Unit-4
Properties, composition and industrial application of engineering material
Question 1: Define ferrous material and non-ferrous material.
Answer: A metal is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets) or ductile (can be drawn into wires).
A ferrous metal is made up of iron and other metals to give the ferrous properties required. Although iron on its own is often referred to as a ferrous metal, the term really relates to any metal compounds that have iron in them.
All pure metals are non-ferrous elements except iron (from the Latin ferrum, meaning "iron"). Important non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin, titanium and zinc, and alloys such as brass.
Question 2: Explain the properties, applications and compositions of cast iron material.
Answer: Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content more than 2%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature.
Properties:
- Hardness – material's resistance to abrasion and indentation.
- Toughness – material's ability to absorb energy.
- Ductility – material's ability to deform without fracture.
- Elasticity – material's ability to return to its original dimensions after it has been deformed.
Compositions: Alloy of iron and 2.5% carbon, 1-3% silicone and traces of magnesium, sulfur & phosphorus
Applications:
- It is used in making pipes, to carry suitable fluids.
- It is used in making different machines.
- It is used in making automotive parts.
- It is used in making pots pans and utensils.
- It is used in making anchor for ships.
Question 3: Define thermoplastic polymer.
Answer: Properties:
Thermoplastics have a simple molecular structure comprising chemically independent macromolecules. Upon heating, they are softened or melted, then shaped, formed, welded, and solidified when cooled. Multiple cycles of heating and cooling can be repeated, allowing reprocessing and recycling.
Compositions:
The term “plastics” includes materials composed of various elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and sulfur. Plastics typically have high molecular weight, meaning each molecule can have thousands of atoms bound together.
Applications:
- Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a thermoplastic used to manufacture: Sports equipment. Toys
- Polycarbonate is used to make: CDs and DVDs.
- Polyethylene is probably the most common thermoplastic and is used to make: Shampoo bottles.
- Plastic grocery bags.
Question 4: Define thermosetting polymer.
Answer: Properties:
Good electrical insulator, hard, brittle unless reinforced, resists chemicals well stiff hard, strong, resists some chemicals and stain. Laminated good electrical insulator, resists chemicals well.
Compositions:
Thermosetting Plastics are made up of lines of molecules which are heavily cross-linked. It creates a rigid molecular structure. They may be heated the first time and shaped but they become permanently stiff and solid. They cannot be reshaped again.
Applications:
Common products and applications that are made from thermoset plastics include construction equipment panels, electrical housings and components, insulators, cell tower tops, heat shields, circuit breakers, agricultural feeding troughs, motor components, and disc brake pistons.
Question 5: Define ceramics and explain properties, composition and uses of glass.
Answer: A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing a non-metallic mineral, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick.
Properties:
The density of glass is 2.5, which gives flat glass a mass of 2.5kg per m2 per mm of thickness, or 2500 kg per m3.
The compressive strength of glass is extremely high: 1000 N/mm2 = 1000 MPa. This means that to shatter a 1cm cube of glass, it requires a load of some 10 tonnes.
When glass is deflected, it has one face under compression and the other in tension. Whilst the resistance of glass to compressive stress is extremely high, its resistance to tensile stress is significantly lower.
Compositions:
Glasses are made from three main materials—sand (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), limestone (calcium carbonate, or CaCO3), and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). By adding about 25 percent of the sodium oxide to silica, the melting point is reduced from 1,723 to 850 °C (3,133 to 1,562 °F).
Applications:
Glass is used in the following non-exhaustive list of products: Packaging (jars for food, bottles for drinks, flacon for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals) Tableware (drinking glasses, plate, cups, bowls) Housing and buildings (windows, facades, conservatory, insulation, reinforcement structures).
Question 6: Define reinforced composites with its properties, uses and composition.
Answer: Properties:
Fibre-reinforced polymer composite offers not only high strength to weight ratio, but also reveals exceptional properties such as high durability; stiffness; damping property; flexural strength; and resistance to corrosion, wear, impact, and fire.
Compositions:
These so-called organic/inorganic composite fibres are prominent in the literature and applications with cellulose as organic component are especially mentioned.
Applications:
Applications of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials in many major industries, such as aerospace and defence, automotive, construction, marine, and oil and gas.
Question 7: What is smart material. Explain various properties and applications of peizoelectric materials.
Answer: Smart materials, also called intelligent or responsive materials, are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields, light, temperature, pH, or chemical compounds.
Properties:
- High strain (charge) constants, permittivity, and coupling constants.
- Low mechanical quality factor.
- High Curie temperature extends its temperature range and thermal stability.
- High charge output useful for sensing devices and generator elements.
- High strain output useful for large displacements at modest voltages.
Piezoelectric igniters are commonly used for butane lighters, gas grills, gas stoves, blowtorches, and improvised potato cannons.
Electricity Generation — Some applications require the harvesting of energy from pressure changes, vibrations, or mechanical impulses.
Question 8: Define semiconductor and insulator.
Answer: Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors (generally metals) and nonconductors or insulators (such as most ceramics). Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as silicon or germanium, or compounds such as gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide.
Semiconductors are employed in the manufacture of various kinds of electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits.
Such devices have found wide application because of their compactness, reliability, power efficiency, and low cost.
An insulator is a material that does not conduct electrical current. Insulating materials include paper, plastic, rubber, glass and air. Vacuum is also an insulator, but is not actually a material. Most electrical conductors are covered by insulation.
Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors without allowing current through themselves.
An insulating material used in bulk to wrap electrical cables or other equipment is called insulation.
Question 9: Define soldering, brazing and welding:
(a) Soldering: Soldering is a joining process used to join different types of metals together by melting solder. Solder is a metal alloy usually made of tin and lead which is melted using a hot iron. The iron is heated to temperatures above 600 degrees Fahrenheit which then cools to create a strong electrical bond.
(b) Brazing: Brazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, with the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal.
(c) Welding: Welding is a fabrication process whereby two or more parts are fused together by means of heat, pressure or both forming a join as the parts cool. Welding is usually used on metals and thermoplastics but can also be used on wood. The completed welded joint may be referred to as a weldment.
Question 10: Define various types of gears:
Answer:1. Spur Gear:
Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk with teeth projecting radially. Though the teeth are not straight-sided, the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation.
2. Helical gear:
Helical gears are one type of cylindrical gears with slanted tooth trace. Compared to spur gears, they have the larger contact ratio and excel in quietness and less vibration and able to transmit large force. A pair of helical gears has the same helix angle but the helix hand is opposite.
3. Bevel gear:
Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the tooth-bearing faces of the gears themselves are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most often mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other angles as well.
4. Worm gear:
A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm meshes with a worm gear. The two elements are also called the worm screw and worm wheel. The terminology is often confused by imprecise use of the term worm gear to refer to the worm, the worm gear, or the worm drive as a unit.
5.rack and pinion gear:
A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a circular gear engaging a linear gear, which operate to translate rotational motion into linear motion. Driving the pinion into rotation causes the rack to be driven linearly. Driving the rack linearly will cause the pinion to be driven into a rotation.
Unit-4
Properties, composition and industrial application of engineering material
Question 1: Define ferrous material and non-ferrous material.
Answer: A metal is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets) or ductile (can be drawn into wires).
A ferrous metal is made up of iron and other metals to give the ferrous properties required. Although iron on its own is often referred to as a ferrous metal, the term really relates to any metal compounds that have iron in them.
All pure metals are non-ferrous elements except iron (from the Latin ferrum, meaning "iron"). Important non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin, titanium and zinc, and alloys such as brass.
Question 2: Explain the properties, applications and compositions of cast iron material.
Answer: Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content more than 2%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature.
Properties:
- Hardness – material's resistance to abrasion and indentation.
- Toughness – material's ability to absorb energy.
- Ductility – material's ability to deform without fracture.
- Elasticity – material's ability to return to its original dimensions after it has been deformed.
Compositions: Alloy of iron and 2.5% carbon, 1-3% silicone and traces of magnesium, sulfur & phosphorus
Applications:
- It is used in making pipes, to carry suitable fluids.
- It is used in making different machines.
- It is used in making automotive parts.
- It is used in making pots pans and utensils.
- It is used in making anchor for ships.
Question 3: Define thermoplastic polymer.
Answer: Properties:
Thermoplastics have a simple molecular structure comprising chemically independent macromolecules. Upon heating, they are softened or melted, then shaped, formed, welded, and solidified when cooled. Multiple cycles of heating and cooling can be repeated, allowing reprocessing and recycling.
Compositions:
The term “plastics” includes materials composed of various elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and sulfur. Plastics typically have high molecular weight, meaning each molecule can have thousands of atoms bound together.
Applications:
- Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a thermoplastic used to manufacture: Sports equipment. Toys
- Polycarbonate is used to make: CDs and DVDs.
- Polyethylene is probably the most common thermoplastic and is used to make: Shampoo bottles.
- Plastic grocery bags.
Question 4: Define thermosetting polymer.
Answer: Properties:
Good electrical insulator, hard, brittle unless reinforced, resists chemicals well stiff hard, strong, resists some chemicals and stain. Laminated good electrical insulator, resists chemicals well.
Compositions:
Thermosetting Plastics are made up of lines of molecules which are heavily cross-linked. It creates a rigid molecular structure. They may be heated the first time and shaped but they become permanently stiff and solid. They cannot be reshaped again.
Applications:
Common products and applications that are made from thermoset plastics include construction equipment panels, electrical housings and components, insulators, cell tower tops, heat shields, circuit breakers, agricultural feeding troughs, motor components, and disc brake pistons.
Question 5: Define ceramics and explain properties, composition and uses of glass.
Answer: A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing a non-metallic mineral, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick.
Properties:
The density of glass is 2.5, which gives flat glass a mass of 2.5kg per m2 per mm of thickness, or 2500 kg per m3.
The compressive strength of glass is extremely high: 1000 N/mm2 = 1000 MPa. This means that to shatter a 1cm cube of glass, it requires a load of some 10 tonnes.
When glass is deflected, it has one face under compression and the other in tension. Whilst the resistance of glass to compressive stress is extremely high, its resistance to tensile stress is significantly lower.
Compositions:
Glasses are made from three main materials—sand (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), limestone (calcium carbonate, or CaCO3), and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). By adding about 25 percent of the sodium oxide to silica, the melting point is reduced from 1,723 to 850 °C (3,133 to 1,562 °F).
Applications:
Glass is used in the following non-exhaustive list of products: Packaging (jars for food, bottles for drinks, flacon for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals) Tableware (drinking glasses, plate, cups, bowls) Housing and buildings (windows, facades, conservatory, insulation, reinforcement structures).
Question 6: Define reinforced composites with its properties, uses and composition.
Answer: Properties:
Fibre-reinforced polymer composite offers not only high strength to weight ratio, but also reveals exceptional properties such as high durability; stiffness; damping property; flexural strength; and resistance to corrosion, wear, impact, and fire.
Compositions:
These so-called organic/inorganic composite fibres are prominent in the literature and applications with cellulose as organic component are especially mentioned.
Applications:
Applications of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials in many major industries, such as aerospace and defence, automotive, construction, marine, and oil and gas.
Question 7: What is smart material. Explain various properties and applications of peizoelectric materials.
Answer: Smart materials, also called intelligent or responsive materials, are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields, light, temperature, pH, or chemical compounds.
Properties:
- High strain (charge) constants, permittivity, and coupling constants.
- Low mechanical quality factor.
- High Curie temperature extends its temperature range and thermal stability.
- High charge output useful for sensing devices and generator elements.
- High strain output useful for large displacements at modest voltages.
Piezoelectric igniters are commonly used for butane lighters, gas grills, gas stoves, blowtorches, and improvised potato cannons.
Electricity Generation — Some applications require the harvesting of energy from pressure changes, vibrations, or mechanical impulses.
Question 8: Define semiconductor and insulator.
Answer: Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors (generally metals) and nonconductors or insulators (such as most ceramics). Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as silicon or germanium, or compounds such as gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide.
Semiconductors are employed in the manufacture of various kinds of electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits.
Such devices have found wide application because of their compactness, reliability, power efficiency, and low cost.
An insulator is a material that does not conduct electrical current. Insulating materials include paper, plastic, rubber, glass and air. Vacuum is also an insulator, but is not actually a material. Most electrical conductors are covered by insulation.
Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors without allowing current through themselves.
An insulating material used in bulk to wrap electrical cables or other equipment is called insulation.
Question 9: Define soldering, brazing and welding:
(a) Soldering: Soldering is a joining process used to join different types of metals together by melting solder. Solder is a metal alloy usually made of tin and lead which is melted using a hot iron. The iron is heated to temperatures above 600 degrees Fahrenheit which then cools to create a strong electrical bond.
(b) Brazing: Brazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, with the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal.
(c) Welding: Welding is a fabrication process whereby two or more parts are fused together by means of heat, pressure or both forming a join as the parts cool. Welding is usually used on metals and thermoplastics but can also be used on wood. The completed welded joint may be referred to as a weldment.
Question 10: Define various types of gears:
Answer:1. Spur Gear:
Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk with teeth projecting radially. Though the teeth are not straight-sided, the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation.
2. Helical gear:
Helical gears are one type of cylindrical gears with slanted tooth trace. Compared to spur gears, they have the larger contact ratio and excel in quietness and less vibration and able to transmit large force. A pair of helical gears has the same helix angle but the helix hand is opposite.
3. Bevel gear:
Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the tooth-bearing faces of the gears themselves are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most often mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other angles as well.
4. Worm gear:
A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm meshes with a worm gear. The two elements are also called the worm screw and worm wheel. The terminology is often confused by imprecise use of the term worm gear to refer to the worm, the worm gear, or the worm drive as a unit.
5.rack and pinion gear:
A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a circular gear engaging a linear gear, which operate to translate rotational motion into linear motion. Driving the pinion into rotation causes the rack to be driven linearly. Driving the rack linearly will cause the pinion to be driven into a rotation.
Unit-4
Properties, composition and industrial application of engineering material
Question 1: Define ferrous material and non-ferrous material.
Answer: A metal is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically malleable (they can be hammered into thin sheets) or ductile (can be drawn into wires).
A ferrous metal is made up of iron and other metals to give the ferrous properties required. Although iron on its own is often referred to as a ferrous metal, the term really relates to any metal compounds that have iron in them.
All pure metals are non-ferrous elements except iron (from the Latin ferrum, meaning "iron"). Important non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin, titanium and zinc, and alloys such as brass.
Question 2: Explain the properties, applications and compositions of cast iron material.
Answer: Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content more than 2%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature.
Properties:
- Hardness – material's resistance to abrasion and indentation.
- Toughness – material's ability to absorb energy.
- Ductility – material's ability to deform without fracture.
- Elasticity – material's ability to return to its original dimensions after it has been deformed.
Compositions: Alloy of iron and 2.5% carbon, 1-3% silicone and traces of magnesium, sulfur & phosphorus
Applications:
- It is used in making pipes, to carry suitable fluids.
- It is used in making different machines.
- It is used in making automotive parts.
- It is used in making pots pans and utensils.
- It is used in making anchor for ships.
Question 3: Define thermoplastic polymer.
Answer: Properties:
Thermoplastics have a simple molecular structure comprising chemically independent macromolecules. Upon heating, they are softened or melted, then shaped, formed, welded, and solidified when cooled. Multiple cycles of heating and cooling can be repeated, allowing reprocessing and recycling.
Compositions:
The term “plastics” includes materials composed of various elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and sulfur. Plastics typically have high molecular weight, meaning each molecule can have thousands of atoms bound together.
Applications:
- Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a thermoplastic used to manufacture: Sports equipment. Toys
- Polycarbonate is used to make: CDs and DVDs.
- Polyethylene is probably the most common thermoplastic and is used to make: Shampoo bottles.
- Plastic grocery bags.
Question 4: Define thermosetting polymer.
Answer: Properties:
Good electrical insulator, hard, brittle unless reinforced, resists chemicals well stiff hard, strong, resists some chemicals and stain. Laminated good electrical insulator, resists chemicals well.
Compositions:
Thermosetting Plastics are made up of lines of molecules which are heavily cross-linked. It creates a rigid molecular structure. They may be heated the first time and shaped but they become permanently stiff and solid. They cannot be reshaped again.
Applications:
Common products and applications that are made from thermoset plastics include construction equipment panels, electrical housings and components, insulators, cell tower tops, heat shields, circuit breakers, agricultural feeding troughs, motor components, and disc brake pistons.
Question 5: Define ceramics and explain properties, composition and uses of glass.
Answer: A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing a non-metallic mineral, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick.
Properties:
The density of glass is 2.5, which gives flat glass a mass of 2.5kg per m2 per mm of thickness, or 2500 kg per m3.
The compressive strength of glass is extremely high: 1000 N/mm2 = 1000 MPa. This means that to shatter a 1cm cube of glass, it requires a load of some 10 tonnes.
When glass is deflected, it has one face under compression and the other in tension. Whilst the resistance of glass to compressive stress is extremely high, its resistance to tensile stress is significantly lower.
Compositions:
Glasses are made from three main materials—sand (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), limestone (calcium carbonate, or CaCO3), and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). By adding about 25 percent of the sodium oxide to silica, the melting point is reduced from 1,723 to 850 °C (3,133 to 1,562 °F).
Applications:
Glass is used in the following non-exhaustive list of products: Packaging (jars for food, bottles for drinks, flacon for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals) Tableware (drinking glasses, plate, cups, bowls) Housing and buildings (windows, facades, conservatory, insulation, reinforcement structures).
Question 6: Define reinforced composites with its properties, uses and composition.
Answer: Properties:
Fibre-reinforced polymer composite offers not only high strength to weight ratio, but also reveals exceptional properties such as high durability; stiffness; damping property; flexural strength; and resistance to corrosion, wear, impact, and fire.
Compositions:
These so-called organic/inorganic composite fibres are prominent in the literature and applications with cellulose as organic component are especially mentioned.
Applications:
Applications of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials in many major industries, such as aerospace and defence, automotive, construction, marine, and oil and gas.
Question 7: What is smart material. Explain various properties and applications of peizoelectric materials.
Answer: Smart materials, also called intelligent or responsive materials, are designed materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, moisture, electric or magnetic fields, light, temperature, pH, or chemical compounds.
Properties:
- High strain (charge) constants, permittivity, and coupling constants.
- Low mechanical quality factor.
- High Curie temperature extends its temperature range and thermal stability.
- High charge output useful for sensing devices and generator elements.
- High strain output useful for large displacements at modest voltages.
Piezoelectric igniters are commonly used for butane lighters, gas grills, gas stoves, blowtorches, and improvised potato cannons.
Electricity Generation — Some applications require the harvesting of energy from pressure changes, vibrations, or mechanical impulses.
Question 8: Define semiconductor and insulator.
Answer: Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors (generally metals) and nonconductors or insulators (such as most ceramics). Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as silicon or germanium, or compounds such as gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide.
Semiconductors are employed in the manufacture of various kinds of electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits.
Such devices have found wide application because of their compactness, reliability, power efficiency, and low cost.
An insulator is a material that does not conduct electrical current. Insulating materials include paper, plastic, rubber, glass and air. Vacuum is also an insulator, but is not actually a material. Most electrical conductors are covered by insulation.
Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors without allowing current through themselves.
An insulating material used in bulk to wrap electrical cables or other equipment is called insulation.
Question 9: Define soldering, brazing and welding:
(a) Soldering: Soldering is a joining process used to join different types of metals together by melting solder. Solder is a metal alloy usually made of tin and lead which is melted using a hot iron. The iron is heated to temperatures above 600 degrees Fahrenheit which then cools to create a strong electrical bond.
(b) Brazing: Brazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, with the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal.
(c) Welding: Welding is a fabrication process whereby two or more parts are fused together by means of heat, pressure or both forming a join as the parts cool. Welding is usually used on metals and thermoplastics but can also be used on wood. The completed welded joint may be referred to as a weldment.
Question 10: Define various types of gears:
Answer:1. Spur Gear:
Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk with teeth projecting radially. Though the teeth are not straight-sided, the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation.
2. Helical gear:
Helical gears are one type of cylindrical gears with slanted tooth trace. Compared to spur gears, they have the larger contact ratio and excel in quietness and less vibration and able to transmit large force. A pair of helical gears has the same helix angle but the helix hand is opposite.
3. Bevel gear:
Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the tooth-bearing faces of the gears themselves are conically shaped. Bevel gears are most often mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other angles as well.
4. Worm gear:
A worm drive is a gear arrangement in which a worm meshes with a worm gear. The two elements are also called the worm screw and worm wheel. The terminology is often confused by imprecise use of the term worm gear to refer to the worm, the worm gear, or the worm drive as a unit.
5.rack and pinion gear:
A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a circular gear engaging a linear gear, which operate to translate rotational motion into linear motion. Driving the pinion into rotation causes the rack to be driven linearly. Driving the rack linearly will cause the pinion to be driven into a rotation.
