UNIT 1: Modeling of Systems: Introduction to Control Systems, Types of Control Systems, Effect of Feedback Systems, Differential equation of Physical Systems -Mechanical systems, Friction, Translational systems (Mechanical accelerometer, systems excluded), Rotational systems, Gear trains, Electrical systems, Analogous systems

UNIT 2: Block diagrams and signal flow graphs: Transfer functions, Block diagram algebra, Signal Flow graphs (State variable formulation excluded),

UNIT 3: Time Response of feed back control systems: Standard test signals, Unit step response of First and second order systems, Time response specifications, Time response specifications of second order systems, steady – state errors and error constants. Introduction to PID Controllers(excluding design)

UNIT 4: Stability analysis: Concepts of stability, Necessary conditions for Stability, Routh- stability criterion, Relative stability analysis; More on the Routh stability criterion.

UNIT 5: Root–Locus Techniques: Introduction, The root locus concepts, Construction of root loci.

UNIT 6: Frequency domain analysis: Correlation between time and frequency response, Bode plots, Experimental determination of transfer functions, Assessment of relative stability using Bode Plots. Introduction to lead, lag and lead-lag compensating networks (excluding design).

UNIT 7: Stability in the frequency domain: Introduction to Polar Plots, (Inverse Polar Plots excluded) Mathematical preliminaries, Nyquist Stability criterion, Assessment of relative stability using Nyquist criterion, (Systems with transportation lag excluded).

UNIT 8: Introduction to State variable analysis: Concepts of state, state variable and state models for electrical systems, Solution of state equations.

UNIT – 1  Numerical Method: Numerical solutions of first-order and first-degree ordinary differential equations – Taylor‟s series method, Modified Euler‟s method, Runge – Kutta method of fourth-order, Milne‟s and Adams-Bashforth predictor and corrector methods (All formulae without Proof).

UNIT – 2 Complex Variables: Function of a complex variable, Limit, Continuity Differentiability – Definitions. Analytic functions, Cauchy – Riemann equations in cartesian and polar forms, Properties of analytic functions. Conformal Transformation – Definition Discussion of transformations: W = z2, W = ez, W = z + (I/z), z ≠ 0 Bilinear transformations.

UNIT – 3 Complex Integration: Complex line integrals, Cauchy‟s theorem, Cauchy‟s integral formula. Taylor‟s and Laurent‟s series (Statements only) Singularities, Poles, Residues, Cauchy‟s residue theorem (statement only)

UNIT – 4 Series solution of Ordinary Differential Equations and Special Functions: Series solution – Frobenius method, Series solution of Bessel‟s D.E. leading to Bessel function of fist kind. Equations reducible to Bessel‟s D.E., Series solution of Legendre‟s D.E. leading to Legendre Polynomials. Rodrigue‟s formula.

UNIT - 5  Statistical Methods Curve fitting by the method of least squares: y = a + bx, y = a + bx + cx2, y = axb y = abx, y = aebx, Correlation and Regression. Probability: Addition rule, Conditional probability, Multiplication rule, Baye‟s theorem.

UNIT – 6 Random Variables (Discrete and Continuous) p.d.f., c.d.f. Binomial, Poisson, Normal, and Exponential distributions.

UNIT - 7  Sampling, Sampling distribution, Standard error. Testing of hypothesis for means. Confidence limits for means, Student‟s t distribution, Chi-square distribution as a test of goodness of fit.

UNIT - 8  Concept of joint probability – Joint probability distribution, Discrete and Independent random variables, Expectation, Covariance, Correlation coefficient Probability vectors, Stochastic matrices, Fixed points, Regular stochastic matrices. Markov chains, Higher transition probabilities. Stationary distribution of regular Markov chains and absorbing states.

UNIT 1: Microprocessors and microcontroller. Introduction, Microprocessors and Microcontrollers, RISC & CISC CPU Architectures, Harvard & Von-
Neumann CPU architecture, Computer software. The 8051 Architecture: Introduction, Architecture of 8051, Pin diagram of 8051, Memory organization, External Memory interfacing, Stacks.

UNIT 2: Addressing Modes: Introduction, Instruction syntax, Data types, Subroutines, Addressing modes: Immediate addressing , Register addressing, Direct addressing, Indirect addressing, relative addressing, Absolute addressing, Long addressing, Indexed addressing, Bit inherent addressing, bit direct addressing. Instruction set: Instruction timings, 8051 instructions: Data transfer instructions, Arithmetic instructions, Logical instructions, Branch instructions, Subroutine instructions, Bit manipulation instruction.

UNIT 3:8051 programming: Assembler directives, Assembly language programs and Time delay calculations.

UNIT 4:8051 Interfacing and Applications: Basics of I/O concepts, I/O Port Operation, Interfacing 8051 to LCD, Keyboard, parallel and serial ADC, DAC, Stepper motor interfacing and DC motor interfacing and programming

UNIT 5: 8051 Interrupts and Timers/counters: Basics of interrupts, 8051 interrupt structure, Timers and Counters, 8051 timers/counters, programming 8051 timers in assembly and C .

UNIT 6:8051 Serial Communication: Data communication, Basics of Serial Data Communication, 8051 Serial Communication, connections to RS-232, Serial communication Programming in assembly and C. 8255A Programmable Peripheral Interface:, Architecture of 8255A, I/O addressing,, I/O devices interfacing with 8051 using 8255A. Course Aim – The MSP430 microcontroller is ideally suited for development of low-power embedded systems that must run on batteries for many years. There are also applications where MSP430 microcontroller must operate on energy harvested from the environment. This is possible due to the ultra-low power operation of MSP430 and the fact that it provides a complete system solution including a RISC CPU, flash memory, on-chip data converters and on-chip peripherals.

UNIT 7: Motivation for MSP430microcontrollers – Low Power embedded systems, On-chip peripherals (analog and digital), low-power RF capabilities. Target applications (Single-chip, low cost, low power, high performance system design). MSP430 RISC CPU architecture, Compiler-friendly features, Instruction set, Clock system, Memory subsystem. Key differentiating factors between different MSP430 families. Introduction to Code Composer Studio (CCS v4). Understanding how to use CCS for Assembly, C, Assembly+C projects for MSP430 microcontrollers. Interrupt programming. Digital I/O – I/O ports programming using C and assembly, Understanding the muxing scheme of the MSP430 pins.

UNIT 8:
On-chip peripherals. Watchdog Timer, Comparator, Op-Amp, Basic Timer, Real Time Clock (RTC), ADC, DAC, SD16, LCD, DMA. Using the Low-power features of MSP430. Clock system, low-power modes, Clock request feature, Low-power programming and Interrupt. Interfacing LED, LCD, External memory. Seven segment LED modules interfacing. Example – Real-time clock. Case Studies of applications of MSP430 - Data acquisition system, Wired Sensor network, Wireless sensor network with Chipcon RF interfaces.

UNIT 1: Introduction: Definitions of a signal and a system, classification of signals, basic Operations on signals, elementary signals, Systems viewed as Interconnections of operations, properties of systems.

UNIT 2: Time-domain representations for LTI systems – 1: Convolution, impulse response representation, Convolution Sum and Convolution Integral.

UNIT 3: Time-domain representations for LTI systems – 2: Properties of impulse response representation, Differential and difference equation Representations, Block diagram representations.

UNIT 4: Fourier representation for signals – 1: Introduction, Discrete time and continuous time Fourier series (derivation of series excluded) and their properties .

UNIT 5: Fourier representation for signals – 2: Discrete and continuous Fourier transforms(derivations of transforms are excluded) and their properties.

UNIT 6: Applications of Fourier representations: Introduction, Frequency response of LTI systems, Fourier transform representation of periodic signals, Fourier transform representation of discrete time signals. Sampling theorm and Nyquist rate.

UNIT 7: Z-Transforms – 1: Introduction, Z – transform, properties of ROC, properties of Z – transforms, inversion of Z – transforms.

UNIT 8: Z-transforms – 2: Transform analysis of LTI Systems, unilateral Z- Transform and its application to solve difference equations.

UNIT 1: Operational Amplifier Fundamentals: Basic Op-Amp circuit, Op-Amp parameters – Input and output voltage, CMRR and PSRR, offset voltages and currents, Input and output impedances, Slew rate and Frequency limitations; Op-Amps as DC Amplifiers- Biasing Op-Amps, Direct coupled -Voltage Followers, Non-inverting Amplifiers, Inverting amplifiers, Summing amplifiers, Difference amplifier.

UNIT 2: Op-Amps as AC Amplifiers: Capacitor coupled Voltage Follower, High input impedance - Capacitor coupled Voltage Follower, Capacitor coupled Non-inverting Amplifiers, High input impedance - Capacitor coupled Non-inverting Amplifiers, Capacitor coupled Inverting amplifiers, setting the upper cut-off frequency, Capacitor coupled Difference amplifier, Use of a single polarity power supply.

UNIT 3: Op-Amps frequency response and compensation: Circuit stability, Frequency and phase response, Frequency compensating methods, Band width, Slew rate effects, Zin Mod compensation, and circuit stability precautions.

UNIT 4:OP-AMP Applications: Voltage sources, current sources and current sinks, Current amplifiers, instrumentation amplifier, precision rectifiers, Limiting circuits.

UNIT 5: More applications: Clamping circuits, Peak detectors, sample and hold circuits, V to I and I to V converters, Log and antilog amplifiers, Multiplier and divider, Triangular / rectangular wave generators, Wave form generator design, phase shift oscillator, Wein bridge oscillator.

UNIT 6: Non-linear circuit applications: crossing detectors, inverting Schmitt trigger circuits, Monostable & Astable multivibrator, Active Filters –First and second order Low pass & High pass filters.

UNIT 7: Voltage Regulators: Introduction, Series Op-Amp regulator, IC Voltage regulators, 723 general purpose regulator, Switching regulator.

UNIT 8: Other Linear IC applications: 555 timer - Basic timer circuit, 555 timer used as astable and monostable multivibrator, Schmitt trigger; PLL-operating principles, Phase detector / comparator, VCO; D/A and A/ D converters – Basic DAC Techniques, AD converters