Digital Signal Processing

Unit I DSP Preliminaries

Discretization of Analog Signals: Sampling theorem in time domain, recovery of analog signals, and analytical treatment with examples, mapping between analog frequencies to digital frequency, Concept of Interpolation and decimation in signal processing, Representation of signals as vectors, concept of Basis function and orthogonality, Basic elements of DSP and its requirements, advantages of Digital over Analog signal processing, Introduction to DSP processor (TMS 320 XX 6713).

Unit II Z-Transform

Need for Z-transform, relation between Laplace transform and Z transform, relation between Fourier transform and Z transform, Concept of ROC and Properties of ROC, Relation between pole locations and time domain behavior, causality and stability considerations for LTI systems,Solution of difference equations using Z transform.

Unit III Transforms (DFT-FFT)

Frequency domain sampling , DFT, Properties of DFT, circular convolution, Computation of linear convolution using circular convolution, FFT, decimation in time (DIT) and decimation in frequency(DIF) using Radix-2 FFT algorithm for 4 point and 8 point sequences, DFT & FFT computation complexity for 4 point and 8 point sequences, Linear filtering (Block convolution or Long sequence convolution) using overlap add and overlapsave method.

Unit IV IIR Filter Design

Concept of analog filter design, IIR filter design by approximation of backward derivatives, IIR filter design by impulse invariance method, Bilinear transformation method, warping effect. Butterworth filter design, Characteristics of Butterworth filters and Chebyshev filters, IIR filter realization using direct form, cascade form and parallel form, Finite word length effect in IIR filter design.

Unit V FIR Filter Design

Windowing techniques: Gibbs phenomenon, characteristics and comparison of different window functions, Linear phase conditions: impulse and phase and group delays, Design of linear phase FIR filter using wind ows: Rect, Hanning, Hamming, Blackmann & Kaiser, Magnitude and Phase response of Digital filters, Frequency response of Linear phase FIR filters, FIR filter realization using Direct Form, Cascade and linear phase structure.

Unit VI Introduction to 1D & 2D Signal Processing

Dimensionality of signals, Introduction of 1D signals 

Speech: Basics of speech signal and its features, LTI representation of speech signal, Estimation of fundamental frequency, identification of voiced and unvoiced speech and noise removal
Biomedical Signal: Basics of ECG and its features, Spectral Analysis using FFT, Artifacts suppression, Algorithms for R peak detection
Fundamentals of image processing: Representation of digital image, Spatial and Temporal resolution, 2D
convolution for feature extraction.

Digital Communication

Unit I Random Processes & Noise

Random Processes: Introduction, Mathematical definition of a random process, Stationary processes, Mean, Correlation and Covariance function, Ergodic processes, Transmission of a random process through a LTI filter, Power spectral density.
Mathematical Representation of Noise: Some Sources of Noise, Frequency-domain Representation of Noise, Superposition of Noises, Linear Filtering of Noise, Quadrature Components of Noise, Representation of Noise using Orthonormal Coordinates.

Unit II Digital Modulation-I

Baseband Signal Receiver: Probability of Error, Optimal Receiver Design.
Digital Modulation: Generation, Reception, Signal Space Representation and Probability of Error Calculation for Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK).

Unit III Digital Modulation-II

Generation, Reception, Signal Space Representation and Probability of Error Calculation for Quadrature Amplitude Shift Keying (QASK), M-ary FSK (MFSK), Minimum Shift Keying (MSK), Pulse Shaping to reduce Interchannel and Intersymbol Interference, some Issues in transmission and reception, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Comparison of digital modulation systems.

Unit IV Spread Spectrum Modulation

Use of Spread Spectrum , Direct Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum, Spread Spectrum and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Ranging Using DS Spread Spectrum , Frequency Hopping (FH) Spread Spectrum, Pseudorandom (PN) Sequences: Generation and Characteristics, Synchronization in Spread Spectrum Systems

Unit V Information Theoretic Approach to Communication System

Introduction to information theory, Entropy and its properties, Source coding theorem, Huffman coding, Shannon-Fano coding, Discrete memory less channel, Mutual information, Channel capacity, Channel coding theorem, Differential entropy and mutual Information for continuous ensembles, Information Capacity theorem.

Unit VI Error-Control Coding

Linear Block Codes: Coding, Syndrome and error detection, Error detection and correction capability, Standard array and syndrome decoding. Cyclic Codes: Coding & Decoding, Convolutional Codes: Coding & Decoding, Introduction to Turbo Codes & LDPC Codes.

Reference Books:
1. Bernard Sklar, Prabitra Kumar Ray, “Digital Communications Fundamentals and Applications”, Pearson Education, 2nd Edition
2. Wayne Tomasi, “Electronic Communications System”, Pearson Education, 5th Edition
3. A.B Carlson, P B Crully, J C Rutledge, “Communication Systems”, Tata McGraw Hill Publication, 5t h Edition
4. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, 4th Edition
5. Simon Haykin, “Digital Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, 4th Edition.

Microprocessors & Microcontrollers

Module I: Introduction to 8 bit and 16 bit Microprocessors-H/W architecture
Introduction to microprocessor, computer and its organization, Programming system; Address bus, data bus and control bus, Tristate bus; clock generation; Connecting Microprocessor to I/O devices; Data transfer schemes; Architectural advancements of microprocessors. Introductory System design using microprocessors; 8086 – Hardware Architecture; External memory addressing; Bus cycles; some important Companion Chips; Maximum mode bus cycle; 8086 system configuration; Memory Interfacing; Minimum mode system configuration, Interrupt processing.
 

Module II: 16-bit microprocessor instruction set and assembly language programming

Programmer’s model of 8086; operand types, operand addressing; assembler directives, instruction Set- Data transfer group, Arithmetic group, Logical group.

Module III: Microprocessor peripheral interfacing

Introduction; Generation of I/O ports; Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI) - Intel 8255; Sample- and-Hold Circuit and Multiplexer; Keyboard and Display Interface; Keyboard and Display Controller (8279).
 

Module IV: 8-bit microcontroller- H/W architecture instruction set and programming
Introduction to 8051 Micro-Controllers, Architecture; Memory Organization; Special Function register; Port Operation; Memory Interfacing, I/O Interfacing; Programming 8051 resources, interrupts; Programmer’s model of 8051; Operand types, Operand addressing; Data transfer instructions, Arithmetic instructions, Logic instructions, Control transfer instructions; Programming.
 

Module V: 
Maximum mode system configuration, Direct memory access, Interfacing of D- to-A converter, A-to-D converter, CRT Terminal Interface, Printer Interface, Programming of 8051 timers, 8051 serial interface. Introduction to 80386 and 80486 Microprocessor family.

Integrated Circuits

Unit 1

The 741 IC Op-Amp: General operational amplifier stages (bias circuit, the input stage, the second stage, the output stage, short circuit protection circuitry), device parameters, DC and AC analysis of input stage, second stage and output stage, gain, frequency response of 741, a simplified model, slew rate, relationship between ft and slew rate.

Unit 2

Linear Applications of IC Op-Amps: Op-Amp based V-I and I-V converters, instrumentation amplifier, generalized impedance converter, simulation of inductors.
Active Analog filters: Sallen Key second order filter, Designing of second order low pass and high pass Butterworth filter, Introduction to band pass and band stop filter, all pass active filters, KHN Filters. Introduction to design of higher order filters.

Unit 3

Frequency Compensation & Nonlinearity: Frequency Compensation, Compensation of two stage Op-Amps, Slewing in two stage Op-Amp. Nonlinearity of Differential Circuits, Effect of Negative feedback on Nonlinearity. Non-Linear Applications of IC Op-Amps: Basic Log–Anti Log amplifiers using diode and BJT, temperature compensated Log-Anti Log amplifiers using diode, peak detectors, sample and hold circuits. Op-amp as a comparator and zero crossing detector, astable multivibrator & monostable multivibrator. Generation of triangular waveforms, analog multipliers and their applications.

Unit 4

Digital Integrated Circuit Design: An overview, CMOS logic gate circuits basic structure, CMOS realization of inverters, AND, OR, NAND and NOR gates.
Latches and Flip flops: the latch, CMOS implementation of SR flip-flops, a simpler CMOS implementation of the clocked SR flip-flop, CMOS implementation of J-K flip- flops, D flip- flop circuits.

Unit 5

Integrated Circuit Timer: Timer IC 555 pin and functional block diagram, Monostable and Astable multivibrator using the 555 IC. Voltage Controlled Oscillator: VCO IC 566 pin and functional block diagram and applications.
Phase Locked Loop (PLL): Basic principle of PLL, block diagram, working, Ex-OR gates and multipliers as phase detectors, applications of PLL.

Linear Control Systems

Unit I: Introduction and Modeling of control system
Introduction to need for automation and automatic control, use of feedback, Broad spectrum of system application. Mathematical modeling, Differential equations, transfer functions, block diagram, signal flow graphs, Effect of feedback on parameter variation, disturbance signal, servomechanisms. Control system components, Electrical, Electromechanical. Their functional analysis and input, output representation.

UNIT-II: Time Domain analysis 
Time response of the system, first order & second order system, (standard inputs) concept of gain & time constant, steady state error, type of control system, approximate method for higher order system. Principles of P,PI,PD,PID controllers.

UNIT-III: Stability & Root Locus method 
Stability: Stability of control systems, conditions of stability, characteristic equation, Routh Hurwitz criterion, special cases for determining relative stability. Root Locus method: Root location and its effect on time response, elementary idea of Root Locus, effect of adding pole and zero and proximity of imaginary axis.

UNIT-IV: Frequency response analysis 
Frequency response method of analysing linear system, Nyquist & Bode Plot, stability & accuracy analysis from frequency response, open loop & closed loop frequency response. Nyquist criteria, effect of variation of gain & addition of poles & zeros on response plot, stability margin in frequency response.

UNIT-V: Compensators 
Needs of compensations, lead compensations, Lag compensations, Lead-Lag compensations (theoretical concepts) Overview of various transducers with their signal conditioning systems.

UNIT-VI: State variable approach 
State variable method of analysis, state choice of state representation of vector matrix differential equation, standard form, relation between transfer function and state variable.

Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes

Unit 1

Sets and set operations; Probability space; Conditional probability and Bayes
theorem; Combinatorial probability and sampling models. 

Unit 2

Discrete random variables, probability mass function, probability distribution function, example random variables and distributions; Continuous random variables, probability density function, probability distribution function, example distributions

Unit 3
 Joint distributions, functions of one and two random variables, moments of random variables; Conditional distribution, densities and moments; Characteristic functions of a random variable; Markov, Chebyshev and Chernoff bounds. 
 

Unit 4

 Random sequences and modes of convergence (everywhere, almost everywhere, probability, distribution and mean square); Limit theorems; Strong and weak laws of large numbers, central limit theorem. 

Unit 5

Random process. Stationary processes. Mean and covariance functions. Er-godicity. Transmission of random process through LTI. Power spectral density, Markov chain and Markov processes.

Computer Networks and Security

Unit I: Introduction To Computer Networks 
Definition, Types of Networks: Local area networks (LAN), Metropolitan area networks (MAN), Wide area networks (WAN), Wireless networks, Networks Software, Protocol, Design issues for the Network layers. Network Models: The OSI Reference Model, TCP/IP Model, Network Topologies, Types of Transmission Medium. Network Architectures: Client-Server, Peer To Peer, Hybrid. Network Devices: Bridge, Switch, Router, Gateway, Access Point. Line Coding Schemes: Manchester and Differential Manchester Encodings, Frequency Hopping (FHSS) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS).

Unit II: Data Link Layer
Introduction, functions. Design Issues: Services to Network Layer, Framing. ARQ strategies: Error detection and correction, Parity Bits, Hamming Codes (11/12-bits) and CRC. Flow Control Protocols: Unrestricted Simplex, Stop and Wait, Sliding Window Protocol. WAN Connectivity: PPP and HDLC. MAC Sub layer: Multiple Access Protocols: Pure and Slotted ALOHA, CSMA, WDMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Binary Exponential Back-off algorithm, Introduction to Ethernet IEEE 802.3, IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n, IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16 Standards.

Unit III: Network Layer
Introduction: Functions of Network layer. Switching Techniques: Circuit switching, Message Switching, Packet Switching. IP Protocol: Classes of IP (Network addressing), IPv4, IPv6,Network Address Translation, Sub-netting, CIDR. Network layer Protocols: ARP, RARP, ICMP, IGMP. Network Routing and Algorithms: Static Routing, Dynamic Routing, Distance Vector Routing, Link State Routing, Path Vector. Routing Protocols: RIP, OSPF, BGP, MPLS. Routing in MANET: AODV, DSR, Mobile IP.
 

Unit IV: Transport Layer
Process to Process Delivery, Services, Socket Programming. Elements of Transport Layer Protocols: Addressing, Connection establishment, Connection release, Flow control and buffering, Multiplexing, Congestion Control. Transport Layer Protocols: TCP and UDP, SCTP, RTP, Congestion control and Quality of Service (QoS), Differentiated services, TCP and UDP for Wireless networks.
 

Unit V: Application Layer
Introduction, Web and HTTP, Web Caching, DNS, Email: SMTP, MIME,POP3, Webmail, FTP, TELNET, DHCP, SNMP.
 

Unit VI: Security
Introduction, Security services, Need of Security, Key Principles of Security, Threats and Vulnerabilities, Types of Attacks, ITU-T X.800 Security Architecture for OSI, Security Policy and mechanisms, Operational Model of Network Security, Symmetric and Asymmetric Key Cryptography. Security in Network, Transport and Application: Introduction of IPSec, SSL, HTTPS, S/MIME, Overview of IDS and Firewalls.

 Power Devices & Circuits

Unit I Study of Power Devices 
Construction, VI characteristics (input, output and transfer if any), switching characteristics of SCR, GTO,
Power MOSFET and IGBT, Performance overview of Silicon, Silicon Carbide & GaN based MOSFET and
IGBT, various repetitive and non-repetitive ratings of SCR, GTO , Power MOSFET & IGBT and their
significance, requirement of a typical triggering / driver (such as opto isolator) circuits for various power
devices, importance of series and parallel operations of various power devices (no derivation and numerical).

Unit II AC to DC Power Converters 
Concept of line & forced commutation, Single phase Semi & Full converters using SCR for R and R-L loads
and its performance analysis and numerical, Effect of source inductance, Significance of power factor and its
improvement using PWM based techniques, Three phase Full converters using SCR for R load and its
performance analysis, Single Phase PWM Rectifier using IGBT, Three Phase Controlled Rectifier Using IGBT,
Difference between SCR based conventional rectifiers and IGBT based rectifiers.

Unit III DC to AC Converters 
Single phase half and full bridge square wave inverter for R and R-L load using MOSFET / IGBT and its
performance analysis and numerical, Cross conduction in inverter, need of voltage control and strategies in
inverters, classifications of voltage control techniques, control of voltage using various PWM techniques and
their advantages, concept and need of harmonic elimination / reduction in inverters, Three Phase voltage source
inverter for balanced star R load with 120 and 180 degree mode of operation, device utilization factor,
Advanced Converterslike matrix inverter, multi-level inverters and their topologies and its driver circuits (no
derivation and numerical).

Unit IV DC to DC Converters 
Classification of choppers, Step down chopper for R and RL load and its performance analysis, Step up chopper,
various control strategies for choppers, types of choppers (isolated and non isolated) such as type A, B, C, D &
E, switch mode power supply (SMPS) viz buck, boost and buck-boost, Fly back, Half and full Bridge isolated
and non-isolated interleaved bidirectional topologies, and concept of integrated converter and design of LM3524
based choppers, concept of maximum power point tracking (MPPT).

Unit V Power Devices Protection and Circuits 
Over voltage, over current, di/dt and dv/dt protection circuits and their design, Various cooling techniques and
heat sink design, Resonant converters such as Zero current switching (ZCS) and Zero voltage switching (ZVS),
Electromagnetic interference such as radiated and conducted EMI, Difference between EMI and EMC, EMI
sources and soft switching and minimizing / shielding techniques for EMI, Various EMI and EMC standards,
Importance of isolation transformer.

Unit VI Power Electronics Applications 
AC Voltage Controller using IGBT & SCR, Fan Regulator, Electronic Ballast, LED Lamp driver, DC motor
drive for single phase separately excited dc motor, BLDC motor drive, Variable voltage & variable frequency
three phase induction motor drive, On-line and Off- line UPS, study of various selection criteria and
performance parameters of batteries in battery operated power systems, battery charging models and modes for
EVs, Architecture of EVs battery charger, PFC stage circuit topologies with details of Full-bridge boost rectifier
and Full-bridge interleaved for EV battery charger, case study of power electronics in electric vehicle and
photovoltaic solar system

Cellular Networks

Unit I Introduction of Wireless Channel
Introduction, Free Space Propagation Model, Ground-Reflection Scenario, Hata Model and Receiver-Noise
Computation. Channel Estimation techniques and Diversity in wireless communications.

Unit II Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 
Introduction, Motivation and Multicarrier basics, OFDM example, bit error rate for OFDM.
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Wireless Communications: Introduction to MIMO Wireless
Communications, MIMO System Model and MIMO-OFDM.

Unit III Introduction to Mobile Communication 
Introduction to Cellular Service Progression, Cell Geometry, Overview of Cellular mobile and Network
architecture, Cellular radio system design-- Frequency assignments, frequency reuse channels, Concept of cell
splitting and Cell sectoring. Significance of Handover in cellular systems with Handoff algorithms and roaming.

Unit IV Wireless System Planning
Link-Budget Analysis, Tele-traffic Theory, Tele-traffic System Model and Steady State Analysis.

Unit V Wireless and Mobile Technologies and Protocols and their performance evaluation
Introduction, Wireless and mobile technologies, LTE- advanced, 5G – Architecture, wireless local area network
and Simulations of wireless networks.

Unit VI Performance Analysis Issues 
Introduction to Network coding, basic hamming code and significance of Information Theory. Interference
suppression and Power control. MAC layer scheduling and connection admission in mobile communication.