Control System

Module I: Industrial Control examples. Mathematical models of physical systems. Control hardware and their models. Transfer function models of linear time-invariant systems. Feedback Control: Open-Loop and Closed-loop systems. Benefits of Negative Feedback. Block diagram algebra. Signal Flow Graph and Mason’s Gain formula.

Module II: Standard test signals. Time response of first and second order systems for standard test inputs. Application of initial and final value theorem. Design specifications for second- order systems based on the time-response. Concept of Stability. Routh-Hurwitz Criteria. Relative Stability analysis. Root-Locus technique. Construction of Root-loci.

Module III: Relationship between time and frequency response, Polar plots, Bode plots. Nyquist stability criterion. Relative stability using Nyquist stability criterion – gain and phase margins. Closed-loop frequency response: Constant M Circle, Constant N Circle, Nichols Chart.

Module IV: Stability, steady-state accuracy, transient accuracy, disturbance rejection, insensitivity and robustness of control systems. Root-loci method of feedback controller design. Design specifications in frequency-domain. Frequency-domain methods of design. Application of Proportional, Integral and Derivative Controllers, Tuning of PID controllers, Lead and Lag and Lag-Lead compensator design.

Module V: Concepts of state variables. State space model. Diagonalization of State Matrix. Solution of state equations. Eigenvalues and Stability Analysis. Concept of controllability and observability. Pole-placement by state feedback. Discrete-time systems. Difference Equations. State-space models of linear discrete-time systems. Stability of linear discrete-time systems.

Books:
[1] I. J. Nagrath and M. Gopal, “Control Systems Engineering”, New Age International, 2009.
[2] K. Ogata, “Modern Control Engineering”, Prentice Hall, 1991
[3] M. Gopal, “Control Systems: Principles and Design”, McGraw Hill Education, 1997.
[4] B. C. Kuo, “Automatic Control System”, Prentice Hall, 1995.

Electrical Machines - II

Module I:
Physical arrangement of windings in stator and cylindrical rotor; slots for windings; single turn coil - active portion and overhang; full-pitch coils, concentrated winding, distributed winding, winding axis, Air-gap MMF distribution with fixed current through winding - concentrated and distributed, Sinusoidally distributed winding, winding distribution factor

Module II: 
Constant magnetic field, pulsating magnetic field - alternating current in windings with spatial displacement, Magnetic field produced by a single winding - fixed current and alternating current Pulsating fields produced by spatially displaced windings, Windings spatially shifted by 90 degrees, Addition of pulsating magnetic fields, Three windings spatially shifted by 120 degrees (carrying three-phase balanced currents), revolving magnetic field.

Module III: 
Three Phase Induction Motor Construction, Types (squirrel cage and slip-ring), Torque Slip Characteristics, Starting and Maximum Torque. Equivalent circuit. Phasor Diagram, Losses and Efficiency. Effect of parameter variation on torque speed characteristics (variation of rotor and stator resistances, stator voltage, frequency). Methods of starting, braking and speed control for induction motors. Generator operation. Self-excitation. Doubly-Fed Induction Machines.

Module IV:
Single Phase Induction Motor Constructional features, double revolving field theory, equivalent circuit, determination of parameters. Split-phase starting methods and applications

Module V: 
Constructional features, cylindrical rotor synchronous machine - generated EMF, equivalent circuit and phasor diagram, armature reaction, synchronous impedance, voltage regulation. Operating characteristics of synchronous machines, V-curves. Salient pole machine – two reaction theory, analysis of phasor diagram, power angle characteristics. Parallel operation of alternators - synchronization and load division.

Text Books:
[1] Stephen J. Chapman-‘Electric Machinery and Fundamentals’- Mc Graw Hill International Edition, (Fourth Edition), 2015.
[2] M. G. Say, “Performance and design of AC machines”, CBS Publishers, 2002.

Reference Books:
[1] A. E. Fitzgerald and C. Kingsley, "Electric Machinery”, McGraw Hill Education, 2013.
[2] P. S. Bimbhra, “Electrical Machinery”, Khanna Publishers, 2011.
[3] I. J. Nagrath and D. P. Kothari, “Electric Machines”, McGraw Hill Education, 2010.
[4] A. S. Langsdorf, “Alternating current machines”, McGraw Hill Education, 1984.
[5] P. C. Sen, “Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics”, John Wiley & Sons, 2007

Electric Power Transmission and Distribution

Module I
Evolution of Power Systems and Present-Day Scenario. Structure of power system. Conventional sources of Electrical Energy, Hydroelectric Power Generation, Thermal Power Generation and Nuclear Power Generation.

Module II
Inductance of a Conductor due to Internal Flux, Flux Linkages between Two Points External to an Isolated Conductor, Inductance of a Single Phase Two Wire Line, Flux Linkages of one Conductor in a Group, Inductance of Composite-Conductors, Concept of GMD, Transposition of lines, Inductance of a Three Phase Line with symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Spacing, Inductance Calculations for Bundled Conductors, Skin effect and Proximity effect. Capacitance of a Two Wire Line, Capacitance of a Three Phase Line with symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Spacing, Effect of Earth on the Capacitance of a Three Phase Line, Capacitance Calculations for Bundled Conductors, Parallel-Circuit Three Phase Lines, Corona.

Module III
Representation of Short, medium and long Transmission Line, Equivalent Circuit, Calculation and analysis of performance of transmission lines, Voltage Profile of
transmission lines, Ferranti Effect, Power Flow Through Transmission Line, Power Flow capability and Surge Impedance Loading, Series and Shunt Compensation of Transmission Line.
Overhead Line Insulators: Insulator Materials, Types of Insulators, Voltage Distribution over Insulator String, Methods of Equalizing the potential.
Mechanical Design of Overhead Transmission Lines: The catenary curve, Sag Tension Calculation, supports at different levels, Stringing chart, sag Template, Equivalent span, Stringing of Conductors, Vibration and Vibration Dampers.

Module IV
Method of Symmetrical Components (positive, negative and zero sequences). Balanced and Unbalanced Faults. Representation of generators, lines and transformers in sequence networks. Computation of Fault Currents. Neutral Grounding.

Module V
Classification of Distribution Systems, Primary and secondary distribution network, Voltage Drop in DC Distributors, Voltage Drop in AC Distributors, Kelvin’s Law, Limitations of Kelvin’s Law, Application of Capacitors to Distribution Systems.
Underground Cables: Type and construction, Classification of Cables, Parameters of Single Core Cables, Grading of Cables, Capacitance of Three Core Cable, Comparison of overhead lines with underground Cables, XLPE, PVC Cables.
Power System Earthing: Soil Resistivity, Earth Resistance, Tolerable Step and Touch Voltage, Actual Touch and Step Voltages. Single-wire Earth Return Concept in distribution system.

Electrical Machine Design

Module-I: Design of Transformers
Classification of transformer, transformer core, yoke, transformer winding, cooling of transformers, method of cooling of transformers, transformer tank, cooling ducts, transformer insulation, conservator and breather, output of transformer, output equation, ratio of iron loss to copper loss, relation between core area and weight of iron and copper, optimum design, variation of output and lossless in transformers with linear dimensions, design of core, selection of core area and type of core, choice of flux density, design of windings, Design of insulation, surge phenomenon, surge protection widow space factor, window dimension, width of window for optimum output, design of yoke, overall dimensions, simplified steps for transformer design, operating characteristics, resistance of winding, leakage reactance of winding, regulation.

Module-II: D C Machines
Output equations, choice of average gap density, choice of ampere conductor per meter, selection of number of poles, core length, Armature diameter, pole proportions, number of ventilating ducts, estimation of air gap length, Armature reaction; flux distribution at load, effect of armature reaction, brush shift and its effect, reduction of effects of armature reaction Armature design; choice of armature winding, numbers of armature conductors, numbers of armature slots, cross section of armature conductors, insulation of armature winding, slot dimension, armature voltage drop, depth of armature core, Design of field system; pole design, design of field winding, design of yoke, magnetic circuit, magnetization curve, design of field winding, commutation phenomenon, forms of current in coil undergoing commutation, Design of commutator and brushes; number of segments, commutator diameter, length of commutator, dimension of brushes, losses at commutator surface, loss and efficiency. Design of interpoles; time of commutation, width of commutation zone, width of interpole shoe, calculation of reactance voltage, length of interpole, flux density under interpole shoe, design of interpole winding.

Module-III: Three Phase Induction Motors
output equation, choice of average flux density in air gap, choice of armature conductors, efficiency and power factor, main dimensions, stator winding, Shape of stator slots, number of stator slots, area of stator slots, length of mean turn, stator teeth, stator core, Rotor design; length of air gap, number of rotor slots, effects of harmonics, reduction of harmonic torques, design of rotor bars and slots, design of end rings, full load slip, design of wound rotor, rotor teeth, rotor core, operating characteristics; no load current, short circuit current, leakage reactance.

Module-IV: Design of synchronous Machines
output equation, design of salient pole machines-main dimensions, short circuit ratio, length of air gap, shape of pole face, armature design, armature winding, coils and their insulation, slot dimension, length of mean turn, stator pole, elimination of harmonics, armature parameters, estimation of air gap length, design of rotor, magnetic circuits, Open circuit characteristics, determination of full load field mmf, design of field winding, design of turbo-Alternator- main dimension, length of air gap, stator design, rotor design. Determination of direct and quadrature axis synchronous reactances, short circuit characteristics, losses, temperature rise.

Industrial Process Control and Dynamics

Module-I: Analog Signal Conditioning
Introduction, control systems, process control block diagram, control system evaluation, analog and digital processing. Analog Signal Conditioning: Introduction, principles of analog signal conditioning, passive circuits, operation, amplifiers, op-amp circuits in instrumentation.

Module-II: Digital Signal Conditioning
Introduction, Review of digital fundamentals, converters, Data Acquisition system.
Thermal Sensors: Introduction, Definition of temperature, Metal resistance versus Temperature devices, Thermistors, Thermocouples.
Mechanical Sensors: Introduction, Displacement, Location or Position sensors, Strain sensors, Motion sensors Pressure sensors, Flow sensors.

Module-III: Optical Sensors
Introduction, Photo detectors, Pyrometry, Optical Sources application. Final Control: Introduction, Final control operation, signal conversions, Industrial Electronics,
Actuators, Control Elements. Discrete State Process Control: Introduction, Definition of Discrete State Process control, Characteristics of the system, Relay controllers and ladder diagram, PLCs. Control Loop.

Module IV: Controller Principles
Introduction, Process characteristics, Control system parameters, Discontinuous controller modes, continuous controller modes, composite control modes. Analog Controllers: Electronics Controller, Pneumatic controller. 3. Digital Controllers: Digital electronics methods, Computers in process control, Characteristics of digital data.

Electrical Energy Conservation and Auditing

Module I: Electrical energy conservation
Energy economics- discount rate, payback period, internal rate of return, net present value, and life cycle cost. Energy generation, energy distribution, energy usage by processes, technical and economic evaluation, understanding energy costs, classification of energy conservation measures, plant energy performance, benchmarking and energy performance, matching energy usage to requirement, maximizing energy system efficiency, optimizing the input energy requirements, fuel and energy substitution, and energy balancing.
EB billing- HT and LT supply, transformers, electric motors- motor efficiency computation, energy efficient motors, pumps, fans, blowers, compressed air systems, refrigeration and air conditioning systems, cooling towers, electric heaters (space and liquid), DG-sets, illuminating devices, power factor improvement, and harmonics.

Module II: Electrical energy audit
Energy consumption pattern and scenario of any region; Energy auditing: Need, types, methodology and approaches; Preliminary energy audit methodology (initial site visit and preparation required for detailed auditing, detailed energy audit activities, information and data collection, process flow diagram and process steps);
Procedure and techniques: Data gathering, evaluation of saving opportunities, and energy audit reporting; and Energy audit instruments.

Module III: Illumination
Illumination, luminous flux, lumen, luminous intensity, candela power, brightness, glare, types of lighting (incandescent, CFL, and LED), requirements of lux for
various purposes, determine the method of lighting, select the lighting equipments, and calculate the lighting parameters.

Renewable Power Generation Systems

Module I: Introduction
Conventional energy Sources and its Impacts, Non conventional energy–seasonal variations and availability, Renewable energy – sources and features, Distributed
energy systems and dispersed generation (DG). Solar Energy: Solar processes and spectral composition of solar radiation. Solar Thermal system-Solar collectors, Types and performance characteristics, Applications-Solar water heating systems(active & passive) , Solar space heating & cooling systems , Solar desalination systems, Solar cooker. Solar photovoltaic system-Operating principle, Photovoltaic cell concepts, Cell, module, array, Losses in Solar Cell, Effects of Shadowing-Partial and Complete Shadowing, Series and parallel connections, Cell mismatching, Maximum power point tracking, Applications-Battery charging, Pumping, Lighting, Peltier cooling. Modelling of PV cell.

Module II: Wind Energy
Wind energy, Wind energy conversion; Wind power density, efficiency limit for wind energy conversion, types of converters, aerodynamics of wind rotors, power ~ speed and torque speed characteristics of wind turbines, wind turbine control systems; conversion to electrical power: induction and synchronous generators, grid connected and self excited induction generator operation, constant voltage and constant frequency generation with power electronic control single and double output systems, reactive power compensation, Characteristics of wind powerplant, Concept of DFIG.

Module III: Biomass Power
Principles of biomass conversion, Combustion and fermentation, Anaerobic digestion, Types of biogas digester, Wood gassifier, Pyrolysis, Applications. Bio gas, Wood
stoves, Bio diesel, Combustion engine, Application.

Module IV: Hybrid Systems
Need for Hybrid Systems, Range and type of Hybrid systems, Case studies of Diesel-PV, Wind-PV, Microhydel-PV, Biomass-Diesel systems, electric and hybrid electric
vehicles.

Sensors and Transducers

Module-I: Elements of a general measurement system
Static Characteristics: systematic characteristics, statistical characteristics, calibration; Dynamic characteristics of measurement systems: transfer functions of typical sensing elements, step and frequency response of first and second order elements, and dynamic error in measurement systems.

Module-II: Sensing elements
Resistive sensing elements: potentiometers, Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD), thermistors, strain gages. Capacitive sensing elements: variable separation, area and dielectric; Inductive sensing elements: variable reluctance and LVDT displacement sensors; Electromagnetic sensing elements: velocity sensors.

Module-III: Thermoelectric sensing elements
laws, thermocouple characteristics, installation problems, cold junction compensation. IC temperature sensor Elastic sensing elements: Bourdon tube, bellows, and diaphragms for pressure sensing, force and torque measurement.

Module-IV: Signal Conditioning Elements
Deflection bridges: design of resistive and reactive bridges, push-pull configuration for improvement of linearity and sensitivity. Amplifiers: Operational amplifiers-ideal and non-ideal performances, inverting, non-inverting and differential amplifiers, instrumentation amplifier, filters. A.C. carrier systems, phase sensitive demodulators and its applications in instrumentation.