bed and breakfast | man and wife |
birds and bees | name and address |
black and white | nice and easy |
body and soul | null and void |
bread and butter | peaches and cream |
bride and groom | pots and pans |
business and pleasure | prim and proper |
by and large | profit and/or loss |
cause and effect | pros and cons |
cloak and dagger | pure and simple |
coat and tie | rain or shine |
coffee and doughnuts | ranting and raving |
cream and sugar | read and write |
crime and punishment | right and/or wrong |
cup and saucer | rise and fall |
dead or alive | salt and pepper |
5. Rule 5: Suffixes to Words Ending With ‘y’When a suffix is added to a word that starts with E (such as -ed, -er, or -est) to a word that ends in Y, the Y typically will change to an I.Examples: Baby – Babies, Cry – Cries, Family –Families.If the suffix –ing is added to a word ending with ‘y’, the ‘y’ is not removed.Examples: Carry – Carrying, Cry – CryingIf a word contains two consonants before the ‘y’ one should change the ‘y’ to ‘I’ before adding the suffix ‘ly’Example: Happy – Happily, Lucky – Luckily. Q6) What are the most commonly misspelt words in the English language? Give ample examples with their correct spelling. A6)Commonly misspelt English words are some of the most used words that are unintentionally misspelt by users in day to day writing. Although it is difficult to determine which words are more prone to spelling mistakes, words with double consonants, multiple connected vowels, and long arduous words are more commonly misspelt compared to other words.Below are some of the most commonly misspelt words in the English Language:The first column represents the correct spelling of the word followed by the mistake commonly made by writers and the last column represents the misspelt form of the word used.
business | begins with busi- | buisness |
calendar | -ar not -er | calender |
Caribbean | one r, two bs | Carribean |
cemetery | ends with -ery | cemetary |
chauffeur | ends with -eur | chauffer |
colleague | -ea- in the middle | collegue |
coming | one m | comming |
committee | double m, double t, double e | commitee |
completely | ends with -ely | completly |
conscious | -sc- in the middle | concious |
curiosity | -os- in the middle | curiousity |
definitely | -ite- not –ate- | definately |
dilemma | -mm- not -mn- | dilemna |
disappear | one s, two ps | dissapear |
disappoint | one s, two ps | dissapoint |
ecstasy | ends with –sy | ecstacy |
embarrass | two rs, two s’s | embarass |
environment | n before the m | enviroment |
existence | ends with -ence | existance |
Fahrenheit | begins with Fahr- | Farenheit |
familiar | ends with -iar | familar |
finally | two ls | finaly |
fluorescent | begins with fluor- | florescent |
foreign | e before i | foriegn |
foreseeable | begins with fore- | forseeable |
forty | begins with for- | fourty |
forward | begins with for- | foward |
friend | i before e | freind |
further | begins with fur- | futher |
gist | begins with g- | jist |
glamorous | -mor- in the middle | glamourous |
government | n before the m | goverment |
guard | begins with gua- | gaurd |
happened | ends with -ened | happend |
harass, harassment | one r, two s’s | harrass, harrassment |
honorary | -nor- in the middle | honourary |
humorous | -mor- in the middle | humourous |
idiosyncrasy | ends with -asy | idiosyncracy |
immediately | ends with -ely | immediatly |
incidentally | ends with -ally | incidently |
independent | ends with -ent | independant |
interrupt | two rs | interupt |
irresistible | ends with -ible | irresistable |
knowledge | remember the d | knowlege |
liaise, liaison | remember the second i: liais- | liase, liason |
Example: I sleep.
She studies vocabulary every day. 2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE: In this type of tense the action is still in progress, therefore the use of the word ‘continuous’.
Example: I am sleeping.
I am eating lunch, I will call you later. 3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: In this type of tense the action has already been completed, hence the use of the word ‘perfect’.
Example: I have slept.
I have eaten Chinese food a few times already. 4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE: In this type of tense, the action has started taking place beforehand and is still ongoing.
Example: I have been sleeping.
I have been eating a lot of vegetables lately. PAST TENSES1. SIMPLE PAST TENSE: In this type of tense the action which is mentioned has already taken place in the past, there is no continuity.
Example: I got some sleep yesterday. 2. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE: This type of tense describes an on-going action that took place in the past.
Example: I was having lunch when u called yesterday. 3. PAST PERFECT TENSE: This type of tense describes a completed action which took place in the past.
Examples: I had slept.
I had already eaten when my doorbell rang. 4. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE: This type of tense describes an action which started in the past and continued until another point in time, still in the past.
Example: I had been sleeping for two hours before my friend arrived. FUTURE TENSES1. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: This type of tense describes an action taking place in the future; there is no mention of its continuity.
Example: I will sleep.
I shall finish my project by tomorrow morning. 2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE: This type of tense describes an action that will take place in the future but will still be ongoing.
Example: I will be sleeping at 11 p.m.
I’ll be staying at my parents’ house for a few weeks. 3. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: This type of tense describes an action that will occur in the future before another action in the future.
Example: I will have slept before you arrive. 4. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE: This type of tense describes an on-going action in the future before a completed action in a specific point in time.
Example: I will have been sleeping for seven hours by 9 a.m. tomorrow morning.
I will have been studying for two hours by the time my parents arrive. Q8) What is meant by the term “Abbreviation”? Give Examples.A8)Contractions and Abbreviations are ways in which a word can be shortened. While both contractions and abbreviations are used for the same purpose they do share their differences.The use of Abbreviations and Contractions has increased even more ever since the advent of mobile phones and the internet. Mails, texts and general written communication often make use of abbreviations and contractions.An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word where the last letters of a word are omitted. Abbreviation is useful in writing when one has to cram a lot of words into a small space. Although they help at simplifying the language it is essential to note that one must avoid using them in formal writing except for some universal abbreviations. It is essential to know if your audience knows the abbreviation before using it while conversing with them.Below are examples of some commonly used abbreviations:Professor – Prof.B.S. = Bachelor of Science B.A. = Bachelor of Arts M.A. = Master of Arts M.B.A. = Master of Business Administration Ph.D. = Doctor of PhilosophyUN – United NationsTimes and dates -a.m. (ante meridiem) = before noon p.m. (post meridiem) = after noonJan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, Jun., Jul., Aug., Sep., Oct., Nov., Dec.Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs., Fri., Sat., Sun.Places -U.S. (United States), U.K. (United Kingdom), E.U. (European Union), U.A.E. (United Arab Emirates).Units of Measurement -in. (inches) ft. (feet) lbs. (pounds)mm. (Millimetres) cm. (centimetres) m. (meters)There are some rules that must be kept in mind while using abbreviations, they are as follows:
Prefix | Meaning | Examples |
un- | not | unhappy, unsuccessful, unable |
re- | again | redo, return, reappear |
dis- | not, undo | disappear, disgra ce , discontinue |
inter- | between | International, internet, intermission |
non- | not | nonsense, nonfiction, nonviolent |
pre- | before | predawn, prefix, precaution |
post- | after | postpone, postscript, postwar |
poly- | many | polygamy, polyester, polyglot |
sub- | under | subterranean, submarine, subordinate |
c o- | together | cooperate, collaborate, coordinate
|
Form | Suffix | Meaning | Examples |
Noun | -age | action or process | marriage, voyage, pilgrimage |
-ence | state or quality of | violence, absence, reticence | |
-ant | one who | servant, immigrant, assistant | |
-arium | pla ce for | a quarium, planetarium, auditorium | |
-tion | state or quality of | starvation, inspiration, tension | |
-cy | state or quality of | a ccuracy, bankruptcy, c onspiracy | |
-dom | state or quality of | freedom, boredom, wisdom | |
-eer | person | engineer, puppeteer, auctioneer | |
-ectomy | surgical removal of | tonsillectomy, appendectomy |
| -ent | one who | superintendent, resident, regent |
-eur | one who | chauffeur, masseur | |
-hood | state or quality of | childhood, falsehood, neighborhood | |
-i | plural | alumni, foci, syllabi | |
-ism | doctrine of | capitalism, socialism, patriotism | |
-wright | one who works with | playwright, shipwright | |
-ology | study of | biology, etymology, psychology | |
Adjective | -able | Is, can be | comfortable, durable, perishable |
-acious | inclined to be | audacious, loquacious, spacious | |
-ant | inclined to be | vigilant, pleasant, defiant | |
-ative | inclined to be | demonstrative, talkative, pejorative | |
-ic | characteristic of | comic, poetic, historic | |
-y | characteristic of | fruity, sunny, chewy | |
Verb | -ble | repeated a ction | stumble, squabble, mumble |
-ed | past tense | wanted, hated, looted | |
-en | made of | strengthen, fasten, frighten | |
-ify | to make | terrify, falsify, vilify | |
-ize | to make | standardize, computerize, pulverize | |
Adverb | -ly | resembling | slowly, kindly, seriously |
-ward | direction | forward, backward, onward | |
-ways | manner | sideways, crossways |