DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

UNIT-I
Integrated Circuits (Qualitative treatment only): Active and Passive Components, Discrete components, Wafer Chip, Advantages and Drawbacks of ICs, Scale of
Integration: SSI, MSI, LSI and VLSI (basic idea and definitions only), Classification of ICs, Examples of Linear and Digital ICs.
Digital Circuits: Difference between Analog and Digital Circuits, Binary Numbers, Decimal to Binary and Binary to Decimal Conversation, BCD, Octal and Hexadecimal numbers, AND, OR and NOT. Gates (realization using Diodes and Transistor), NAND and NOR Gates as Universal Gates, XOR and XNOR Gates and application as Parity Checkers.

UNIT-II
Boolean algebra: De Morgans Theorems: Boolean Laws, Simplification of Logic Circuit using Boolean Algebra, Fundamental Products, Idea of Minterms and
Maxterms, Conversion of a Truth table into Equivalent Logic Circuit by (1) Sum of Products Method and (2) Karnaugh Map.
Introduction to CRO: Block Diagram of CRO, Electron Gun, Deflection system and Time Base, Deflection Sensitivity,
Applications of CRO: (1) Study of Wave Form, (2) Measurement of Volt- age, Current, Frequency and Phase Difference.

UNIT-III
Data Processing Circuits: Basic Idea of Multiplexers, De-multiplexers, Decoders, Encoders.
Arithmetic Circuits: Binary Addition. Binary Subtraction using 2s complement. Half and Full Adders. Half and Full Subtractors, 4 bit binary Adder/ Subtractor.
Timers: IC 555: block diagram and application is Astable multivibrator and Monostable multivibrator.

UNIT-IV

Introduction to Computer Organization: Input/output Devices, Data storage (idea of RAM and ROM), Computer memory, Memory organization and addressing, Memory Interfacing, Memory Map.
Shift registers: Serial-in-serial-out, Serial-in-Parallel-out, Parallel-in-Serial- out and Parallel-in-Parallel-out. Shift Registers (only up to 4 bits)
Counters (4 bits): Ring Counter, Asynchronous counters, Decade Counter. Synchronous Counter.

ELEMENTS OF MODERN PHYSICS

UNIT- I
Atomic Spectra and Models: Inadequacy of classical physics, Brief Review of Black body Radiation, Photoelectric effect, Compton Effect, dual nature of
radiation wave nature of particles, Atomic spectra, Line spectra of hydrogen atom, Ritz Rydberg combination principle, Alpha Particle Scattering, Ruther-
ford Scattering Formula, Rutherford Model of atom and its limitations.

Atomic Model: Bohrs Model of Hydrogen atom, explanation of atomic spec- tra, correction for finite mass of the nucleus, Bohr correspondence principle, limitations of Bohr model, discrete energy exchange by atom, Frank Hertz Experiment, Sommerfelds modification of Bohr’s Theory.

UNIT- II
Wave Packet: superposition of two waves, phase velocity and group velocity, wave packets, Gaussian Wave Packet, spatial distribution of wave packet,
Localization of wave packet in time, Time development of a wave packet, Wave Particle Duality, Complemntarity.
Wave Particle Duality: de Broglie hypothesis, Experimental confirmation of matter wave, Davisson Germer Experiment, velocity of deBroglie wave, wave particle duality, Complementarity.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Uncertainty Principle: Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, Illustration of the Principle through thought Experiments of Gamma ray microscope and electron diffraction through a slit, Estimation of ground state energy of harmonic oscillator and hydrogen atom, non existence of electron in the nucleus, Uncertainty and complementarities.

UNIT- III
Nuclear Physics- I: Size and structure of atomic nucleus and its relation with atomic weight, Impossibility of an electron being in the nucleus as a con- sequence of the uncertainty principle, Nature of the nuclear force, NZ graph, Liquid Drop model: semi empirical mass formula and binding energy, Nuclear Shell Model and magic numbers.

UNIT- IV
Nuclear Physics- II: Radioactivity, stability of the nucleus, Law of radioactive decay, Mean life and Half life Alpha decay, Beta decay-energy released, spectrum and
Paulis prediction of neutrino, Gamma ray emission energy-momentum conservation: electron-positron pair creation by gamma photons in the vicinity of a nucleus,
Fission and fusion mass deficit, relativity and generation of energy, Fission- nature of fragments and emission of neutrons, Nuclear reactor: slow neutron interacting with Uranium 235, Fusion and thermo nuclear reactions driving stellar energy (brief qualitative discussion).