Module 1
Introduction: Concept of Operating Systems, Generations of Operating systems, Types of
Operating Systems, OS Services, System Calls, Structure of an OS-Layered, Monolithic,
Microkernel Operating Systems, Concept of Virtual Machine. Case study on UNIX and WINDOWS
Operating System.
Module 2
Processes: Definition, Process Relationship, Different states of a Process, Process State transitions,
Process Control Block (PCB), Context switching.
Thread: Definition, Various states, Benefits of threads, Types of threads, Concept of multithreads
Process Scheduling: Foundation and Scheduling objectives, Types of Schedulers, Scheduling criteria:
CPU utilization, Throughput, Turnaround Time, Waiting Time, Response Time; Scheduling
algorithms: Pre-emptive and Non pre-emptive, FCFS, SJF, RR; Multiprocessor scheduling: Real Time
scheduling: RM and EDF.
Module 3
Inter-process Communication: Critical Section, Race Conditions, Mutual Exclusion, Hardware
Solution, Strict Alternation, Peterson’s Solution, The Producer - Consumer Problem, Semaphores,
Event Counters, Monitors, Message Passing, Shared Memory, Classical IPC Problems: Reader’s &
Writer Problem, Dinning Philosopher Problem etc.
Module 4
Deadlocks: Definition, Necessary and sufficient conditions for Deadlock,
Deadlock Prevention, and Deadlock Avoidance: Banker’s algorithm, Deadlock detection and
Recovery.
Module 5
Memory Management: Basic concept, Logical and Physical address map, Memory allocation:
Contiguous Memory allocation – Fixed and variable partition–Internal and External fragmentation and
Compaction; Paging and Segmentation: Principle of operation – Page allocation – Hardware support
for paging, Protection and sharing, Advantages and Disadvantages of paging and segmentation.
Virtual Memory: Basics of Virtual Memory – Hardware and control structures – Locality of
reference, Page fault , Working Set , Dirty page/Dirty bit – Demand paging, Page Replacement
algorithms: Optimal, First in First Out (FIFO), Second Chance (SC), Not recently used (NRU) and
Least Recently used (LRU).
Module 6
File Management: Concept of File, Access methods, File types, File operation, Directory
structure, File System structure, Allocation methods (contiguous, linked, indexed), Free-space
management (bit vector, linked list, grouping), directory implementation (linear list, hash table),
efficiency and performance.
Disk Management: Disk structure, Disk scheduling - FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, C-SCAN, Disk reliability,

AKU Curriculum for Undergraduate Degree in Computer Science and Engineering

Disk formatting, Boot-block, Bad blocks
I/O Hardware: I/O devices, Device controllers, Direct memory access, Principles of I/O Software:
Goals of Interrupt handlers, Device drivers, Device independent I/O software, Secondary-Storage
Structure.