.

(Iii) Surface creep: Transported at the ground level by high-speed wind.

Q9) How is soil erosion caused by human activity?    5

A9) Certain human activities accelerate soil erosion.

Deforestation

Agriculture

Mining

Development work, human settlement, and transportation

Deforestation:

Deforestation consists of deforestation and logging, and particles removal. Browsing and trampling through farm animals and wildfires additionally purpose deforestation. Deforestation results in erosion. Deforestation additionally results in land degradation, vitamins, and disruption of sensitive soil-plant relationships.

Agriculture:

Agriculture is a main human pastime that reasons soil erosion. Crops grow, are harvested, the land is cultivated, and they're uncovered intermittently to wind and rain. All of this prevents hydration. Agriculture additionally reasons the worst sorts of soil erosion on agricultural land withinside the shape of flushes and sheet erosion. In dry and semi-arid areas, sand spraying and sand switch paintings within side the equal manner as sheet erosion, in which water is the principle purpose. As a result, the creeping impact of desertification starts offevolved and the fertility of the land is step by step misplaced.

The following agricultural practices can cause extended soil erosion.

Cultivation and cultivation disturb the herbal soil floor and guarded flora, growing the ability for erosion.

Continuous planting: Continuous planting of the equal land and prolonged cultivation of the restrict and sub-restrict land sell soil erosion.

Cultivation on mountain slopes: Cultivation on mountain slopes without right land remedy measures which includes boundaries, rice terraces and ditches reasons soil erosion and lack of soil vitamins.

Monoculture: Monoculture refers to planting the equal sort of crop in a subject. Single-developing practices can cause soil erosion in 3 ways.

(I) Single vegetation are harvested at once, exposing the whole subject and exposing it to each water and wind.

(Ii) Without flora, herbal rainfall isn't always retained withinside the soil and flows swiftly over the floor of the earth as opposed to at the ground. It additionally contains away topsoil, inflicting soil erosion and deterioration.

(Iii) When a sickness or pest invades a subject, the whole crop is typically worn out and the naked land is prone to water and wind.

Overgrazing: That manner too many animals are fed a part of the grassland. Trampling and grazing through livestock destroys flora withinside the area. Without right flora cover, the land may be very prone to each wind and water erosion.

Economic pastime: Economic pastime additionally reasons soil erosion. Extracting beneficial herbal sources which includes metals, minerals and fossil fuels from the land reasons extreme disruption to the land, inflicting soil erosion and dramatic adjustments in landscape.

Development sports: Various improvement sports which includes housing, transportation, communications and pastime also can purpose soil erosion. Building creation additionally promotes soil erosion, as soil erosion hastens throughout the development of houses, roads, railroad tracks, etc. The creation of such centers reasons big disruption to the land, ensuing in soil erosion and fall apart of the herbal drainage system.

Q10) How can you prevent soil erosion?      5

A10) While there’s not much we can do about wind and rain, we can try some proven techniques of preventing soil erosion. The right technique (or combination of techniques) for your Texas farm or ranch property depends on the type of soil, topography, climatic conditions, and other factors. If you need assistance, contact your local Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD) or your local AgriLife Extension County Office.

1. Crop Rotation: Rotating in high-residue crops — such as corn, hay, and small grain — can reduce erosion as the layer of residue protects topsoil from being carried away by wind and water.  
2. Conservation Tillage: Conventional tillage produces a smooth surface that leaves soil vulnerable to erosion. Conservation tillage methods such as no-till planting, strip rotary tillage, chiseling, and disking leave more of the field surface covered with crop residue that protects the soil from eroding forces.
3. Contour Farming: Planting in row patterns that run level around a hill — instead of up and down the slope — has been shown to reduce runoff and decrease the risk of water erosion.
4. Strip Farming: In areas where a slope is particularly steep or there is no alternative method of preventing erosion, planting fields in long strips alternated in a crop rotation system (strip farming) has proven effective.
5. Terrace Farming: Many farmers have successfully combated erosion by planting in flat areas created on hillsides in a step-like formation (terrace farming).
6. Grass Waterways: By planting grass in areas of concentrated water flow, farmers can prevent much of the soil erosion that results from runoff, as the grass stabilizes the soil while still providing an outlet for drainage.
7. Diversion Structures: Used often for gully control, diversion structures cause water to flow along a desired path and away from areas at high risk for erosion.

Q11) What is Water Law? What are pollution control committee functions?   8

A11) The government enacted this law in 1974 to prevent water pollution from industrial, agricultural and household wastewater that could pollute water sources.

Wastewater containing high levels of pollutants flowing into wetlands, rivers, lakes, wells, and the sea poses serious health hazards. Controlling point sources by monitoring the levels of various pollutants is one way to prevent pollution by punishing pollutants. However, it is also the responsibility of the general public to notify the relevant authorities if they determine that they are likely sources of pollution. Individuals also face water pollution, including the use of biodegradable chemicals at home, the reduction of pesticide use in the garden, and the identification of sources of pollution in the workplace and in the industrial sector where petroleum and other petroleum products and heavy metals are used. You can do several things to reduce it. Excessive organic matter, deposits, and infected organs from hospital waste can also contaminate our water. Citizens need to develop surveillance to notify authorities to take appropriate action against various types of water pollution. Polluters have to pay for their actions. However, preventing pollution is better than trying to solve the problems caused by pollution or punishing criminals. The main purpose of the Water Law is to provide the prevention, control and mitigation of water pollution and the maintenance or restoration of water health. It is designed to assess pollution levels and punish polluters. Central and state governments have set pollution control

A committee that monitors water pollution.

Pollution control committee function:

The government is giving PCBs the power they need to address the problem of water pollution in the country.

We also propose penalties for violating the provisions of the law.

Central and state water quality inspection laboratories have been established to allow both councils to assess the extent of water pollution and set the criteria for establishing guilty and default. Central and state committees have the right to enjoy certain powers and functions, including:

Central Committee: Has the authority to advise the central government on issues related to the prevention and management of water pollution. The board coordinates the activities of the state board and resolves disputes. The Central Council can provide technical assistance and guidelines to the State Council to carry out investigations and studies related to water pollution and organize training for those involved in the process. The Board organizes a comprehensive awareness-raising program on water pollution through the mass media and also publishes data on water pollution. The Board consults with the State Board on waste disposal standards to establish or amend rules. The main function of the Central Council is to promote the cleanliness of rivers, lakes, streams and wells in the country.

State Board: Has the authority to advise state governments on issues related to water pollution. It's a comprehensive plan.

A program to prevent water pollution. We collect and disseminate information on water pollution and participate in research in collaboration with the Central Committee to organize it.

Training of people involved in the process. The Board inspects sewage or trade wastewater, treatment plants, purification plants, and disposal systems, and develops economical and reliable treatment methods for sewage and other wastewater. We plan to use sewage for agriculture. It's drainage

The waste is diluted and discharged to the land. The state committee advises the state government on the location of the industry.

An institute was set up to enable the board to perform its function. The Legislature has the authority to conduct investigations and obtain information from authorized officers who are authorized to record water flow, volume, and other characteristics. They are given

The ability to take a sample of wastewater and suggest procedures to follow in relation to the sample. Related committee

Analysts are expected to analyze the samples sent and submit a report of the results to the relevant board of directors. The board must send a copy of the results to their respective industries. The board also has the authority to inspect any plant record, registration, document, or any material object and can search anywhere.

There is reason to believe that the fence was made under the law. Penalties are imposed for acts that cause pollution. This includes failure to provide the information required by the board of directors, or failure to form the occurrence of an accident or other unexpected act. Individual or organization Failure to follow the instructions given in the subsection of the law can result in conviction or punishment for 3 months imprisonment, a fine of 10,000 rupees, or both, and an additional 5,000 rupees daily if unsuccessful. Will be fined. .. If a person who has already been convicted of any crime is convicted of the same crime again, he or she will be sentenced to imprisonment after all subsequent convictions.

It is less than 2 years, but may be extended to 7 years with a fine.

Q12) What can an individual do to prevent water pollution?   5

A12) Key points to reduce pollution individually

1. Limit fossil fuels:

Fossil fuels are a major source of air pollution. Burning something emits CO2. And CO2 gas is a central problem of environmental temperature rise. Global warming is the main effect of it. The main problems caused by fossil fuels are change, disappearance of many species, and acid rain, which is rare. At the individual level, there are many things you can do to reduce pollution.

Do not light or rot the crops in the field

Reduce vehicle travel

Prefer to use smart energy in our daily lives like green energy

Use man-made objects to minimize factory production

Do not ignite wasted material in the open state. Makes it biodegradable with excellent technology.

2. Switch to clean energy.

Changing energy optimization plans with clean energy is also the best way to control pollution. For clean energy, you can use CNG, solar power and wind energy. Also, take advantage of the natural ones and develop your own custom ones as needed. And with substances that do not emit CO2 or harmful gases.

3. Less vehicle use:

Today, many of the two vehicles are also on the road. This causes too much CO2 emissions. Noise pollution and soil pollution are also increasing. Therefore, at the individual level, more walks can be attempted if the destination is close. If seats are available, please share your vehicle as well. Try using a type of vehicle that uses green energy as fuel. You can also like things like bikes and skates. This can be a variety of things that can help reduce pollution.

4. Transition from chemical fertilizer production to organic fertilizer:

If you are a farmer or have an orchard, avoid using fertilizers. Use organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. Also, do not rot crops or plants. Try to manage all wasted material. Also, do not burn waste outdoors. Currently, the mist problem is also a major problem in the Delhi NCR in North India and Pakistan.

5. Avoid using plastic.

In everyday life, we use plastic. In addition, because it is a non-degradable substance, it causes soil pollution and emits a large amount of CO2, causing air pollution. You can avoid the use of plastic to reduce contamination. Instead of this, you can use a biodegradable pocket like a copy folder. It also cleans your place.

6. Water saving:

You are well aware that there is too much drinking water shortage. So save many parts of your life where you waste your life. You can save water on many things like. Do not open the water pipe continuously, wash the cloth, or immerse it in limited water. And you think you're wasting water and trying to get the job done with a limited amount of water at that location. For more information on the importance of water, see this article, "Water is life and we understand the importance of water."

7. Prevent littering of household waste:

Please do not throw trash here and there. All garbage is put in a fixed place and managed so as not to cause air pollution or soil pollution.

8. Spread awareness:

Complete pollution cannot be controlled until all of us are out of cooperation. Therefore, be self-aware even among nearby people and relatives. And when all hands work together, pollution remains controlled.

9. Come forward to stop the production plant of harmful things:

If a factory near you is causing pollution, you have the right to make your noise. It will create the power to stop all bad activities that exacerbate the outbreak of pollution. And our laws and regulations will also become stronger and help reduce pollution.

10. Population management:

This is the central reason for all pollution problems. Increased pollution to meet requirements and desires. Therefore, take precautions and say no more than two children. If our population dominates, all problems will continue to dominate.

Finally, without self-awareness, pollution cannot be controlled. And the consciousness of all people begins with the individual. So, first manage the pollution yourself, then be aware of others and work with them. Here is the slogan suit "Be Good & Make Good". Make sure to keep these important points in mind for managing pollution individually. Let's clean our world properly without polluting it.

Q13) What is Air Act? What can an individual do to control air pollution?    8

A13) The government passed this law in 1981 and purified our air by controlling pollution. Air pollution sources such as industry, vehicles and power plants are allowed to release certain substances, lead, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), or other toxic substances. Not.

Predetermined level. To ensure this, a Contamination Control Committee (PCB) was set up by the government.

By testing air, in the atmosphere and in specific sources. It is measured in one millionth, or milligrams or micrograms per cubic meter. Particulate matter and gas released

By industry and by vehicle, buses and motorcycles are measured using air sampling equipment. But the most important aspect is that people themselves recognize the dangers of air pollution and see that their cars and the industries in which they work reduce emissions, reducing their potential as polluters. That is.

This law was created to "take appropriate steps to protect the earth's natural resources.

Protects high quality air and reliably controls the level of air pollution.

The main purposes of this law are:

(A) To provide prevention, control and mitigation of air pollution.

(B) To provide for the establishment of central and state boards for the purpose of enforcing the law.

(C) Enforce the provisions of the law and empower the Board to assign pollution-related functions to the Board.

Air pollution is more severe in densely populated, highly industrialized and urbanized areas. The presence of pollution beyond certain limits by the various pollutants emitted by industrial emissions is monitored by pollution control committees established in all states.

What can an individual do to control air pollution?

1) If you find a contaminated vehicle, delete the number and send a letter to the Road Transport Authority (RTO) and the Pollution Control Board (PCB).

2) If you observe the industry polluting the air, notify the Pollution Control Board in writing to see if any measures have been taken.

3) Use your car only when absolutely necessary. Instead of using fossil fuel-powered vehicles, walk or bike as much as possible.

4) Use public transport whenever possible, as more people can travel in a single large vehicle, rather than using multiple small vehicles that contribute to pollution.

5) Share vehicle space with relatives and friends. Carpooling minimizes the use of fossil fuels.

6) Do not use air fresheners or other aerosols or sprays containing CFCs that deplete the ozone layer.

7) Do not smoke in public places. It is illegal and endangers not only your own health but also the health of others.

8) Cough can spread bacteria and viruses. Use a handkerchief to prevent droplet infections in the air. It jeopardizes the health of others.

It is the duty of citizens to report crimes committed by collectors, polluter pays, and other local governments, as well as the media, and take action against criminals. Preventing logging and reporting to authorities is just as important. This is because it reduces the natural ability to maintain carbon dioxide and oxygen levels. Preventing air pollution and maintaining air quality is the responsibility of each individual to help us breathe air without compromising our health.

Q14) What is Wildlife Conservation Law? What can an individual do ?         8

A14) The law was passed in 1972 and deals with the declaration of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.

And its notification. This establishes the structure of the state's wildlife management and the designated position for wildlife management. It stipulates the establishment of a wildlife advisory board. Hunting of all animals specified in Appended Tables I to IV of the Act is prohibited. These will be notified in the order in which they are at risk. Protected plants are included in Schedule VI.

The 2002 Wild Life Conservation Act amendment is more stringent and prevents locals from using resources commercially. It has brought about new concepts such as the creation of community reserves. Also, some definitions have changed. Animals, for example, now include fish. Forest products have been redefined to ensure the protection of ecosystems.

Although there are some changes, the new law still has serious problems in its implementation. The law is as good as it can be complied with. The law is expected to prevent people from violating the law. However, there are serious problems with poaching. It cannot be expected to use this law to reduce this without increasing forest staff and providing weapons, jeeps, radio equipment, etc. to establish strong deterrence.

What can an individual do?

1) If you observe poaching or see poached animals, notify local Forest Office staff at the highest possible level. You can also report the event through the press. Follow up to ensure that action is being taken by the relevant authorities. If no action is taken, you must take it to the Mayor of the State Wildlife Sanctuary.

2) Say "no" to the use of wildlife products and try to convince others not to buy them.

3) Reduce the use of wood and timber products as much as possible.

4) Avoid misuse as paper is made of bamboo and wood and destroys wildlife habitats. Paper and envelopes can be reused at any time.

5) Create a pressure group and ask the government to make sure that the biodiversity of our country is protected.

6) Do not harm the animals. Stop others from atrocities on animals.

7) Do not disturb the bird's nest or young birds.

8) When visiting the zoo, do not throw stones or feed to make fun of the animals or prevent others from doing so.

9) If you come across an injured animal, do everything you can.

10) If your animal requires medical and professional attention, please contact the Animal Cruelty Prevention Association in your city.

11) Raise awareness of biodiversity conservation to family and friends in a unique way.

12) World Wildlife Fund – Participate in organizations related to biodiversity conservation, such as India (WWF-I), Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), and regional conservation NGOs.

Q15) What is Environmental Pollution Act?     5

A15. The Environmental (Protection) Act of 1986 not only has important constitutional implications, but also has an international background. The spirit of the Declaration adopted at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in June 1972 was implemented by the Government of India by enacting this law.

There have been some existing legislation dealing directly or indirectly with environmental issues, but existing legislation focuses on or indirectly addresses very specific types of pollution, or specific types of toxic substances. It was necessary to enact a general law on environmental protection because it is related to. A legal environment that manages land use, protects national parks and reserves, and wildlife. However, there was no comprehensive law and it did not cover certain areas of environmental hazards. There were also gaps in the areas of potential environmental hazards, and there were some improper collaborations in dealing with industrial and environmental safety issues. This was essentially related to the diversity of regulators. Therefore, there was a need for authorities who could take a leading role in researching, planning, and implementing long-term environmental safety requirements, directing them, and coordinating systems for prompt and appropriate response to threatening emergencies.

With this growing concern about environmental degradation, the law was passed to protect the environment. Environmental protection became a national priority in the 1970s as the impact grew considerably. Deterioration of environmental quality has been demonstrated by increased pollution, loss of forest cover, and increased threat to biodiversity.

Excessive concentration of harmful chemicals in the air and aquatic ecosystems disrupts the food chain and causes species loss. These are rapidly deteriorating environmental symptoms. The increased risk of environmental accidents and threats to life-support systems are now threatening our civilization. The decision made at the meeting in Stockholm underscores these environmental issues and has enabled some measures to protect the environment. There is now a need for broader general legislation to protect our environment, but it is becoming increasingly clear that our environmental conditions continue to deteriorate. To protect our environment, we need to implement this law more aggressively.

Public interest and support are essential to implementing an EPA. This must be supported by enlightened media, good managers, conscious policy makers, informed judiciary and trained technocrats. Each of us has a responsibility to achieve this.